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The aim of Physiology II is to gain good knowledge about the functions of the human body in health. The subject Physiology II is taught in the form of lectures, practical classes and seminars. Emphasis is mainly focesed on functional organization, on the mechanisms controlling the internal environment of the organism, interrelationships among the control of individual functions and on the coordination and integration of functions. During the seminars, students are actively involved in the discussion of the discussed topics, emphasis is also placed on problem-based learning and the ability to work in a team. The knowledges acquired during tuition of Physiology I and Physiology II are necessary for understanding of further subjects such as biochemistry, pharmacology, pathological physiology or internal medicine.
Lectures: respiratory system (ventilation, diffusion, transport of respiratory gases by blood, pulmonary circulation, regulation of breathing), endocrine and reproductive physiology, physiology of gastrointestinal system (digestion and absorption of basic nutrients, regulation of secretion and motility), metabolism (energetic metabolism, intermediary metabolism), thermoregulation, biorhythms and physiology of the kidneys (glomerular and tubular processes, acid-base balance).
Practical classes: physiology of cardiovascular system (cardiac stress tests), respiratory system (spirometry, regulation of pulmonary ventilation), endocrine system (oral glucose tolerance test), metabolism (basal metabolic rate, nutritional status), kidneys (formation of concentrated and dilute urine, clearance).
Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (13.02.2026)
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The aims: 1. the student acquires basic theoretical knowledge about the function of all systems in the human body to maintain the homeostasis of the organism Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (13.02.2026)
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Compulsory literature
Recommended literature
Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (13.02.2026)
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Rules of Practical Classes and Credit Department of Physiology LFHK General Medicine - academic year 2025/2026
I. Practical classes 1. Students have to come properly prepared to perform the planned practical task(s) and know the theory immediately related to the task(s). 2. The extent of theoretical knowledge necessary for the practical class is outlined on Moodle or determined by the assistant. The extent of practical preparedness is given by instructions published via Moodle; alternatively, it may also be outlined by the assistant. 3. The beginning of the practical classes will usually be devoted to verifying students’ knowledge (see point 1). 4. If the assistant reveals a serious lack of preparedness, a student has an absence recorded. 5. Students showing obvious symptoms of an acute infectious disease (e.g., body temperature > 37 °C, cough, shortness of breath, etc.) will not be allowed to enter the Department of Physiology (practical classes and exam). 6. Personal electronic devices (mobile phones, headphones, etc.) are prohibited during practical classes. The exception is using tablets for log entries or mobile phones for time measurement. The teacher must approve of their use for other extraordinary reasons. 7. After the practical class, students must clean the work surfaces. 8. All announcements, changes in teaching, and other important information will be published in Moodle News. Students are strongly advised to subscribe to notifications for the Physiology course. 9. These "Rules" may change if the nature of teaching changes (e.g., regarding the current epidemic situation and applicable regulations). II. Protocols 1. Each student must write a report (protocol) on the work performed. Students must bring printed documents. Protocols are usually checked by the teacher at the end of each practical class. The protocols are available in the Moodle information system. 2. Unless otherwise specified, the protocol is written during the practical class. 3. The protocol is structured; the student must complete all the required information. The protocol focuses on writing down the results and their evaluation. If the results do not fall within the physiological range, the possible causes, including potential errors, must be explained in the document. 4. Submission of all fully and correctly completed printed protocols at the last class is one condition for receiving credit in the winter and summer semesters. In case of absence, the student must submit a completed protocol with a note on the absence (the student will obtain the results from colleagues and complete their own evaluation).
