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Please note that the lectures are given in the Czech language only.
The course provides the essential information on cell biology (cell organization, infrastructure, function of the particular structures, and research methodology). The lecture arrangement follows modern textbooks, such as Alberts et al.: Molecular Biology of the Cell, Pollard et al.: Cell Biology, or Lodish et al.: Molecular Cell Biology. Last update: Libusová Lenka, RNDr., Ph.D. (26.01.2026)
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Alberts et al.: Essential Cell Biology. 6th ed., Norton and Co., 2023 (ISBN 9781324033394). Alberts et al.: Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6th ed. 2015 (ISBN 978-0-8153-4464-3) nebo 7th ed. 2022 (ISBN 9780393884852). Pollard T.D.: Cell Biology. 3rd ed., 2017 (ISBN 9780323341264). Lodish et al.: Molecular Cell Biology. 8th ed., 2004 (ISBN 0-7167-4366-3), 9th ed., 2021 (ISBN 9781319365486). Alberts et al.: Základy buněčné biologie, 2001 (ISBN 80-902906-0-4). Last update: Libusová Lenka, RNDr., Ph.D. (26.01.2026)
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The exam will require knowledge, concepts and their relationships, traceable in the recommended literature, in the scope of the lectured material. High school knowledge is assumed automatically. The exam is organized as a written test; the student has the option of an oral examination after meeting the specified point limit. In the test, you choose the correct answers from four given answers, where any number of answers can be correct or incorrect (multiple choice test). If you mark all the correct and only the correct answers, you get 5 points, if we agree in three cases you get 3 points. Match in one or no answer is not evaluated. The "good" grade limit is around fifty percent of points (max. 150). There are 60 minutes of pure time for the test. Last update: Půta František, doc. RNDr., CSc. (25.02.2021)
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1. Internal organization of the cell: organization and function of cellular compartments – cell theory, the cell in light microscopy, subcellular structures and compartmentalization of the eukaryotic cell, comparison of bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cells, types of eukaryotic cells, differentiation of cells in multicellular organisms, types and structure of viruses, interactions with the host cell. 2. Proteins and their cellular functions – protein structural hierarchy, motifs and domains, protein–protein and other interactions, supramolecular complexes (ribosome, proteasome, spliceosome, etc.), protein synthesis and distribution within the cell, folding and the involvement of chaperones, proteolysis and post-translational modifications, protein turnover, regulation of protein activity. 3. Anatomy and function of the cell nucleus – nuclear structure, nuclear envelope, nucleoskeleton, organization of genetic information – chromosomes, chromatin, principles of replication, preservation and utilization of genetic information, nuclear pore and macromolecule transport. 4. Membranes and transport – construction of biomembranes, composition, biogenesis and function of the lipid bilayer (archaeal membranes), function of membrane proteins, receptors, membrane potential, transmembrane transport of substances, types of transport. 5. Internal membrane structures and transport – endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex: biosynthesis and transport (secretory pathway concept), formation of vesicles and vesicular transport, endocytosis and exocytosis, endosomal system, lysosome (role of pH regulation in degradation versus recycling), vacuoles, peroxisomes, hydrogenosomes. 6. Cellular energetics and core metabolic pathways leading to ATP production. Semiautonomous organelles – mitochondria, chloroplasts: structure, function, evidence for origin, contribution to energy balance of the cell. 7. Intercellular communication – types of signaling – endocrine, paracrine, contact-dependent; receptors – membrane-bound and nuclear; intracellular signal transducers; signaling pathways and their integration. 8. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton – structure and function of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments; molecular motors and associated proteins; involvement of plasma membrane and extracellular matrix proteins; control of cell shape and cell movement. 9. Intercellular junctions and cell–extracellular matrix contacts; composition and function of the extracellular matrix and matrix components. 10. Cell division and the cell cycle – cellular proliferation, interphase, nuclear division and the mitotic apparatus, cytokinesis, regulation of the cell cycle, control of cell growth, apoptosis (apoptosome, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, initiator and executioner caspases), oncogenic transformation and tumor suppressors, methods to study cell division. 11. Cells of the immune system and immunity – roles of immune cells in the defense of a multicellular organism; receptors, antibodies, MHC and other components; principles of B- and T-cell activation; recombination and mutation as sources of immunoglobulin diversity; clonal selection; inflammation. Last update: Libusová Lenka, RNDr., Ph.D. (26.01.2026)
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1. Internal organization of the cell: organization and function of cellular compartments Explain cell theory. Compare bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cells. Draw a schematic of a cell and describe its subcellular structures and compartments. Define the process of cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. Describe types and structures of viruses in the context of their interactions with host cells. List the main functions of cellular compartments and discuss their interrelationships and cooperation.
