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Physiology I - FGP015
Anglický název: Physiology I
Zajišťuje: Ústav fyziologie (15-130)
Fakulta: Lékařská fakulta v Hradci Králové
Platnost: od 2025
Semestr: zimní
Body: 0
E-Kredity: 10
Způsob provedení zkoušky: zimní s.:
Rozsah, examinace: zimní s.:52/75, Z [HS]
Počet míst: neomezen
Minimální obsazenost: neomezen
4EU+: ne
Virtuální mobilita / počet míst pro virtuální mobilitu: ne
Kompetence:  
Stav předmětu: vyučován
Jazyk výuky: angličtina
Způsob výuky: prezenční
Úroveň:  
Garant: doc. MUDr. Otto Kučera, Ph.D.
Neslučitelnost : FV10013
Prerekvizity : FGP003, FGP005
Záměnnost : FA0103037
Je korekvizitou pro: FGP016
Ve slož. prerekvizitě: FGP037, FGP038, FGP039, FGP040, FGP041, FGP042, FGP043, FGP044, FGP045, FGP046, FGP047, FGP048, FGP049, FGP050, FGP051, FGP052, FGP053, FG10036, FG10038, FG10039, FG10040, FG10041, FG10042, FG10043, FG10044, FG10045, FG10047, FG10048, FG10049, FG10075, FG10076, FG10077, FG10078, FG10079, FG10080, FG10083, FG10084, FG10090, FG10091, FG10097, FG10098, FV081, FV126, FV144
Rozvrh ZS   
Anotace - angličtina
The aim of Physiology I is to gain good knowledge about the functions of the human body in health. The subject Physiology I is taught in the form of lectures, practical classes and seminars. Emphasis is mainly focesed on functional organization, on the mechanisms controlling the internal environment of the organism, interrelationships among the control of individual functions and on the coordination and integration of functions. Lectures: concept of homeostasis, body fluid compartments, blood and its functions (hemostasis, blood groups), introduction to immunology (innate and adaptive immunity), general neurophysiology (ion transport across the membrane, resting and action membrane potential, synapses), myology (skeletal and smooth muscle), central nervous system (spinal reflexes, regulation of posture and movement, reticular formation, autonomic nervous system, function of different parts of the CNS, CNS metabolism, wakefulness and sleep, lower and higher nervous activity, speech), physiology of senses and cardiovascular system (cardiac muscle, conductive system of the heart, cardiac cycle, ECG, cardiac output and its regulation, blood flow, functional classification of the circulatory system, microcirculation, regulation of CVS activity). Practical classes: selected methods and examinations used in clinical practice (basic hematological examinations with an emphasis on hemocoagulation tests, blood group tests, WBC count, basic principles of neurological examination, visual acuity, perimetry, examination of hearing, ECG recording and evaluation, blood pressure measurement). Entry requirements - prerequisites: completed Anatomy II (FGP003) and Histology and Embryology II (FGP005). Outcomes: 1. the student acquires basic theoretical knowledge about the function of the blood, the immune system, general neurophysiology and myology, the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system 2. the student acquires practical skills related to important clinical and laboratory examinations and learns to interpret the obtained results 3. the student gets to know the basic ways of obtaining scientific information 4. the student is capable of basic medical thinking based on model case studies.
Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (12.09.2025)
Cíl předmětu - angličtina

The aims:

1. the student acquires basic theoretical knowledge about the function of all systems in the human body to maintain the homeostasis of the organism
2. student acquires practical skills related to essential clinical examinations and learn to interpret the obtained results
3. the student will be capable of basic medical thinking based on model case studies

Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (12.09.2025)
Literatura - angličtina

Compulsory literature

  1. Hall et Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Elsevier 2025, 2020, and 2016 
  2. Moodle - Manual for the Practical Classes in Physiology 
  3. Moodle - Pdf lecture materials

Recommended literature

  1. Barrett: Ganong´s Review of Medical Physiology, Lange/McGraw Hill, 2025, 2019
  2. Boron, Boulpaep: Medical Physiology, Elsevier, 2017
  3. Silbernagl, Despopoulos: Color Atlas of Physiology, Georg Thieme Verlg, 2015 

 

Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (12.09.2025)
Požadavky ke zkoušce - angličtina

I. Practical classes

1.      Students come properly prepared to perform the planned practical task(s) and know the theory immediately related to the task(s).

