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This course explores migrations in the Balkan Peninsula during the 20th century and early 21st centuries. Through a series of thirteen seminars, the primary objective is to give students a comprehensive overview of the significant impacts of migration in the Balkan Peninsula during this time period, with a focus on specific states and their comparisons. This course places emphasis on a detailed exploration of various types of migration (including forced migrations, economic migrations, return/repatriation) and their distinct forms and characteristics. By examining Balkan migrations, the seminars delve into the multifaceted aspects of mass movements and explore their connections to migration scholarship and relevant theoretical literature. The micro and macro perspectives afforded by case studies and regional overviews offer complementary insights into the causes, processes, and consequences of population shifts in the Balkan Peninsula during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
The course is open only for students of master's degree programmes. Kurz zkoumá migraci na Balkánském poloostrově během 20. a počátku 21. století. Prostřednictvím série třinácti seminářů je hlavním cílem poskytnout studentům komplexní přehled významných dopadů migrace na Balkánském poloostrově v tomto časovém období, se zaměřením na konkrétní státy a jejich srovnání. Kurz klade důraz na podrobnou analýzu různých typů migrací (včetně nucených migrací, ekonomických migrací, návratů/repatriací) a jejich odlišných forem a charakteristik. Zkoumáním balkánských migrací se seminář zabývá mnohostrannými aspekty masových přesunů obyvatelstva a jejich propojením s migračním výzkumem a relevantní teoretickou literaturou. Mikro a makroperspektivy poskytované případovými studiemi a regionálními přehledy nabízejí doplňující vhled do příčin, procesů a důsledků přesunů obyvatelstva na Balkánském poloostrově v pozdním 20. a počátku 21. století. Kurz je určen pouze pro studenty magisterských programů. Poslední úprava: Hrubá Kateřina, Mgr. (28.01.2026)
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This course aims to offer students a comprehensive overview of the significant impacts of migration in the Balkan Peninsula, with a focus on selected state case studies and their comparisons. The introductory lecture will provide a summary of migration dynamics in the Balkans during the 20th and 21st centuries. This course is organized into three thematic units. The first unit will focus on forced migrations and will discuss ethnic (forced) migrations in the Balkans chronologically, covering the early 20th century, World War II and its aftermath, the socialist era, and the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia. The final seminar in this unit will analyze refugees and internally displaced persons in relation to European migration policies. The second unit will examine the (non)-return migration agenda in the post-Yugoslav Western Balkans. By providing macroregional perspectives and specific state-level case studies, this course offers complementary insights into the drivers, processes, and impacts of Balkan population shifts across the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This unit focuses on reversing the outcomes of ethnic cleansing campaigns through return migration. It examines various aspects related to repatriation of refugees and internally displaced persons, European state policies on return migration, minority return dynamics, and the myth of return cultivated and shared among displaced populations. The concluding seminar summarizes the aftermath of forced migrations and its impact on the ethno-demographic composition of post-Yugoslav republics in the 21st century. The third and final unit of the course focuses on economic migration and its impacts in the Balkan region. This unit analyzes various facets of economically motivated migrations, including the phenomenon of guest workers (Gastarbeiters), brain drain, and brain gain, as well as the role and significance of remittances in post-war, post-socialist, and post-Yugoslav societies. This unit concludes with a discussion of transnationalism in the 21st-century Balkans. Poslední úprava: ZILA1 (31.08.2025)
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Assessment In terms of assessment, this is how you will be assessed in this course:
30% activity in the class (class reading) - ability to answer the questions and formulate own view, based on readings.
70% final paper based on readings and classes. A) 100 - 91% (B) 90 - 81% (C) 80- 71% (D) 70-61 (E) 60-51 (F) less than 50%
Based on Dean's Measure 20/2019: https://fsv.cuni.cz/deans-measure-no-20/2019
Note on plagiarism Students should follow the rules of academic conduct. Any instance of plagiarism will be immediately delivered to the Disciplinary commission for further decision. Please, consult any uncertainties with the lecturer before you submit your paper.
In all the written text you submit, please follow these rules for the legitimate/illegitimate use of (generative) AI tools:
You are entirely free to use generative AI for preparatory tasks, such as brainstorming, idea generation, or searching for relevant literature, as well as for language corrections. However, do not use AI to generate the text you submit as your own work. In other words, no part of your submitted text itself may be AI-generated, except for the language corrections noted above.
Poslední úprava: ZILA1 (14.09.2025)
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Required reading: See the reader of selected required reading for each seminar.