III. Seminars 1. Seminars are intended to encourage deeper revision of current topics and provide opportunities for student consultations with the teacher. 2. In Moodle, questions are prepared for each seminar, and predetermined students prepare an answer in the range of 1-2 minutes of recitation (without using any materials). These answers can also serve as a theoretical basis for discussing and analyzing clinical cases within the seminar. Presenting the assigned topics is a condition for getting credit. In case of absence, the topics will be presented at the credit class. 3. An integral part of the conclusion of the seminars is a test covering the topics of the given area of physiology (see point IV b). IV. Obtaining credit Credit will be given to a student who has met the attendance requirements, presented given seminar topics, submitted all the completed protocols, and achieved an average result of ≤ 3.0 from all tests and ECG for the semester. The dates for checking the conditions for granting credit in the summer semester are set for the credit practical class, 30. 6. 2026 and 11. 9. 2026. The third check for the conditions for the winter semester is set for 11. 9. 2026. Students who do not meet all the requirements for obtaining credit by the specified dates will have the result "not credited" (K) in SIS. a) Attendance 1. Students are required to attend all practical (laboratory) classes and seminars. Up to three absences are tolerated (the first two without the need for an apology). The third absence must be evidenced by a medical report or other official document (official representation of the faculty, summons) at the last practical class. In the case of 4-5 absences, an excuse for the absence is required and the student is re-examined for the practical classes he/she missed. In the case of 6 and more absences, the duration and reason for the absence will be assessed by the course guarantor, who will decide whether to grant credit or not. 2. Late arrivals for any reason or leaving the class without permission will be considered absences. Late arrivals are not tolerated. 3. Replacement of classes with another group is only possible for serious reasons and is not guaranteed. You must request the replacement by email at fyziols@lfhk.cuni.cz at least two working days before the class (see Q&A Moodle). 4. ISP students who have obtained credit only in Physiology I must attend the entire course in the summer semester to receive credit for Physiology II. 5. ISP students who have obtained credit in Physiology I and II must attend only the seminars with the test in the summer semester. b) Tests 1. A test at the end of each seminar verifies your knowledge of the given topics. The test dates are published in the study plan for the semester and group on Moodle. The test consists of 20 questions, each offering 4 possible answers, and at least one answer is always correct. Test classification: 1 = 90 – 100%, 2 = 75 – 89.99%, 3 = 60 – 74.99%, 4 < 60%. 2. A separate evaluation of the ECG will verify the basics of ECG recording and interpretation. The result (1-4) will be included in the average mark of the tests in the summer semester. The ECG evaluation can be repeated a maximum of two times. 3. With the result of 4 (test or ECG), the student can sign up for a correction date via Moodle. The dates are Friday 20. 3., 17. 4., 24. 4., 15. 5. at 14:15 and Wednesday 27. 5. at 11:00, other dates will be held during the last practical class of the semester and during the exam period. Each test can be corrected a maximum of two times. 4. Any form of cheating or unauthorized communication during the test is forbidden. If a student is caught violating this rule, they will be classified as 4 (failed), and the case will be reported to the Disciplinary Committee. 5. The condition for granting credit is that the average of all tests for the semester is ≤ 3.0 (the grade from the last attempt of each test is included in the average). V. Exam 1. The exam takes place in person. The entrance test is cancelled due to the faculty moving to a new campus. The exam will be oral only and consists of 3 questions. The list of questions is published on Moodle. Students draw pre-prepared triplets during the exam. To successfully pass the exam, it is necessary that all three questions are rated 3 or better. 2. Only students who have received credits for the winter and summer semesters can apply for the exam. Registration and deregistration for the exam take place exclusively via the SIS system starting May 6 at 19:00. To register for the exam in SIS, you must have credit for the winter semester. The number of announced dates for a regular term considers the total number of students. 4. After drawing questions, it is not permitted to leave the room where the student is preparing for the exam. In an emergency, the student can leave the room with an escort.
doc. MUDr. Halka Lotková, Ph.D. doc. MUDr. Otto Kučera, Ph.D. Head of Practical Classes Head of the Department and Guarantor of the Course
Hradec Králové, 13. 2. 2026
Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (19.02.2026)
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Lectures
Fundamental concepts in teaching physiology. Pulmonary ventilation (inspiration and expiration, intrapleural pressure, intraalveolar pressure, dead space, respiratory muscles, surface tension in alveoli, airways, resistance to airflow, effects of gravity, work of breathing). Spirometry. Composition of alveolar air, exchange of respiratory gases between alveolar air and blood, pulmonary circulation. Mechanisms of hormonal action. Thyroid gland. Parathyroid glands, hormonal control of calcium metabolism. Physiology of newborn – adaptation of circulation and breathing after birth. Adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids). Renal functional anatomy, renal circulation, kidney functions. Glomerular filtration. Loop of Henle, distal tubule. Mouth, mastication, saliva, deglutition, esophagus. Liver and biliary system, composition of bile, regulation of biliary secretion. Function of the gallbladder. Small intestine, intestinal motility. Digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Colon - motility and secretion. Absorption in the colon. Intestinal bacteria. Dietary fiber. Defecation. Energy metabolism (free energy of the food, respiratory quotient, basal metabolic rate, resting energy expenditure, measurement of the metabolic rate). Physiological responses to food intake and fasting. Body temperature regulation. Physiology of aging. Regulation of the internal environment II (volume, ions, organic substances, osmolarity).
Practical clasees and seminars
1. CVS Seminars
Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (13.02.2026)
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Entry requirements: prerequisites: Anatomy II (FGP003) and Histology and Embryology II (FGP005). Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (13.02.2026)
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