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General Biochemistry - GF141
Title: Obecná biochemie
Guaranteed by: Department of Biochemical Sciences (16-16160)
Faculty: Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
Actual: from 2021
Semester: winter
Points: 0
E-Credits: 8
Examination process: winter s.:combined
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:56/42, C+Ex [HS]
Capacity: unlimited / 210 (unknown)
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
Key competences:  
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Teaching methods: full-time
Teaching methods: full-time
Level:  
Explanation: (F,2.r.)
Note: deregister from the exam date if a requisite was not fulfilled
course can be enrolled in outside the study plan
enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: prof. Ing. Vladimír Wsól, Ph.D.
Classification: Pharmacy >
Comes under: 2.ročník 2023/24-Farmacie
Co-requisite : GF181
Pre-requisite : GF299
Is co-requisite for: GF232, GF155, GF186, GF309, GF050, GF184, GF181, GF324, GF296, GF370, GF237
Is pre-requisite for: GF341, GF244
Annotation -
Last update: prof. Ing. Vladimír Wsól, Ph.D. (27.09.2023)
General Biochemistry provides the basics necessary for further study of follow-up biochemical disciplines in the study program of Pharmacy at the Faculty of Pharmacy. It is based on knowledge of biology, organic and bioorganic chemistry, and human morphology and physiology. It explains metabolic pathways, their regulation, principles of thermodynamics and enzymatic catalysis and includes the basics of proteosynthesis and xenobiochemistry. Topics: Proteins, enzymes, enzyme kinetics, basics of thermodynamics of biological systems, metabolism of polysaccharides, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, citric acid cycle, respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, nucleotide metabolism, transport mechanisms and compartmentation, heme biochemistry, cell-cell signalling, an overview of regulatory mechanisms of metabolic pathways, the basics of xenobiochemistry.
Course completion requirements - Czech
Last update: prof. Ing. Vladimír Wsól, Ph.D. (27.09.2023)

Před plánovanou zkouškou je zapotřebí získat kredit, úspěšným absolvováním předepsaného počtu praktických cvičení, který musí být zapsán v SIS. Zkouška je kombinovaná a skládá se z písemné a ústní části. Detailní informace jsou vždy ve složkách na webu k danému předmětu.
Literature - Czech
Last update: prof. Ing. Vladimír Wsól, Ph.D. (27.09.2023)

Povinná:

  • Ledvina, Miroslav, Stoklasová, Alena, Cerman, Jaroslav. Biochemie pro studující medicíny. Praha: Karolinum, 2004, 274 s. ISBN 80-246-0851-0.

  • Boušová, Iva Szotáková, Barbora Dršata, Jaroslav. Praktická cvičení z biochemie. Praha: Karolinum, 2010, 67 s. ISBN 978-80-246-1744-2.

  • Skálová, Lenka. Základní biochemické dráhy v buňce : pracovní sešit k přednáškám z obecné biochemie pro posluchače FaF UK. Praha: Karolinum, 2014, 113 s. ISBN 978-80-246-2662-8.

  • Champe, Pamela C., Harvey, Richard A. Ferrier, Denise R.. Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Biochemistry. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2005, 534 s. ISBN 0-7817-9983-X.

  • Devlin, Thomas M., (ed.). Textbook of biochemistry : with clinical correlations. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1992, 1185 s. ISBN 0-471-51348-2.

  • Voet, Donald, Voet, Judith G.. Biochemie. Praha: Victoria Publishing, 1995, 1325 s. ISBN 80-85605-44-9.
Syllabus -
Last update: prof. Ing. Vladimír Wsól, Ph.D. (27.09.2023)

1. Proteins (overview)

General properties, classification and importance for living organisms, structure and spatial arrangement of proteins with respect to their function , relationship between conformation and biological effects of proteins, denaturation.

 2. Enzymes

Structure and mechanism of action of enzymes, effects of different factors on enzymatic activity, inhibition of catalytic activity of enzymes. Lineweaver-Burk plot, significance of Vmax and KM values, regulation of enzyme action in cells, regulatory enzymes and their control, specificity of enzymes, three-dimensional structures of enzymes, active site, isoenzymes, cofactors, coenzymes, nomenclature and classification of enzymes

 3. Thermodynamics of the Living Systems

Concept of thermodynamics (TMD), laws of TMD, free energy, equilibrium, criterion of reaction spontaneity, coupled reactions, ATP – hydrolysis, biological significance, redox potential –importance, relationship between free energy and redox potential.

