|
|
|
||
|
This is a compulsory course that belongs to the core theoretical subjects forming the profile of the program. The objective of the course is to acquire and consolidate clinical knowledge and skills in clinical propedeutics, establishing the essential prerequisites necessary for the successful practice of the medical profession. Within the course, the student will primarily acquire the following knowledge, skills, and competencies:Take a complete and accurate history in a standardized form, taking into account the patient's expectations, priorities, values, and spiritual needs; navigate the complaints of patients of all age groups; adapt to the patient's language abilities and health literacy; and respect medical confidentiality.Determine the expectations and priorities of the patient.Conduct a targeted interview based on differential diagnosis; be attentive to the patient's verbal and non-verbal communication, their habits or the habits of their family, and the nature of the illness; verify whether an interpreter is needed; and approach patients holistically, empathetically, and without prejudice.Identify and use other sources of information to obtain a complete history, including family members, general practitioners, or staff from residential facilities, pharmacies, social services, and other healthcare organizations.Ascertain the patient's previous treatment, including complementary or alternative medicine approaches.Determine whether and, if applicable, which psychoactive substances the patient uses.Apply clinical reasoning when gathering information relevant to the patient's treatment.Identify problems that the patient did not mention spontaneously.Recognize self-harm or violence inflicted on the patient, including assault.Take a pediatric history depending on the patient's age (including mother/father and child or adolescent).Obtain a occupational and social history, taking into account the ergonomic and hygienic conditions of the workplace.Take a history of use or abuse of psychoactive substances and other behaviors that threaten the patient's health status.Take a gynecological, sexual, and reproductive history.Take a history from a severely ill or dying patient.Perform an accurate and clinically relevant physical examination in a logical and fluid sequence, focusing on the purpose of the examination and taking into account the expectations, complaints, and symptoms of patients of all age groups.Assess the cognitive and mental status of the patient, including memory, perception, comprehension, expression, and emotional state.Perform a physical examination in difficult situations, such as patient obesity, when the patient is using the restroom, with uncooperative patients, patients with altered consciousness or cognitive impairment, or patients with a language barrier.Identify, describe, record, and evaluate abnormal findings from a physical examination. Assess vital signs (body temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure).Master and adopt patient-centered examination techniques, be able to use medical instruments (e.g., stethoscope, otoscope, ophthalmoscope, etc.), and respect the patient's privacy, comfort, and safety.Perform the following:Comprehensive evaluation of the patient's status praesens (current status) and vital signs.Evaluation of the patient's nutritional status.Evaluation of the level of attention, thought, perception, speech, emotional state, and psychomotor skills.Assessment of the patient's skin and skin adnexa (especially hair, nails) and description of their lesions.Palpation of lymph nodes.Visual inspection of the nose, face, mouth, salivary glands, and larynx.Examination of all parts (structures) of the neck by inspection, palpation, and auscultation.Examination of the thyroid gland and carotids by inspection and palpation.Examination of the skeleton and joints by inspection and palpation.Examination of joint mobility of the shoulders, elbows, wrists, fingers, hips, knees, and ankles.Examination of the spine by inspection, palpation, and percussion, including the examination of its mobility.Examination of the chest by inspection and palpation, and percussion and auscultation of the lungs.Palpation (apex beat/fremitus) and auscultation of the heart, with description of heart sounds and murmurs.Palpation of pulses, and evaluation of potential arterial insufficiency or bruising.Evaluation of the venous system.Examination of the abdomen by palpation, percussion, and auscultation, followed by a description of the findings.Examination of the groin and hernial orifices by inspection and palpation.Palpation of the breast.Basic neurological examination.Assessment of the degree of consciousness impairment (using a scale).Assessment of anthropometric characteristics in an infant/child/adolescent depending on the patient's age.Assessment of the stage of puberty in the patient.Assessment of psychomotor development in a pediatric patient (neurological and cognitive development).Assessment of the patient's basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs and IADLs).Be present during:Examination of the male genitalia.Digital rectal examination (DRE) in men (anus, rectum, prostate, sacrum) and women.Examination of a newborn (Apgar score, facial dysmorphism, malformations).Recognize abnormal vital signs.Recognize complaints and pathological findings such as pain, dyspnea, heart murmurs, jaundice, and other skin changes, abnormal biochemical and hematological laboratory results, nervous system disorders, changes in food intake, disruptions to daily rhythms, and others.Identify the patient's complaints and assess their priority; take a relevant, coherent, and accurate personal and family history from the patient, or obtain it from other sources if necessary.