2.      The extent of theoretical knowledge necessary for the practical class is outlined on Moodle or determined by the assistant. The extent of practical preparedness is given by instructions published via Moodle; alternatively, it might also be outlined by the assistant.

3.      The beginning of practical exercises will usually be devoted to verifying your knowledge (see point 1).

4.      If the assistant reveals a severe negligence of preparedness, such a student has an absence recorded.

5.      Entry to the Department of Physiology (practical exercises and exam) will not be allowed to a student with obvious manifestations of health indisposition or symptoms of an acute infectious disease (body temperature of 37 °C and higher, cough, shortness of breath, etc.). Students can have their body temperature checked with a non-contact thermometer.

6.      Personal electronic devices (mobile phones, players, etc.) are prohibited during practical exercises. The exception is using tablets for log entries or mobile phones for time measurement. The teacher must approve use for other extraordinary reasons.

7.      After the practical exercise, students must clean the work surface.

8.      All news, changes in teaching, and other important information will be published in Moodle News, so we recommend that all students subscribe to notifications about the physiology course.

9.      These "Rules" may change if the nature of teaching changes (e.g., with regard to the current epidemic situation and applicable regulations).

II. Protocols

1.      Each student must write a report on the work performed. Students must bring the printed documents. The protocols are available in the Moodle information system.

2.      Unless otherwise specified, the protocol is written during the practical exercise.

3.      The protocol is structured; the student must complete all the required information. The protocol focuses on writing down the results and their evaluation. Suppose the results did not come within the physiological range. In that case, the possible causes, including potential errors, must be justified in the document.

4.      Submission of all completely and correctly completed protocols is one condition for receiving credit in the winter and summer semesters. In case of absence, the student must submit a completed protocol with a note on the absence (the student will find out the results from colleagues and complete their own evaluation).

III. Seminars

1.      Seminars are intended to encourage the more profound repetition of current topics and student consultations with the teacher.

2.      In Moodle, questions are prepared for each seminar, and predetermined students prepare an answer in the range of 1-2 minutes of recitation from memory (without using any materials). These answers can also serve as a theoretical basis for discussing and analyzing clinical cases within the seminar.

3.      An integral part of the conclusion of the seminars is a test covering the issues of the given area of physiology (see point IV b).

IV. Obtaining a credit

Credit will be given to a student who has met the attendance requirements, submitted all the completed protocols and achieved an average result of ≤ 3.0 from all tests for the semester.

a) Attendance

1.      Students are required to attend all practical (laboratory) classes and seminars. Three absences are tolerated (the first two without the need for an apology). The third absence must be evidenced by a medical report or other official document (official representation of the faculty, summons) no later than 48 hours after the missed lesson (fyziols@lfhk.cuni.cz with the indication "Absence"). In the case of a larger number of absences, the duration and reason for the absence will be assessed by the course guarantor, who will decide whether to grant credit or not.

2.      Late arrivals for any reason or the arbitrary abandonment of the class will be considered absences. Late arrivals are not tolerated.

3.      Replacement of classes with another group are only possible for serious reasons and are not guaranteed. You must request the replacement by email at fyziols@lfhk.cuni.cz at least two working days before the class(see Q&A Moodle).

4.      ISP students who have obtained credit only in Physiology I must attend the entire course in the summer semester to receive credit for Physiology II.