 4. Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates - general information, formation of ring structures, glycolysis (chemical strategy of glycolysis, basic types of reactions in glycolysis, reactions of glycolysis), energy balance of glycolysis, the Pasteur effect, the Cori cycle. Regulation of glycolysis (alternative fates of glycolytic intermediates), gluconeogenesis (reactions and localization in the cell, regulation and energy balance), Entry of other carbohydrates into the glycolysis (monosaccharides -fructose, mannose , galactose, disaccharides), pentose phosphate pathway (importance, localization, reactions and regulation), key intermediates of metabolism, metabolic fates of pyruvate, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Glycogen Metabolism. Biosynthesis, breakdown and regulation, activation of kinases and phosphorylases, different metabolic pathway of glucose in various cells

 5. Lipid Metabolism

Physiological role of lipids, fatty acids - the chemical nature , triacylglycerols – biosynthesis and degradation, control, utilization of fatty acids for energy production - activation, transport and reaction sequence for  degradation, modifications of oxidative degradation, energy yield, regulation. Ketone bodies, structures, biosynthesis and control, peroxisomal oxidation of FA, reaction sequence for synthesis of palmitic acid and other fatty acids, comparison of degradation and biosynthesis of FA, regulation, metabolic interrelations of FA and carbohydrates in human body. Overview of membrane Lipids, Steroids and Cholesterol. Glycolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, structure, physiological role, biosynthesis and degradation, cholesterol: membrane component, precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones, synthesis of cholesterol, regulatory enzyme, regulation of biosynthesis, degradation of cholesterol: bile acids and steroid hormones, vitamin D.

 6. Amino Acids Metabolism

Biological importance, energy yield, precursors of many biomolecules, ketogenic and glucogenic AA, metabolic reactions of amino- and carboxy-groups and their biological usefulness. Urea cycle – reaction sequence, control of urea cycle, location, metabolic degradation of AA carbon skeletons (individual AA). Reduction of N2, nitrogenase complex, assimilation NH4 to AA, nitrogenous derivatives of AA.

 7. Citric Acid Cycle

Overview of the citric acid cycle, reactions and regulation of the citric acid cycle (CAC), amphibolic character of the CAC, anaplerotic sequences of the CAC, glyoxylate cycle.

 8. Respiratory Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Significance, localization, composition and function of complexes, cytochromes, inhibition of respiratory chain, Q cycle, respiratory control, chemiosmotic hypothesis, coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation, ATP synthesis and regulation.

 9. Metabolism of Nucleotides

Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, degradation of nucleotides, salvage pathways

 10. Transport in Organism, Mitochondrion

Transport across membranes, nonmediated, passive and active transport, transport in mitochondrion

 11. Heme and Hemoglobin

Synthesis of heme and its regulation, metabolism of heme to bile pigments, their significance and elimination.

 12. Cell-Cell Signalling

Specific receptors mediating the cell signaling, G - proteins, cAMP a mediator of the action of many hormones, protein kinases, phospholipase C signalling pathway, receptors with enzyme function, lipophilic hormones and their cytosolic receptors. Structure and function of hormones, hormone systems and hormone hierarchy

 13. Metabolic Interrelationship

Major metabolic pathways – localization, activity, control mechanisms, starve-feed cycle, well-fed state, early fasting state, fasting state, early refed state, glucose homeostasis, control mechanisms at all states, metabolic interrelationship in obesity, exercise and ethanol ingestion.

 14. Basics of Xenobiochemistry

Introduction, history, cytochrome P450s, flavin-containing monooxygenases, reductases, conjugation pathways, induction and inhibition of drug metabolism, factors affecting drug metabolism, chiral aspects of drug metabolism, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of drug metabolism.

 

Practical Exercises

•             Qualitative and quantitative determination of amino acids, Properties of protein solutions (isoelectric point, denaturation)

•             Protein assays (Biuret reaction, Lowry method)

•             Separation of low- and high-molecular weight samples (dialysis and gel filtration)

•             Measurement of enzyme activity (activity, specific activity, temperature effect)

•             Enzyme kinetics (basic kinetic parameters assessment – Michaelis constant, maximal velocity)

•             Inhibition of enzymatic activity (assessment of inhibition concentration IC50, effect of inorganic ions)

 

Seminars

• Enzymes, enzyme kinetics, inhibition

• Metabolism of carbohydrates and their interrelationship, regulation

• Metabolism of lipids and amino acids, their interrelationship and regulation
 
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