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Provides basic information on clinical microbiology, virology, and parasitology. Based on the recent classification,
reviews the most important bacteria, fungi, and parasites of humans, their features, pathogenesis, diseases.
Reviews microbiological diagnostic techniques, prevention, vaccination, and therapeutic methods. During the
practicals, provides the opportunity to test correct sampling, subsequent basic laboratory diagnostic methods,
pathogen identification, and antibiotics sensitivity testing, and strategy of ATB therapy.
Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (10.02.2020)
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The aims of the subject: to provide knowledge on general microbiology, teach students , how to behave in an infectious area, how to deal with infectious material, how to prevent spread of infection. Students should understand interactions of infectious agents and the host, pathogenetic and immune mechanisms in the disease. They obtain basic laboratory skills and get guidlines for taking proper samples. Poslední úprava: Kohútová Vladislava, Ing. (07.01.2019)
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Povinná:
Poslední úprava: PETRICKO/NATUR.CUNI.CZ (11.02.2022)
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Practical course: The course consists of one week block of practical training that will introduce the basic procedures of work in a microbiology laboratory, methods of sampling the clinical material, strategies for identifying bacteria and other microbial agents, and strategies for antimicrobial therapy. Students will learn the principles of microbiological examination and the basics of interpreting its results, methods of disinfection and sterilization and how to control them, and will familiarize with techniques for working with infectious material while adhering to the principles of occupational safety. For details on organization of practical course see the document entitled "Practical course - organization details". Poslední úprava: Chanová Marta, Mgr., Ph.D. (08.01.2026)
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CREDIT REQUIREMENTS 1. Lectures
2. Successfull completion of practical course Attendance
Laboratory protocols: Recording of the work progress and results in prepared forms that will be checked by a teacher during the course. These will also be useful in the Microbiology 2 practical course, where the acquired knowledge is essential. Homework: Self-study for assigned topics. Assessment of successful completion of practical course lies fully within the competence of the teacher. In the event of unexcused absence or failure to meet other requirements, the student should repeat the practical course in assigned alternative block. Absence from the alternative block will be considered as failure to complete the practical course. 3. Credit test
Credits will be awarded by the practical labs’ supervisors in the credit week after passing all the above-listed tests and duties.
LIST OF EXAMINATION QUESTIONS valid from the winter semester 2025/2026 (Microbiology 2): PRACTICAL PART Covers mainly the contents of the practical laboratory training in the diagnostics of infection diseases in the following fields: 1. Cultivation of Bacteria, Micromycetes and Parasites – Basic culture media, selective and selective-diagnostic media and their use in identification. Chromogenic media - principle and examples of application. Urine culture plate. Blood culture. Anaerobic cultivation. 2. Microscopy of Bacteria, Micromycetes, and Parasites – Principles and guidelines. The most commonly used samples for direct microscopic detection of agents. Basic staining techniques in microbiology, mycology, and parasitology. Examples of routine applications – vaginal microbiota image. 3. Phenotypic Diagnostic Tests – O/F test, oxidase test, Enterotest, catalase test, plasma coagulase test, CAMP test, optochin test, zymogram, auxanogram, Gt test – principles, procedures, and applications. 4. Serological Techniques – Principles, techniques, limitations, interpretation of results, examples of use. Immunofluorescence microscopy, principle and examples of application. 5. Molecular Biological Methods – Nucleic acids detection, MALDI TOF. Principles and examples of use. 6. Methods of Environmental Hygiene Control – Principles and applications. Safety rules in professions with a risk of occupational infections. 7. Determination of Antibiotic Sensitivity – Dilution method, disk diffusion method, E-test
THEORETICAL PART A. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY A1. Bacterial cell structure: Bacterial cell wall, surface structures, spores. A2. Growth and proliferation of the bacterial population. Types and end products of bacterial metabolism. A3. Natural microbiota of a human and its regulation. Biofilm. A4. Pathogenicity and virulence factors of bacteria. Bacterial toxins and superantigens. A5. Genetic information of bacteria and its transfer. A6. Mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant bacteria. A7. Antibiotic susceptibility assays, interpretation of results. Basic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics (MIC, MBC, AUC/MIC, T above MIC). A8. Structure of viruses and viral particles. A9. Genetic information of viruses and their classification. A10. Viral infection of a host cell and its cytopathic effects. A11. Virus and host interaction: Pathogenesis of viral infections, interferons. A12. Fungal cell structure. A13. Medically important micromycetes: Characteristics, transmission, mycotoxicoses. A14. Medically important protozoa: Characteristics, transmission. A15. Medically important helminths: Characteristics, transmission. A16. Basic rules for clinical specimen collection. A17. Principles and mechanisms of specific and non-specific immunity. A18. Transmission of infections: ways and mechanisms. A19. Cultivation of bacteria and diagnosis of bacterial infections, limitations and examples of application. Toxin proofs. A20. Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. A21. Laboratory diagnosis of mycotic infections. A22. Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections. A23. Serological examination: Basic techniques, their advantages, and limitations. A24. Methods for direct detection of infectious agents. A25. Beta-lactam antibiotics: Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance. A26. Macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol: Classification, mechanisms of action, and resistance. A27. Quinolones: Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance. A28. Aminoglycosides: Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance. A29. Glycopeptide antibiotics: Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance. A30. Antiviral drugs. Classification, general mechanisms of action and resistance. A31. Antiviral drugs: Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis. A32. Antiviral drugs: Inhibitors of entry and initial phases of viral replication cycle. Inhibitors of proteases and the virus release from cells. A33. Antifungal drugs A34. Antiparasitic drugs A35. Cotrimoxazole, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin. Classification, mechanisms of action and resistance A36. Decontamination, disinfection and sterilization. Methods and examples of application
B. SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY For each microorganism or group, describe according to the following scheme: · Basic characteristics · Pathogenicity and pathogenesis · Epidemiology and prevention · Diagnostic approaches · Treatment overview B1. Staphylococcus aureus B2. Coagulase negative staphylococci B3. β-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae and other) B4. α-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans streptococci and other) B5. Enterococci B6. Corynebacterium spp. and other coryneform gram-positive rods B7. Listeria spp., Erysipelothrix spp. B8. Bacillus spp., Nocardia spp., Rhodococcus spp. B9. Enterobacteria - Escherichia coli B10. Enterobacteria - Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp. B11. Enterobacteria - Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp. and other facultatively pathogenic genera B12. Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp. B13. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads B14. Gram-negative non-fermenting rods: Burkholderia spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. and other B15. Neurotoxic clostridia species B16. Histotoxic clostridia species B17. Gram-positive non-sporulating anaerobes B18. Gram-negative anaerobic rods and cocci B19. Legionella spp. B20. Gram-negative aerobic cocci (Neisseria spp., Moraxella spp.) B21. Haemophilus spp., Bordetella spp. B22. Campylobacter spp., Helicobacter spp. B23. Borrelia spp., Leptospira spp. B24. Treponema spp. B25. Mycoplasma spp., Ureaplasma spp. B26. Chlamydia spp., Chlamydophilla spp. B27. Rickettsia spp., Coxiella spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. B28. Tuberculous and atypical mycobacteria B29. Candida spp. B30. Cryptococcus spp. and other (non-Candida) pathogenic yeasts B31. Aspergillus sp. B32. Dermatophytes B33. Zygomycetes - Mucorales (Rhizopus spp., Rhizomucor spp., Absidia spp., Mucor spp. and other) B34. Dimorphic fungi (Histoplasma spp., Blastomyces spp., Talaromyces marneffei and others) B35. Pneumocystis jirovecii and mycotic infections in AIDS patients B36. Herpes Simplex and Varicella zoster virus B37. Herpesviruses - CMV, EBV, HHV-6,7,8 B38. Human papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses B39. Rotaviruses, noroviruses and other agents of viral diarrheas B40. Fecal-orally-transmitted hepatitis viruses B41. Sexually- or blood-transmitted hepatitis viruses B42. HIV virus B43. Influenza viruses B44. Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses (Parainfluenza and RS virus) B45. Adenoviruses B46. Enteroviruses (Polio and others) B47. Paramyxoviruses and parvoviruses B48. Rubella virus B49. Arboviruses and arbovirus encephalitis B50. Causative agents of viral haemorrhagic fevers B51. Rabies virus B52. Poxviruses B53. Prion diseases B54. Trypanosomes B55. Leishmania spp. B56. Free-living amoebae B57. Intestinal protozoa B58. Trichomonads B59. Toxoplasma gondii B60. Malaria parasites B61 Schistosomes B62. Intestinal tapeworms B63. Tissue tapeworms B64. Tissue nematodes B65. Intestinal nematodes B66. Strongyloides and hookworms B67. Trichinella spp. B68. Filariases B69. Lice, fleas and bedbugs as a source of health complications and their role in parasite transmission B70. Itch mites and other skin-infesting mites
C. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY C1. Pathogens of skin and soft tissue infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C2. Exanthematous diseases of viral origin; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C3. Surgical site infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C4. Neuroinfections: Aseptic infections and suppurative meningitis; causative agents, microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C5. Causative agents of upper respiratory tract infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C6. Causative agents of lower respiratory tract infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy C7. Causative agents of urinary tract and kidney infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C8. Sexually transmitted and genital tract infections: Causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C9. Causative agents of heart and blood vessels infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C10. Causative agents of bloodstream infections and sepsis; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C11. Intra-abdominal infections: Causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C12. Pathogens of gastrointestinal tract; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C13. Pathogens of bone and joint; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C14. Pathogens of eye and ear infections; microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C15. Fetal and neonatal infections; causative agents and microbiological diagnosis; therapy. C16. Causative agents of the most important imported infections: Assessment of their epidemiological significance in the Czech Republic. C17. Pathogens of highly dangerous infections. Prevention methods. C18. The most important agents of nosocomial infections; multiresistant strains. C19. Zoonotic agents: Principles of transmission, microbiological diagnosis, therapy, and prophylaxis. C20. Principles of vaccination, immunoprophylaxis, passive immunization. C21. Mandatory vaccination and vaccination on request; evaluation of vaccination effectiveness. C22. Principles of antimicrobial therapy: Guidelines for initiating antibiotic treatment and handling cases where the infectious agent is not yet identified. C23. Basic tools and methods for influencing appropriate antibiotic use in the community and hospital. C24. Treatment with anti-infectives. General principles of initial and targeted treatment, routes and duration of administration, supportive measures. Poslední úprava: Petříčková Kateřina, Mgr., Ph.D. (19.02.2026)
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Seminars (Attendance Compulsory):
Poslední úprava: Kolářová Jana (10.02.2020)
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