Tuition of the Internal Medicine part of the Clinical Propedeutics course consists of lectures, mandatory seminars, and mandatory practical clerkships.
1/ lectures take place in person every Monday afternoon. They are optional but strongly recommended for easier learning of clinical propedeutics
2/ seminars of the Internal Medicine part of Clinical Propedeutics are held in the library of the Department of Internal Medicine of the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University (4th floor between nodes C and D). Attendance at the seminar is mandatory, and presence is monitored.
3/ practical clerkships at the patient's bedside take place in immediate succession to the seminars of the Internal Medicine part of Clinical Propedeutics. Students will meet on the 4th floor at node C in the area in front of the elevators. Students must arrive at the given location immediately after the end of the seminar. For practical exercises, a white coat, phonendoscope (stethoscope), writing materials, and possibly (depending on the epidemiological situation or health status) a face mask or respirator are required. It is not allowed to bring outerwear, bags, or other bulky objects to the clerkships; these items must be left in the lockers. Each study group will be divided into 2 groups for the clerkships. Each group will be assigned a group instructor.
Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.09.2026)
|
|
||
|
For the monitored part of the tuition (seminars and practical clerkships), students receive official Attendance Sheets from the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine. After completing each seminar and each practical clerkship, the instructor confirms attendance in the respective teaching unit by signing the Attendance Sheet. The instructor also records the results of continuous assessments of practical knowledge (history taking and physical examination skills) in the attendance sheet. The student submits the completed attendance sheet to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine at the end of the academic year. It serves as an essential prerequisite for granting the credit in the summer semester. Continuous assessment of knowledge in the Internal Medicine part of Clinical Propedeutics takes place after covering individual teaching segments. This means that every 2–4 weeks of teaching, a test that tests the knowledge of the curriculum covered so far will be placed on MOODLE. Students must complete individual thematic MOODLE tests within that specific week. The weeks designated for completing a specific MOODLE test are clearly marked in the schedule for the Seminars in Internal Propedeutics. After the given timeframe expires, the test is no longer accessible and cannot be reopened. Therefore, the student must carefully monitor the opening dates of the continuous tests. Completing the MOODLE test is one of the conditions for obtaining the credit. The winter semester concludes with a credit. The conditions for obtaining the credit are: 1/ Attendance at seminars and bedside practical clerkships. A maximum of 20% absence per semester is tolerated. Missed seminars or practical clerkships can be substituted with another study group. In the case of long-term absence or illness, the substitution will be resolved individually (contact the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine). 2/ Completion of all tests in MOODLE with a score above 75%. In case of failure or missing one continuous MOODLE test, it is necessary to write a clinical essay on the given topic with a length of 2 pages of standard line spacing (1.5) and submit it to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine. In case of failure or missing two or more continuous MOODLE tests, the student will be examined in person after the end of the semester on the knowledge of the curriculum corresponding to the missed tests. 3/ Student evaluation at the end of the winter semester in the Attendance Sheet. This consists of an examination of physical examination knowledge covering the curriculum taught so far and an assessment of the student's activity. The examination is conducted and recorded in the Attendance Sheet by the group instructor. 4/ Credit test. The dates of the written credit test are posted in SIS one month in advance for all students of the given year. The test has 20 questions, answers in multiple-choice format. A minimum of 75% correct answers is required for successful completion. In case of failing the test, the student receives instructions from the pedagogical secretariat for an oral examination of practical skills. The summer semester concludes with a credit and an oral exam. The conditions for obtaining the credit are: 1/ Attendance at seminars and bedside practical clerkships. A maximum of 20% absence per semester is tolerated. Missed seminars or practical clerkships can be substituted with another study group. In the case of long-term absence or illness, the substitution will be resolved individually (contact the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine). 