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Requirements for the Practical Part Medical Microbiology Exam (1).docx | Practical classes contents | Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. |
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Provides information on special clinical microbiology, virology, and parasitology. Reviews the most important
pathogens of particular body systems and particular patient`s groups. Reviews related pathogenesis, diagnostics
and therapy. During the practicals, reviews already acquired laboratory skills. Based on typical patient case reports
and prepared samples, provides the opportunity to go through complete laboratory and diagnostic process and
recommend the optimal treatment.
Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (12.02.2020)
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Students have to learn specialized microbiology and guidlines for effective anti-microbial therapy. In their written thesis they should provide ability to study in depth from different information sources and comprehensively summarize and explain knowledge obtained.
During practicals they learn diagnostics algorithm used in a routine laboratory for investigation of infectious agent and make familiar with routine tests. Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (12.02.2020)
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Doporučená:
Poslední úprava: PETRICKO/NATUR.CUNI.CZ (29.08.2024)
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A. Lectures Participation is registered using ISIC card readers - sufficient attendance will exempt the student from the obligation to undergo the final credit test (see the Exam Requirements section). B. Practical education I. CONTENT Students will receive a set of case descriptions to simulate basic differential diagnostics and indication of appropriate approaches to identify the microbial agents of the described manifestations. They will perform microbiological examinations of provided clinical samples, consider the relevance of the obtained results from a clinical perspective and propose appropriate therapy. During the week, the students proceed according to the routine algorithm of the microbiological laboratory using cultivation, microscopy, basic diagnostic tests to detect viruses, bacteria, micromycetes and parasites, and the tests of the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Before the practical education week it is essential to review the knowledge from Microbiology I (practical part).¨ II. ORGANIZATION PLACE Practical part takes place in the Institute of Medical Microbiology (Studničkova 7, 1st floor in the rear of the building). Due to ongoing construction work near the building, the route to the laboratories is led through the basement of the building and is marked from the main entrance to the building (entrance from the courtyard, not directly from the street). TIME Practical part is scheduled as blocks of 1 week from Monday to Friday from 9:00 to 12:45. The first block takes place in the second teaching week, i.e. from 2025, October 6th. The schedule of students in individual blocks and laboratories is available in SIS (document "Practical part MICROBIOLOGY 2 - schedule for students"). It is the student's responsibility to find out and meet their assigned teaching date. The capacity of all blocks is full, and any transfers to other blocks (different date/laboratory) will be allowed only for serious and duly documented reasons, especially due to health issues, under the following conditions: · Absence in the assigned block will be announced and the reason will be documented in advance (before the start of the practice, no later than Monday 8:00 - medical certificate, etc.) by e-mail (praktika.mikro@lf1.cuni.cz). Personal interests, voluntary activities, etc. are not considered a reason for the change of the assigned block. · After an individual assessment of the reason and approval of the change, an alternative date for practical part will be assigned. · Failure to attend the assigned alternative date will be considered as failure to attend the practical part of the course. ENTRANCE TO LABORATORIES To work in the laboratory, it is necessary to have your own lab coat and shoes, which must not be used in other areas prior the decontamination (available at the institute after each practical week. For the storage of personal belongings, the lockers which can be locked with your own padlock are available in the basement of the building. It is forbidden to bring items unrelated to teaching (bags, pen cases, scarves, sweaters, food and drinks) into the area of the Practical education Laboratories. It is recommended not to bring tablets or phones their use is at your own risk (contamination, loss, or damage when trying to clean the device with a disinfectant). Poslední úprava: Chanová Marta, Mgr., Ph.D. (30.09.2025)
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I. CREDIT REQUIREMENTS 1. Successful completion of the credit test or meeting the conditions for exemption from the credit test The credit test will only include topics discussed in lectures (PC room, Moodle environment, 30 "single best" questions, 30 minutes, 60% required to pass, 3 attempts are possible, primarily in the credit week). If you attend at least 5 lectures out of 7 in the period 1.10.25 - 14.11.25 and another 5 in the period 17.11.25 - 23.1.26, you do not have to write the final credit test. 2. Successful completion of practical part
The teacher may excuse the absence for one teaching day of practical part for serious and documented reasons. An excuse for absence is subject to a check that the student has completed his/her knowledge from the missed day. This is by no means a "general option to skip a day of a week course". The assessment of the fulfillment of the conditions for granting credit is fully within the competence of the teacher. In the event of an unexcused absence or failure to fulfill the conditions, the student will complete the entire practical class in the bindingly assigned replacement date. Failure to use the assigned replacement date will be considered as failure to complete the practical part of the course.