2. Proteins and their cellular functions Describe the hierarchy of protein structures, define motifs and domains, and explain their roles in protein–protein interactions. Analyze the formation and function of supramolecular complexes (ribosome, proteasome, spliceosome) and define their impact on protein biosynthesis. Explain mechanisms of protein folding, the role of chaperones, and post-translational modifications in protein stability and targeting. Discuss the significance of protein molecule turnover. Define types of protein activity regulation.
3. Anatomy and function of the cell nucleus Characterize individual nuclear components (nuclear envelope, nucleoskeleton, chromosomes, chromatin). Describe fundamental mechanisms of synthesis, preservation, and utilization of genetic information; highlight differences in these processes between eukaryotic and bacterial cells. Explain the mechanisms of nuclear transport of macromolecules.
4. Membranes and transport Schematically draw a biological membrane and characterize the chemical composition of the lipid bilayer, biogenesis processes, and functions of membrane proteins. Explain the function of biological membranes as selective interfaces, including membrane fluidity, asymmetry, and the existence of membrane domains. Compare types of transmembrane transport and discuss their biological significance.
5. Internal membrane structures and transport Explain the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in protein biosynthesis and transport. Characterize mechanisms of individual steps in vesicular transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Discuss the importance of vesicular transport for cellular homeostasis. Define functions of individual membrane-bound organelles, such as lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, and hydrogenosomes.
6. Cellular energetics Describe major metabolic pathways leading to ATP production. Discuss the significance of individual metabolic pathways for cellular energy balance. Compare semiautonomous organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts), focusing on their structure and function, including adaptations in different organisms. Interpret the endosymbiotic theory of these organelles and discuss evidence for their origin.
7. Intercellular communication Describe types of cellular signaling (endocrine, paracrine, contact-dependent). Explain the roles of different receptor types and intracellular signal transducers. Analyze the course of a model signaling cascade and evaluate the potential for integration of signaling cascades within the cell.
8. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton Schematically depict the structures of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Define the significance of individual groups of cytoskeletal motors. Analyze the influence of cytoskeletal systems on cellular processes, such as vesicular transport, cell division, and cell motility. Evaluate the importance of the cytoskeleton in the context of selected human pathologies (primary ciliary dyskinesia, Alzheimer’s disease, Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome).
9. Intercellular junctions and ECM Characterize individual types of intercellular junctions and explain their significance. Describe the composition and function of the extracellular matrix. Analyze interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix, and their impact on tissue mechanical properties or cellular signaling.
10. Cell division and the cell cycle Describe the phases of the cell cycle. Distinguish interphase from mitosis. Link individual phases of the cell cycle to corresponding regulatory mechanisms. Evaluate the importance of cell cycle regulation in the context of apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Interpret the roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressors in tumorigenesis.
11. Cells of the immune system and immunity Describe the roles of cell types in the immune system. Define the significance of receptors, antibodies, and MHC molecules in the immune response. Compare the activation of B and T cells and their clonal selection. Discuss the generation of immunoglobulin diversity through recombination and mutation. Last update: Libusová Lenka, RNDr., Ph.D. (26.01.2026)
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