2/ Completion of all tests in MOODLE with a score above 75%. In case of failure or missing one continuous MOODLE test, it is necessary to write a clinical essay on the given topic with a length of 2 pages of standard line spacing (1.5) and submit it to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine. In case of failure or missing two or more continuous MOODLE tests, the student will be examined in person after the end of the semester on the knowledge of the curriculum corresponding to the missed tests. 3/ Student evaluation at the end of the summer semester in the Attendance Sheet. This consists of an examination of physical examination knowledge covering the entire curriculum and an assessment of the student's activity. The examination is conducted and recorded in the Attendance Sheet by the group instructor. 4/ submission of a/ a model medical history (writing a complete medical history and physical examination of an assigned patient) for both the Internal Medicine part and the Pediatric part of the Clinical Propedeutics course; b/ submission of the attendance records from the pediatric part of the course. Students submit all the mentioned documents in person to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine (4th floor, Node D) no later than the day of the final oral exam. Without the submitted documents, it is not possible to proceed to the exam. Submitting documents via email is not permitted. The final oral exam in Clinical Propedeutics contains 3 questions and covers the internal medicine and pediatric parts of the course. The exam questions are posted on SIS. Exam dates for the final examination will be available in SIS one month in advance. Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.09.2026)
|
|
||
|
CHROBÁK, Ladislav, et al. Physical Examination in Internal Medicine. Prague: Grada, 2003. ISBN 978-80-247-0617-7. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 14th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2025. ISBN 978-1975218348. Macleod's Clinical Examination. 15th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2023. ISBN 978-0323847704. THALER, Malcolm S. The Only EKG Book You'll Ever Need. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2026. ISBN 978-1-975293-44-4.
Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (28.09.2026)
|
|
||
|
For the monitored part of the tuition (seminars and practical clerkships), students receive official Attendance Sheets from the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine. After completing each seminar and each practical clerkship, the instructor confirms attendance in the respective teaching unit by signing the Attendance Sheet. The instructor also records the results of continuous assessments of practical knowledge (history taking and physical examination skills) in the attendance sheet. The student submits the completed attendance sheet to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine at the end of the academic year. It serves as an essential prerequisite for granting the credit in the summer semester. Continuous assessment of knowledge in the Internal Medicine part of Clinical Propedeutics takes place after covering individual teaching segments. This means that every 2–4 weeks of teaching, a test that tests the knowledge of the curriculum covered so far will be placed on MOODLE. Students must complete individual thematic MOODLE tests within that specific week. The weeks designated for completing a specific MOODLE test are clearly marked in the schedule for the Seminars in Internal Propedeutics. After the given timeframe expires, the test is no longer accessible and cannot be reopened. Therefore, the student must carefully monitor the opening dates of the continuous tests. Completing the MOODLE test is one of the conditions for obtaining the credit. The winter semester concludes with a credit. The conditions for obtaining the credit are: 1/ Attendance at seminars and bedside practical clerkships. A maximum of 20% absence per semester is tolerated. Missed seminars or practical clerkships can be substituted with another study group. In the case of long-term absence or illness, the substitution will be resolved individually (contact the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine). 2/ Completion of all tests in MOODLE with a score above 75%. In case of failure or missing one continuous MOODLE test, it is necessary to write a clinical essay on the given topic with a length of 2 pages of standard line spacing (1.5) and submit it to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine. In case of failure or missing two or more continuous MOODLE tests, the student will be examined in person after the end of the semester on the knowledge of the curriculum corresponding to the missed tests. 3/ Student evaluation at the end of the winter semester in the Attendance Sheet. This consists of an examination of physical examination knowledge covering the curriculum taught so far and an assessment of the student's activity. The examination is conducted and recorded in the Attendance Sheet by the group instructor. 