II. EXAM: LIST OF EXAMINATION QUESTIONS (valid from 2025/26):
PRACTICAL PART Covers mainly the contents of the practical laboratory training in the diagnostics of infection diseases in the following fields: 1. Cultivation of Bacteria, Micromycetes and Parasites – Basic culture media, selective and selective-diagnostic media and their use in identification. Chromogenic media - principle and examples of application. Urine culture plate. Blood culture. Anaerobic cultivation. 2. Microscopy of Bacteria, Micromycetes, and Parasites – Principles and guidelines. The most commonly used samples for direct microscopic detection of agents. Basic staining techniques in microbiology, mycology, and parasitology. Examples of routine applications – vaginal microbiota image. 3. Phenotypic Diagnostic Tests – O/F test, oxidase test, Enterotest, catalase test, plasma coagulase test, CAMP test, optochin test, zymogram, auxanogram, Gt test – principles, procedures, and applications. 4. Serological Techniques – Principles, techniques, limitations, interpretation of results, examples of use. Immunofluorescence microscopy, principle and examples of application. 5. Molecular Biological Methods – Nucleic acids detection, MALDI TOF. Principles and examples of use. 6. Methods of Environmental Hygiene Control – Principles and applications. Safety rules in professions with a risk of occupational infections. 7. Determination of Antibiotic Sensitivity – Dilution method, disk diffusion method, E-test
THEORETICAL PART A. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY A1. Bacterial cell structure: Bacterial cell wall, surface structures, spores. A2. Growth and proliferation of the bacterial population. Types and end products of bacterial metabolism. A3. Natural microbiota of a human and its regulation. Biofilm. A4. Pathogenicity and virulence factors of bacteria. Bacterial toxins and superantigens. A5. Genetic information of bacteria and its transfer. A6. Mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant bacteria. A7. Antibiotic susceptibility assays, interpretation of results. Basic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics (MIC, MBC, AUC/MIC, T above MIC). A8. Structure of viruses and viral particles. A9. Genetic information of viruses and their classification. A10. Viral infection of a host cell and its cytopathic effects. A11. Virus and host interaction: Pathogenesis of viral infections, interferons. A12. Fungal cell structure. A13. Medically important micromycetes: Characteristics, transmission, mycotoxicoses. A14. Medically important protozoa: Characteristics, transmission. A15. Medically important helminths: Characteristics, transmission. A16. Basic rules for clinical specimen collection. A17. Principles and mechanisms of specific and non-specific immunity. A18. Transmission of infections: ways and mechanisms. A19. Cultivation of bacteria and diagnosis of bacterial infections, limitations and examples of application. Toxin proofs. A20. Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. A21. Laboratory diagnosis of mycotic infections. A22. Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections. A23. Serological examination: Basic techniques, their advantages, and limitations. A24. Methods for direct detection of infectious agents. A25. Beta-lactam antibiotics: Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance. A26. Macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol: Classification, mechanisms of action, and resistance. A27. Quinolones: Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance. A28. Aminoglycosides: Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance. A29. Glycopeptide antibiotics: Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance. A30. Antiviral drugs. Classification, general mechanisms of action and resistance. A31. Antiviral drugs: Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis. A32. Antiviral drugs: Inhibitors of entry and initial phases of viral replication cycle. Inhibitors of proteases and the virus release from cells. A33. Antifungal drugs A34. Antiparasitic drugs A35. Cotrimoxazole, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A36. Decontamination, disinfection and sterilization. Methods and examples of application
B. SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY For each microorganism or group, describe according to the following scheme: · Basic characteristics · Pathogenicity and pathogenesis · Epidemiology and prevention · Diagnostic approaches · Treatment overview B1. Staphylococcus aureus B2. Coagulase negative staphylococci B3. β-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae and other) B4. α-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans streptococci and other) B5. Enterococci B6. Corynebacterium spp. and other coryneform gram-positive rods B7. Listeria spp., Erysipelothrix spp. B8. Bacillus spp., Nocardia spp., Rhodococcus spp. B9. Enterobacteria - Escherichia coli B10. Enterobacteria - Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp. B11. Enterobacteria - Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp. a jiné podmíněně patogenní druhy B12. Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp. B13. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads B14. Gram-negative non-fermenting rods: Burkholderia spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. and other B15. Neurotoxic clostridia species B16. Histotoxic clostridia species B17. Gram-positive non-sporulating anaerobes B18. Gram-negative anaerobic rods and cocci B19. Legionella spp. B20. Gram-negative aerobic cocci (Neisseria spp., Moraxella spp.) B21. Haemophilus spp., Bordetella spp. B22. Campylobacter spp., Helicobacter spp. B23. Borrelia spp., Leptospira spp. B24. Treponema spp. B25. Mycoplasma spp., Ureaplasma spp. B26. Chlamydia spp., Chlamydophilla spp. B27. Rickettsia spp., Coxiella spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. B28. Tuberculous and atypical mycobacteria B29. Candida spp. B30. Cryptococcus spp. and other (non-Candida) pathogenic yeasts B31. Aspergillus sp. B32. Dermatophytes B33. Zygomycetes - Mucorales (Rhizopus spp., Rhizomucor spp., Absidia spp., Mucor spp. and other) B34. Dimorphic fungi (Histoplasma spp., Blastomyces spp., Talaromyces marneffei and others) B35. Pneumocystis jirovecii and mycotic infections in AIDS patients B36. Herpes Simplex and Varicella zoster virus B37. Herpesviruses - CMV, EBV, HHV-6,7,8 B38. Human papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses B39. Rotaviruses, noroviruses and other agents of viral diarrheas B40. Fecal-orally-transmitted hepatitis viruses B41. Sexually- or blood-transmitted hepatitis viruses B42. HIV virus B43. Influenza viruses B44. Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses (Parainfluenza and RS virus) B45. Adenoviruses B46. Enteroviruses (Polio and others) B47. Paramyxoviruses and parvoviruses B48. Rubella virus B49. Arboviruses and arbovirus encephalitis B50. Causative agents of viral haemorrhagic fevers B51. Rabies virus B52. Poxviruses B53. Prion diseases B54. Trypanosomes B55. Leishmania spp. B56. Free-living amoebae B57. Intestinal protozoa B58. Trichomonads B59. Toxoplasma gondii B60. Malaria parasites B61 Schistosomes B62. Intestinal tapeworms B63. Tissue tapeworms B64. Tissue nematodes B65. Intestinal nematodes B66. Strongyloides and hookworms B67. Trichinella spp. B68. Filariases B69. Lice, fleas and bedbugs as a source of health complications and their role in parasite transmission B70. Itch mites and other skin-infesting mites
C. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY C1. Pathogens of skin and soft tissue infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C2. Exanthematous diseases of viral origin; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C3. Surgical site infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C4. Neuroinfections: Aseptic infections and suppurative meningitis; causative agents, microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C5. Causative agents of upper respiratory tract infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C6. Causative agents of lower respiratory tract infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy C7. Causative agents of urinary tract and kidney infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C8. Sexually transmitted and genital tract infections: Causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C9. Causative agents of heart and blood vessels infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C10. Causative agents of bloodstream infections and sepsis; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C11. Intra-abdominal infections: Causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C12. Pathogens of gastrointestinal tract; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C13. Pathogens of bone and joint; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C14. Pathogens of eye and ear infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C15. Fetal and neonatal infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C16. Causative agents of the most important imported infections: Assessment of their epidemiological significance in the Czech Republic. C17. Pathogens of highly dangerous infections. Prevention methods. C18. The most important agents of nosocomial infections; multiresistant strains. C19. Zoonotic agents: Principles of transmission, microbiological diagnosis, therapy, and prophylaxis. C20. Principles of vaccination, immunoprophylaxis, passive immunization. C21. Mandatory vaccination and vaccination on request; evaluation of vaccination effectiveness. C22. Principles of antimicrobial therapy: Guidelines for initiating antibiotic treatment and handling cases where the infectious agent is not yet identified. C23. Basic tools and methods for influencing appropriate antibiotic use in the community and hospital. C24. Treatment with anti-infectives. General principles of initial and targeted treatment, routes and duration of administration, supportive measures. Poslední úprava: Chanová Marta, Mgr., Ph.D. (30.09.2025)
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All students should have credit for B83122 Microbiology 1. Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (12.02.2020)
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