Recommended Books: Adelman, Howard, and Elazar Barkan. 2011. No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation. Columbia University Press. Ahonen, Pertti, ed. 2008. People on the Move: Forced Population Movements in Europe in the Second World War and Its Aftermath. English ed. Occupation in Europe. Oxford ; New York: Berg. Bade, Klaus J., and Allison Brown. 2003. Migration in European History. 1st pub. The Making of Europe. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Bade, Klaus J., P. C. Emmer, Leo Lucassen, Jochen Oltmer, Corrie van Eijl, Marlou Schover, Michael Schubert, and Jutta Tiemeyer, eds. 2013. The Encyclopedia of Migration and Minorities in Europe: From the 17th Century to the Present. First paperback edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ballinger, Pamela. 2012. “Borders and the Rhythms of Displacement, Emplacement and Mobility.” In A Companion to Border Studies, edited by Thomas M. Wilson and Hastings Donnan, 387–404. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118255223.ch22. Black, Richard, and Khalid Koser. 1999. The End of the Refugee Cycle?: Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction. Berghahn Books. Bonifazi, Corrado, and Marija Mamolo. 2004. “Past and Current Trends of Balkan Migrations.” Espace Populations Sociétés. Space Populations Societies, no. 2004/3 (December). Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille: 519–531. doi:10.4000/eps.356. Carmichael, Cathie. 2002. Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition. Routledge Advances in European Politics 8. London ; New York: Routledge. Carter, F. W. 1993. “Ethnicity as a Cause of Migration in Eastern Europe.” GeoJournal 30 (3): 241–248. doi:10.1007/BF00806713. Castles, Stephen, Hein de Haas, and Mark J. Miller. 2014. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Fifth edition. New York ; London: The Guilford Press. Clark, Bruce. 2006. Twice a Stranger: The Mass Expulsions That Forged Modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Helton, Arthur C., and Pamela Birchenough. 1996. “Forced Migration in Europe.” The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 20 (2). The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy: 89–100. Hynes, Patricia. 2021. Introducing Forced Migration. First edition. Rethinking Development. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Lieberman, Benjamin David. 2013. Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. First Rowman&Littlefield edition. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. Long, Katy. 2013. The Point of No Return: Refugees, Rights, and Repatriation. OUP Oxford. Mojzes, Paul. 2011. Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century. Studies in Genocide : Religion, History, and Human Rights. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Morawska, Ewa. 2000. “Intended and Unintended Consequences of Forced Migrations: A Neglected Aspect of East Europe’s Twentieth Century History.” International Migration Review 34 (4). SAGE Publications Inc: 1049–1087. doi:10.1177/019791830003400401. Mulaj, Kledja. 2008. Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: Nation-State Building and Provision of in/Security in Twentieth-Century Balkans. Lanham: Lexington Books. Naimark, Norman M. 2001. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Roth, Klaus, and Jutta Lauth Bacas, eds. 2011. Migration in, from, and to Southeastern Europe. Part 2: Ways and Strategies of Migrating. Ethnologia Balkanica 14. Berlin: Lit Verlag. Stola, Dariusz. 1992. “Forced Migrations in Central European History.” International Migration Review 26 (2). SAGE Publications Inc: 324–341. doi:10.1177/019791839202600208. Sundhaussen, Holm. 2010. Forced Ethnic Migration. Inst. f. Europ. Geschichte. Ther, Philipp. 2016. The Dark Side of Nation-States: Ethnic Cleansing in Modern Europe. volume 19. New York ; Oxford: Berghahn. Poslední úprava: ZILA1 (31.08.2025)
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Regular reading of the required texts for every single class is obligatory for all participants without exception.
In all the written text you submit, please follow these rules for the legitimate/illegitimate use of (generative) AI tools: You are entirely free to use generative AI for preparatory tasks, such as brainstorming, idea generation, or searching for relevant literature, as well as for language corrections. However, do not use AI to generate the text you submit as your own work. In other words, no part of your submitted text itself may be AI-generated, except for the language corrections noted above. Use of generative AI tools: The use and citation of generative AI tools (such as ChatGPT or MS Copilot) in seminar papers and other coursework must comply with the decrees of the IMS Director No. 7/2023 and 9/2023. Generative AI tools may be used unless explicitly prohibited by the instructor. However, they may not be used to generate substantial sections of the text or replace the student’s own intellectual contribution. The student remains fully responsible for any content generated with assistance of AI tools. Presenting AI-generated content, whether verbatim, rephrased, or only slightly modified, as one's own work constitutes plagiarism. Every submitted paper must include a transparent statement specifying which generative AI tools were used, in which stage of the work they were employed, and how they were used, or confirming that no generative AI tools were used. If this statement is missing or incomplete, the instructor is not permitted to accept the paper for evaluation. Unless the instructor explicitly prohibits the use of generative AI tools, the decision to use or not to use them rests fully with the student. The student has the right to request that the instructor does not use AI assistance for evaluating their work.
Poslední úprava: Lochmanová Sára, Mgr. (08.10.2025)
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The course requires attendance of at least 70% (i.e., 9 seminars). Regular reading of the required texts for every single class is obligatory for all participants, without exception. Students have to write a final paper (up to 6.000 words), an analysis of a chosen topic. The text written in the academic style includes footnotes and references (please use at least 10 independent academic sources). The final paper is supposed to be submitted to my e-mail address ondrej.zila@fsv.cuni.cz no later than 5 January 2026.