4/ Credit test. The dates of the written credit test are posted in SIS one month in advance for all students of the given year. The test has 20 questions, answers in multiple-choice format. A minimum of 75% correct answers is required for successful completion. In case of failing the test, the student receives instructions from the pedagogical secretariat for an oral examination of practical skills. The summer semester concludes with a credit and an oral exam. The conditions for obtaining the credit are: 1/ Attendance at seminars and bedside practical clerkships. A maximum of 20% absence per semester is tolerated. Missed seminars or practical clerkships can be substituted with another study group. In the case of long-term absence or illness, the substitution will be resolved individually (contact the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine). 2/ Completion of all tests in MOODLE with a score above 75%. In case of failure or missing one continuous MOODLE test, it is necessary to write a clinical essay on the given topic with a length of 2 pages of standard line spacing (1.5) and submit it to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine. In case of failure or missing two or more continuous MOODLE tests, the student will be examined in person after the end of the semester on the knowledge of the curriculum corresponding to the missed tests. 3/ Student evaluation at the end of the summer semester in the Attendance Sheet. This consists of an examination of physical examination knowledge covering the entire curriculum and an assessment of the student's activity. The examination is conducted and recorded in the Attendance Sheet by the group instructor. 4/ submission of a/ a model medical history (writing a complete medical history and physical examination of an assigned patient) for both the Internal Medicine part and the Pediatric part of the Clinical Propedeutics course; b/ submission of the attendance records from the pediatric part of the course. Students submit all the mentioned documents in person to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine (4th floor, Node D) no later than the day of the final oral exam. Without the submitted documents, it is not possible to proceed to the exam. Submitting documents via email is not permitted. The final oral exam in Clinical Propedeutics contains 3 questions and covers the internal medicine and pediatric parts of the course. The exam questions are posted on SIS. Exam dates for the final examination will be available in SIS one month in advance.
Clinical propedeutics winter semester – credit examination 2018
1. Evaluation of consciousness 2. Disturbances of consciousness 3. Gait and abnormal movements 4. Changes of the voice and speech 5. Body temperature, subfebrility, fever, hyperpyrexia 6. Most frequently observed changes of the skin and skin adnexes (color, circulation, hydration, eflorescences) 7. Cyanosis 8. Chest pain 9. Tachypnea, hyperpnea, cough, hemoptysis 10. Dyspnea, stridor 11. Breathing and added breathing sounds 12. Heart sounds and their changes 13. Changes of heart rhytm 14. Heart murmurs 15. Physical examination of the head; physiological and pathological findings 16. Physical examination of the neck; physiological and pathological findings
1. Physical examination: Findings in bronchial asthma 2. Physical examination: Findings in acute bronchitis 3. Physical examination: Findings in chronic bronchitis 4. Physical examination: Findings in emphysema 5. Physical examination: Findings in pneumonia 6. Physical examination: Findings in pleural effusion 7. Physical examination: Findings in pneumothorax 8. Physical examination: Findings in pulmonary collaps 9. Physical examination: Findings in mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation 10. Physical examination: Findings in aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation 11. Physical examination: Findings in tricuspidal regurgitation 12. Physical examination: Findings in congenital heart defects 13. Physical examination: Findings in combined valve disorders 14. Physical examination: Findings in pericarditis
Introduction to clinical medicine – examination questions, 3rd year, 2018-19
Box I. – Symptoms
1. Evaluation of consciousness 2. Disturbances of consciousness 3. Gait and abnormal movements 4. Changes of the voice and speech 5. Body temperature, subfebrility, fever, hyperpyrexia 6. Growth disorders, evaluation of somatic development, percentile graphs 7. Disorders of nutrition, hypotrophy, dystrophy, obesity 8. Most frequently observed changes of the skin and skin adnexes (color, circulation, hydration, eflorescences) 9. Cyanosis 10. Chest pain 11. Tachypnea, hyperpnea, cough, hemoptysis 12. Dyspnea, stridor 13. Breathing and added breathing sounds 14. Heart sounds and their changes, added sounds 15. Changes of heart rhythm 16. Heart murmurs 17. Edemas 18. Vomitus, hematemesis 19. Abdominal pain 20. Icterus 21. Ascites 22. Changes of defecation / bowel movements 23. Dysuria, polakisuria, polyuria, oliguria, anuria, polydipsia 24. Principles of healthy nutrition, dietary system 25. Natural nutrition of the baby - breastfeeding 26. Artificial nutrition of the infant 27. Symptomatology of malignant diseases 28. Growth and sexual development of the child – auxology – basic growth and developmental data 29. Major disorders of the neuropsychological development 30. Bleeding disorders – symptomatology