5.      ISP students who have obtained credit in Physiology I and II must attend only the seminars with the test in the summer semester.

b) Tests

1.      A test at the end of each seminar verifies your knowledge of the given system's issues. The dates of the tests are published in the study plan for the semester and group on Moodle. The test consists of 20 questions, for which there is a choice of 4 answers, and at least one answer is always correct. Test classification: 1 = 90 – 100%, 2 = 75 – 89.99%, 3 = 60 – 74.99%, 4 < 60%.

2.      With the result of 4 (failed), the student can sign up for a correction date via Moodle. The dates are 14.11., 28.11 and 12.12. from 2:15 p.m., other dates will be at the last practice of the semester and during the exam period. Each test can be corrected a maximum of two times.

3.      Cheating in any way during the test is forbidden; if caught, the test will be classified as 4 (failed), and a suggestion will be announced to the Disciplinary Committee.

4.      The condition for granting credit is that the average of all tests for the semester is ≤ 3.0 (the grade from the last attempt of each test is included in the average).

5.      A separate evaluation of the ECG will verify the basics of knowledge of ECG scanning and evaluation. The result will be included in the average of the tests in the summer semester. The ECG evaluation can be repeated a maximum of two times.

V. Exam

1.      The exam takes place in person. The regular exam date consists of an entrance test and an oral part. With an entrance test result of <50%, the student is graded 4 (failed) without the possibility of the oral part of the exam. Correction dates are oral only.

2.      Only students who have received credits for the winter and summer semesters can apply for the exam. Registration and deregistration for the exam take place exclusively via the SIS system. The number of announced dates for a regular term considers the total number of students.

3.      Cheating in any way (see Q&A Moodle) or communicating with other students is forbidden during the exam. If a student is caught violating this rule, they will be classified as "failed". He or she will be announced to the Disciplinary Committee of the Faculty for fraudulent conduct while taking the exam.

4.      After drawing questions, it is not allowed to leave the room where the student is preparing for the exam. In an emergency, the student can leave the room with an escort.

5.      Detailed information about the exam will be published in the summer semester.

Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (12.09.2025)
Sylabus - angličtina