Criteria for Writing a Seminar Thesis When preparing your seminar thesis, please follow these basic requirements. They ensure clarity, academic rigor, and consistency across all submitted papers.
Length Requirements Your seminar thesis must be:
This length allows you to develop a clear argument, present evidence, and engage with academic literature in a focused way.
Bibliography (Minimum 10 References) You must include a final bibliography with at least 10 academic sources. These can include:
Wikipedia, random websites, and non-academic blogs do not count as valid references (!).
Your bibliography should be formatted consistently (e.g., Chicago, APA, MLA, etc.—choose one and adhere to it).
Formatting There are no strict requirements for:
However, your paper should remain readable and professionally formatted.
File Submission
Structure of the Seminar Thesis While not explicitly required, a good academic paper typically includes the following:
Academic Integrity All sources must be properly cited, using a consistent citation style. Assessment Criteria – Final Essay (Total: 70 points) Your final essay will be evaluated according to the following criteria. Please read them carefully to understand what is expected and how points are awarded.
Analysis – 20 points This is the core of your evaluation. We assess: · the quality and depth of your argument, · whether your reasoning is coherent, · whether your claims are plausible and logically developed, · your ability to engage critically with the topic. A strong essay presents clear arguments, anticipates counterarguments, and demonstrates original analytical insight.
Evidence – 20 points This category evaluates how effectively you support your arguments. You should: · use appropriate, relevant, and sufficient evidence, · reference academic literature, · show that you understand and can apply the sources, · integrate evidence logically rather than merely describing it. High-scoring essays demonstrate excellent command of the scholarly material and use it to strengthen the argument.
Research – 15 points We reward: · creativity, · original insights, · independent thinking, · the ability to go beyond the basic readings and to incorporate additional relevant literature. A strong essay shows that you conducted meaningful research and developed your own argument rather than repeating existing scholarship.
Organisation – 5 points Your essay must be clearly structured and easy to follow. It should include: · an Introduction: briefly outlines the purpose, argument, and structure of the essay; · a logical sequence of paragraphs with clear transitions; · a Conclusion: summarizes the central findings without introducing new information. Essays with unclear structure, unconnected paragraphs, or missing sections will lose points.
Style – 5 points This criterion concerns the quality of writing: · grammar and spelling, · clarity and conciseness, · appropriate academic tone, · effective sentence and paragraph structure. Well-written essays communicate ideas clearly and avoid colloquial language or unclear phrasing.
Referencing and Bibliography – 5 points All essays must use Chicago Manual of Style consistently for: · in-text citations or footnotes, · bibliographic entries, · formatting of books, articles, chapters, and online sources. Incorrect or inconsistent citation style will reduce your score. Missing references or inadequate citation counts as poor academic practice. Total: 70 points
You may choose one of the topics listed below or propose your own. In either case, please inform me by email.
1. Theoretical & Conceptual Foundations
2. Post–World War I Population Engineering
3. WWII Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide
4. Post–WWII Resettlement Policies
5. Socialist Yugoslavia and Planned Demographic Transfers
6. The 1990s Wars: Forced Migration as Strategy
II. (NON)-RETURN OF REFUGEES & IDPs IN THE WESTERN BALKANS 7. International Norms & Right to Return
8. Minority Return & Reversing War Outcomes
9. The Myth of Return
III. ECONOMIC MIGRATION IN THE BALKANS 10. Gastarbeiter, Remittances, and Social Change
Cross-Cutting / Comparative Topics These topics span multiple sessions and allow broader analysis:
Poslední úprava: Žíla Ondřej, doc. PhDr., Ph.D. (08.12.2025)
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Introduction 1) The Introductory Characteristics, Typology, and Concepts of Migrations in the Balkans in the 20th and 21st Centuries (29.09.) 2) The Dynamics of Migrations in the Balkans in the 20th and 21st Centuries (6.10.)
I. Part – Ethnic (Forced) Migrations in the Balkans 3) Post-WWI Aftermath: Deportations, Expulsions, Ethnic Un-mixing (13.10.) 4) Ethnic cleansing and genocide during World War II. (20.10.) 5) The aftermath of World War II: Expulsions vs Internal Colonization and Resettlement (27.10.) 6) The Socialist Era: Exchange of Population (3.11.) 7) The dissolution of the SFRY: Ethnic Cleansing as a strategy of building nation-states (10.11.)
II. Part – (Non)-Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons to the Western Balkans 8) The Right to Return – Return Migration Policy of European States (24.11.) 9) Minority Return and Reversing Ethnic Cleansing Outcomes – The Transformation of Ethno-Demographic Reality in the ex-Yugoslav Republics (08.12.) 10) The Myth of Return (15.12.)
III. Economic migration in the Balkans 11) Economic Migration I.: The Yugoslav Gastarbeiters in Western Europe (05.1.)
Poslední úprava: ZILA1 (31.08.2025)
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