Box II. – Physical examination
1. Physical examination: Findings in bronchial asthma 2. Physical examination: Findings in acute and chronic bronchitis 3. Physical examination: Findings in emphysema 4. Physical examination: Findings in pneumonia 5. Physical examination: Findings in pleural effusion 6. Physical examination: Findings in pneumothorax 7. Physical examination: Findings in pulmonary collaps 8. Physical examination: Findings in mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation 9. Physical examination: Findings in aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation 10. Physical examination: Findings in tricuspidal regurgitation 11. Physical examination: Findings in congenital heart defects 12. Physical examination: Findings in combined valve disorders 13. Physical examination: Findings in pericarditis 14. Principles of physical examination of the abdomen and physiological findings 15. Major patological findings in physical examination of the abdomen 16. Physical examination: typical findings in patient with acute abdominal pain 17. Physical examination: typical findings in patient with peritonitis 18. Physical examination: typical findings in patient with ileus 19. Physical examination: typical findings in patient with ascites 20. Physical examination: typical findings in patient with ischemic disease of lower extremities 21. Physical examination: typical findings in patient with venous thrombosis (deep and superficial) 22. Physical examination of joints and locomotor system 23. Symptoms of endocrine diseases 24. Basic neurological examination 25. Meningeal syndrome and intracranial hypertension – symptoms, clinical examination 26. Evaluation of psycho-motorical development of the child 27. Physiological new-born baby – first examination after delivery 28. New-born baby of a low birth body weight, immaturity and hypotrophy 29. Physical examination of the head; physiological and pathological findings 30. Physical examination of the neck; physiological and pathological findings
Box III. – Laboratory and imaging methods
1. Blood count – examination, specific features of different age periods; differences in childhood 2. Urine collection for chemical, microscopic and bacteriological examination in children and adults 3. Examination of the faeces in children and adults 4. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid 5. Laboratory methods in diseases of the uropoetic system 6. Laboratory methods in diseases of the respiratory system 7. Laboratory methods in circulatory diseases 8. Laboratory methods in endocrine diseases 9. Laboratory methods in diabetology 10. Laboratory methods in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract 11. Laboratory methods in blood disorders 12. Laboratory methods in diseases of the liver and gallbladder 13. Laboratory methods in diseases of the locomotor system 14. Basic immunoassays in children and adults 15. Basic examination of coagulation in children and adults 16. Injection technique – in children and adults 17. Puncture and biopsy – in children and adults 18. Infusion and transfusion – in children and adults 19. Vaccination and tuberculine (Sterneedle) tests 20. Disturbances of the acid-base balance – examination 21. Changes in osmolality of the homeostasis – examination methods and interpretation 22. Technique of blood pressure measurement, hypertension, hypotension, percentile graphs 23. Dehydration – clinical and laboratory examination 24. Basic allergological laboratory tests 25. Non-invasive and invasive imaging methods in cardiology 26. Imaging and examination methods in pulmology 27. Imaging and examination methods in gastroenterology nad hepatology 28. Non-invasive and invasive imaging methods in angiology 29. Examination methods in nephrology 30. Imaging and examination methods in endocrinology
Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.09.2026)
|
|
||
|