Lectures

    • Prof. Michaela Adamcová, M.D., Ph.D.
    • Prof. Zuzana Červinková, M.D., Ph.D.
    • Assoc. Prof. Otto Kučera, M.D., Ph.D.
  1. Introduction to Physiology (Teaching Concept, Fundamental Physiological Principles – Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Basic Regulatory Mechanisms)
    Body Fluids (Distribution, Volumes, and Composition; Principles of Measurement).
    Composition, Characteristics, and Functions of Blood (Haematocrit, Blood Volume, Viscosity, and Density).
    Erythrocytes (Count, Structure, and Functions; Sedimentation Rate).
  2. Physiology of the Immune System (Innate and Adaptive Immunity; Immune System Cells and Organs, Fundamental Terminology; Antigen Recognition, Immune Responses and Regulation; Immunological Memory and Tolerance; Interactions Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity; Ontogeny of the Immune System; Active and Passive Immunization; Inflammation; Allergy and Autoimmunity).
  3. Blood Groups (ABO and Rh Systems, Other Blood Group Systems; Clinical Significance of Blood Groups; Basics of Transfusion Physiology).  
    Hemoglobin (Concentration, Functions, Types, Derivatives, Oxygen-Binding Curve). 
    Erythropoiesis and Its Regulation.
    Destruction of Erythrocytes, Hemolysis, Hemoglobin Degradation.
    Leukocytes (Types, Count, and Basic Functions; Leukopoiesis).
    Blood Plasma (Composition and Properties).
    Acid–Base Balance of Blood (Buffer Systems and Compensatory Mechanisms).
  4. Hemostasis (Vascular Reaction, Primary Hemostatic Plug, Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis). Platelets (Structure and Functions; Thrombopoiesis). Inhibition of Hemostasis (Physiological and Pharmacological Mechanisms; In Vivo and In Vitro Conditions). Laboratory Assessment of Hemostasis.
    Transport of Ions and Molecules Across Cell Membrane.
  5. Resting Membrane Potential. Action Potential.
    Characters of Stimulus. Threshold for Initiation of Action Potential. All-Or-Nothing Principle. Chronaxie. Propagation of Action Potential. Recording Membrane Potential and Action Potentials. Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration. Properties of Mixed Nerves. Compound Action Potentials. Nerve Fiber Types and Function.
    Synaptic Transmission. Excitatory and Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials. 
  6. Presynaptic Inhibition and Facilitation. Summation and Occlusion. Classification of Neurotransmitters.
    Contraction of Skeletal Muscle. Neuromuscular Junction of Skeletal Muscle. Energy Source and Metabolism of Muscle Contraction. Heat Production in Muscle. Excitation - Contraction Coupling. Muscle Fatigue.
  7. Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle. Neuromuscular Junctions of Smooth Muscle. Neural and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction. 
  8. Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System (Spinal Cord, Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Telencephalon). Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex (Projection, Effector, and Association Areas). Basic Organisation of Gray and White Matter; Major Neural Pathways.
    Cerebrospinal Fluid (Production, Circulation, and Resorption). 
    Blood–Brain Barrier (Physiological Significance and Clinical Aspects).
    Metabolism of Nervous Tissue
    Reflex Activity and Spinal Functions (Reflex Arc; Somatic and Autonomic Reflexes; Proprioceptive and Exteroceptive Reflexes; Spinal Automatisms).
    Stretch Reflex and the Gamma System.
    Inverse Stretch Reflex. Reciprocal Innervation.
  9. Physiology of the Brainstem (Reticular Formation: Regulation of Arousal and Consciousness; Ascending Reticular Activating System; Electrical Activity of the Brain, EEG). Biological Rhythms. Wakefulness and Sleep.
  10. Autonomic Nervous System (Functional Organization, Neurotransmitters, Receptors, Physiological Effects).
    Regulation of Autonomic Functions (Role of the Spinal Cord, Medulla Oblongata, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary Gland; Vital Centres, Mechanisms of Vomiting, Thirst, Hunger, Sexual Responses, and thermoregulation).
    Limbic System (Anatomical Structures of the Limbic System; Role in Emotions and Memory).
  11. Motor Systems and Cortical Functions (Primary and Secondary Motor Areas; Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Systems; Motor Control; Integration with the Cerebellum, Spinal Cord, and Basal Ganglia)
    Central Somatosensory System (Somatosensory Pathways; Somatotopic Organization of the Cortex; Integration with Other Areas of the Central Nervous System).
    Innate and Acquired Forms of Behaviour. Mechanisms of Memory and Learning.
  12. Specific Features of Human Neural Activity. Speech (Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area).
    Stimulus, Receptor Potential and Generator Potential; Receptor Adaptation
    Vision (Optical Apparatus of the Eye; Biochemistry of Vision)
  13. Vision II (Color Vision; Basic Clinical Disorders of Vision).
    Hearing (Transmission of Sound to the Organ of Corti; Conductive and Sensorineural Hearing Impairments)
    Vestibular Apparatus (Static and Kinetic Receptors; Nystagmus)
  14. Somatosensory Modalities (Tactile Sensation; Temperature Perception; Olfaction and Gustation; Basic Sensory Disorders).
    Pain (Clinical Significance of Pain; Stimulation and Sensitization of Nociceptors; Pain-Inhibiting Pathways; Physiological Basis of Placebo and Nocebo Effects).
    Electrical and Mechanical Properties of the Myocardium
    (Resting Membrane Potential; Action Potential with Fast and Slow Depolarization; Pacemaker Potential).
    Cardiac Conduction System (Generation and Propagation of Cardiac Excitation; Clinical Significance).
    Myocardial Contraction (Excitation–Contraction Coupling).
    The Heart as a Pump (Cardiac Cycle and Its Phases; Volume and Pressure Parameters of Individual Cardiac Chambers; Mechanical Work of the Heart).
  15. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
    Cardiac Output (Regulatory Mechanisms and Principles of Measurement)
    Oxygen Consumption of the Heart.
  16. Functional Classification of the Vascular System
    Blood Flow in Vessels (Velocity, Flow Patterns, Pressure Relations Within the Circulatory System)
    Arterial and Arteriolar Circulation.
    Capillary Circulation (Exchange of Substances Between Blood and Tissues; Formation of Interstitial Fluid; Lymph).
    Venous Circulation.
    Lymphatic Circulation.
  17. Circulation in Specific Organs (Heart, Lungs, Brain, Skeletal Muscles, and Skin – Functional Anatomy, Regulation, Oxygen Consumption, Specific Features). Placental and Fetal Circulation.
    Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms (Regulation of Cardiac Activity and Vascular Function). Cardiovascular Reserve.