Syllabus of Introduction to Clinical Medicine – Internal part 1. Summary of the main symptoms of internal diseases. An introductory lecture to the course of propaedeutic of internal diseases. Importance of history taking for making correct diagnosis. Segments of patient´s history. Main symptoms and signs of internal diseases. Pain. Dyspnea. Cough. Palpitations. Nausea and vomiting. Constipation. Diarrhea. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology 2. Overall condition of the patient, the state of consciousness. Mental state of the patient, consciousness, growth, nutrition, standing and walking and their disturbances, voice and speech and their disturbances, body temperature - measurement and different types of temperature curves. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology 3. Findings on the skin. Physical examination of the head and the neck (part I). Examination of the skin – color, tonus, moisture, temperature, affections. Hair and nails. Shapes of head, hair cover, face, eyes, nose, mouth, and throat. Physical examination, normal findings. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of skin, head, and neck 4. Physical examination of the head and the neck (part II). Physical examination of the eyes and the throat. Examination of eyes, eyelids, nose, mouth, throat. Inspection, percussion, palpation, auscultation. Mobility of the neck, vessels, lymphatic nodes, thyroid gland. Pathological findings. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of head and neck 5. Symptomatology of the cardiovascular diseases. Physical examination of the heart (physiological findings). History, important complaints. Changes in chest shape, inspection, percussion. Finding the heart borders. Palpation, auscultation – physiological findings. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of circulation 6. Physical examination of the heart (physiological findings – part II), pathological findings. Auscultation of the heart, basic heart sounds, extra sounds, murmurs. Physiological and pathological findings. Blood pressure measurement. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of circulation 7. Acquired and congenital heart diseases in the adults. Heart valve disease – mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation - clinical presentation, physical examination. Congenital heart defects – septal defects, Fallot´s tetralogy, Ebstein´s anomaly, ductus arteriosus persistent, coarctation of the aorta. Clinical presentation, physical examination. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of circulation 8. Symptomatology of the pulmonary diseases. Physical examination of the lungs (physiological findings). Physical examination of the lungs – observation (changes in chest shape), palpation, percussion, auscultation. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of ventilation 9. Physical examination of the lungs (physiological findings – part II), pathological findings. Pathological findings during physical examination. Effusions, inflammation, edema. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of ventilation 10. Symptomatology of the gastrointestinal diseases. Physical examination of the abdomen (physiological findings) Inspection, percussion, auscultation, palpation and per rectum examination. Superficial and deep palpation. Importance of excellent knowledge of normal findings to be able to recognize pathology. Importance of history. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract 11. Physical examination of the abdomen (physiological findings – part II), pathological findings. Inspection, percussion, auscultation, palpation and per rectum examination. Superficial and deep palpation. Importance of excellent knowledge of normal findings to be able to recognize pathology. Importance of history. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract 12. Physical examination of the abdomen (pathological findings). Physical examination, pathological findings. Important complaints: pain, dyspepsia, dysphagia, pyrosis, bowel movement disorders. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract 13. Symptomatology and affections of the limbs. Physical examination of the limbs. Common complaints. Edemas, claudication, rest pain, trophical changes. Inspection, palpation, auscultation. Examination of joints and mobility. Upper and lower extremities. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of limbs 14. Examination methods in cardiology. History, common complaints. Physical examination. ECG, echocardiography, stress examination. CT and MR imaging. Biochemical markers. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of circulation 15. Basics of electrocardiography Recording the ECG. Reading and interpretation of ECG records. Basic dysrhythmias, disturbances of conduction, acute and chronic ischemic changes. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of circulation 16. Examination methods in gastroenterology and hepatology. History, common complaints. Physical examination. Ultrasound, X-ray, CT, and MR imaging. Endoscopic and biochemical methods. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract 17. Examination methods in endocrinology – clinical presentation, basic examination, differences in adult patients. History, common complaints. Clinical presentation and examination of basic disturbances. Ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging. Biochemical markers and tests. Differences in children and adult patients. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of glands 18. Basic laboratory examination. Blood cell count, biochemistry, examination of urine and feces. Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (25.09.2026)
|