Practical courses & seminars

Lecturers

  • Prof. MUDr. Michaela Adamcová, Ph.D.
  • Doc. MUDr. Otto Kučera, Ph.D.
  • Doc. MUDr. Halka Lotková, Ph.D.
  • Mgr. Pavla Staňková, Ph.D.
  • MUDr. Václav Šafka, Ph.D.
  • PharmDr. Alžbeta Štefela, Ph.D.
  • PharmDr. Marie Rubášová, Ph.D.
  • MUDr. Lenka Rule
  • MUDr. Ahmed Mohamed Abdelhamid Ibrahim
  • MUDr. Kristián Lux
  • MUDr. Reem Matar
  • MUDr. Jan Melek
  • MUDr. Maseko Tumisang Edward 

Seminars

  1. Test (MCQ) and seminar - hematology.
  2. Test (MCQ) and seminar - immunology.
  3. Test (MCQ) and seminar - general neurophysiology and myology.
  4. Test (MCQ) and seminar - central nervous system (test without Senses)

Practical courses

Topics order differs for every group. You can find your group schedule here: https://moodle.lfhk.cuni.cz/moodle2/mod/folder/view.php?id=52436

  1. Introduction to practical laboratories. Rules of safety work in laboratories. Rules of blood handling and blood sampling.

  2. e-learning
  3. Counting of red blood cells. Packed cell volume (PCV - Hematocrit). Red blood cell sedimentation.
  4. Summary - RBC – number, calculation of red blood cell indices.
  5. Hemolysis. Testing of fragility of red blood cells. Hemoglobin derivatives.
  6. Summary – Hemoglobin, hemolysis.
  7. (Investigation of capillary resistance.) Investigation of bleeding time. Determination of clotting time (Lee-White, APTT, prothrombin time).
  8. Summary - Hemostasis
  9. Testing for blood group and Rh factor. Preparation of blood smear.
  10. Test (MCQ) and seminar - hematology.
  11. Summary - WBC, blood groups and Rh factor.
  12. Test (MCQ) and seminar - immunology.
  13. Action potential (theory, ADI).
  14. Neuromuscular transmission (theory, ADI).
  15. Test (MCQ) and seminar - general neurophysiology and myology.
  16. Autonomic nervous system (ADI)
  17. Basic neurological examination - proprioceptive and exteroceptive reflexes.
  18. Ophthalmoscopy, Purkynje pictures. Investigation of visual field - perimetry, Mariott experiment (demonstration of blind spot), stereoscopy and depth vision
  19. Visual acuity, astigmatism, testing of colour vision
  20. The sense of hearing - subjective and objective examination of hearing (whispering, tuning fork test, audiometry).
  21. Physical examination of cardiovascular system. Determination of arterial blood pressure.
  22. Investigation of vestibular functions, observing of ear drum
  23. Test (MCQ) and seminar - central nervous system (test without senses).
  24. Blood pressure.
  25. Credit. (correction tests)
Poslední úprava: KUCERAO/LFHK.CUNI.CZ (15.09.2025)
Vstupní požadavky - angličtina
Entry requirements: prerequisites: Anatomy II (FGP003) and Histology and Embryology II (FGP005).
Poslední úprava: Česenková Tereza (12.09.2025)
 
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