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The Principles of Physics I is the opening course of physics series in the program Science. It provides a general
introduction to the Physics as an essential pillar of natural sciences, and further focuses on concepts of classical
mechanics with outreach to complex phenomena in chemistry and biology. The course set the knowledge base for
all follow-up classes in physics. Also, it provides a guide to application of the mechanics and acoustics across the
natural sciences.
Poslední úprava: Mikšová Kateřina, Mgr. (02.02.2022)
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The condition for completing the course is the successful passing of the exam, which is preceded by getting credit for the exercises. The exam itself is generally oral, but the solution - or outline of the solution - of a specific example can be one of the points discussed at the exam. Poslední úprava: Mikšová Kateřina, Mgr. (11.05.2023)
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1. Basic Mechanics with Engineering Applications 1st Edition, J. Jones, J. Burdess, J.N. Fawcett, Routledge, 2017. 2. University Physics Volume 1, Jeff Sanny, Samuel Ling, OpenStax, 2016 3. Modern Classical Mechanics, T. M. Helliwell and V. V. Sahakian, Cambridge University Press, 2020 4. Classical Mechanics: From Newton to Einstein: A Modern Introduction 2nd Edition, M.W. McCall, Wiley, 2011 5. Classical Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum, G. Hrabovsky, L. Susskind, Penguin, 2014 6. Solutions for Physics: Principles with Applications, Douglas C. Giancoli, 7th edition, Pearson Higher Education, 2015. 7. Solutions for Physics Principle and Problems, Paul W. Zitzewitz, Todd George Elliott, David G. Haase, McGraw-Hill Education - Europe, 2013. 8. Lecture notes 9. Pre-recorded lectures 10. Set of problems (with solutions) for exercises 11. Visualizations of key experiments Poslední úprava: Mikšová Kateřina, Mgr. (02.02.2022)
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Final mark is based on the oral examination. Oral examination takes place during the examination period and students must first obtain the credit for practical exercises. Credit for exercises is based on the solution of take-home problems (30%), two tests (midterm and final, each 30%) and acivity during the exercises (10%). Poslední úprava: Prchal Jiří, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (02.09.2024)
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1. Fyzika - definice, obory fyziky, dosah. 2. Jednotky a měření; Vektory, Křivočaré souřadnice. 3. Pohyb, prostor a čas v klasické mechanice. Meze platnosti klasické mechaniky. 4. Kinematika hmotného bodu: hmotný bod, pohyb a dráha, přímočarý rovnoměrný a nerovnoměrný pohyb, křivočarý pohyb, pohyb po kružnici. 5. Dynamika hmotného bodu: Newtonovy pohybové zákony, skládání a rozklad sil, setrvačné síly, síly působící při křivočarém pohybu, hybnost, impuls, práce, energie, výkon. 6. Newtonův gravitační zákon, gravitace, pohyb v gravitačním poli Země, gravitační pole. 7. Tuhé těleso: superpozice sil, těžiště, rovnovážná poloha; translační a rotační pohyb, kinetická energie tuhého tělesa, setrvačnost, lineární a úhlový moment hybnosti, tření. 8. Statická rovnováha a elasticita: podmínky pro statickou rovnováhu; deformace a napětí, rychlost deformace; kontinuum; deformace pevných látek: zobecněný Hookeův zákon, plastická deformace a mez kluzu. 9. Mechanika tekutin: hydrostatika, Archimédův a Pascalův zákon; hydrodynamika, rovnice kontinuity, Bernoulliho rovnice; pohyb viskózních tekutin, Poisseuillův a Stokesův zákon. 10. Kmitavý pohyb: netlumené kmity, harmonický oscilátor, matematické a fyzické kyvadlo, tlumené a vynucené kmity, superpozice kmitů. 11. Vlny a akustika: Postupné příčné a podélné vlny, interference vlnění, stojaté vlnění, odraz vlnění, Huyghensův princip, Dopplerův jev, vlnová rovnice, šíření vlnění. Poslední úprava: Prchal Jiří, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (25.06.2024)
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Describe the scope of physics and its major branches.
Lists basic physical SI quantities and units. Define derived physical quantities, show an example and perform a dimensional analysis. Describe the procedure of obtaining and evaluating experimental values.
Identify the vector physical quantities and apply basic vector operations – namely cross and dot product – in formulation of the physical relations, including the consequences in terms of magnitude and directionality.
Define typical coordinate systems, advantages of particular systems of coordinates with respect to use of physical laws and mathematical operations.
Define the motion of bodies in a reference frame of space coordinates and time, describe their general properties. Introduce interaction mechanisms between bodies in the classification of physical fields. Define the domain of classical mechanics and its limits compared to modern branches of physics.
Describe and analyze the motion of a point mass in one, two, and three dimensions using appropriate kinematic quantities (equations of motion). Apply kinematic equations to solve problems involving rectilinear, curvilinear, and circular motion.
Formulate, explain and apply Newton’s laws of motion to analyze the dynamics of point masses and rigid bodies. Describe the definition of force, use of forces decomposition and addition using a free-body diagram. Describe the physical basis of non-inertial forces. Calculate forces, momentum, work, energy, and power, and use conservation laws to solve mechanical problems including collisions and their classification. Define conditions for stability and equilibrium in terms of potential energy.
Formulate and apply Newton’s law of gravitation to analyze motion in gravitational fields, including motion near the Earth’s surface and orbital motion. Describe potential energy in the gravitational field, apply the energy-conservation law for a body moving in an orbit. Describe all force contributions acting on a body on the surface of a rotating planet, including effects of other nearby bodies. Formulate Kepler's laws.
Define basic properties of a rigid body, its center of mass, translational and rotational motion. Describe the force acting (including external and internal forces) on a rigid body, torque, angular momentum, and rotational energy. Define moment of inertia. Introduce examples of calculations for simple objects. Formulate the parallel-axis theorem.
Determine conditions for static equilibrium. Explain elastic and plastic deformation using stress–strain relations and Hooke’s law. Characterize volume and shape changes upon bulk or shear stress application.
Introduce basic characterization of fluids. Define hydrostatic pressure. Formulate Pascal’s law and introduce its applications. Define basics of model for description of the fluid dynamics (streamline, streamtube, mass conservation). Define Bernoulli’s equation and its relation to the fluid flow. Apply the principles of fluid statics and dynamics (Archimedes’, Pascal’s, Bernoulli’s, and continuity laws) to solve problems involving ideal and viscous fluids.
Describe simple harmonic motion (SHM), including time dependence of amplitude and dynamics e.g. using a model of a spring. Define mechanical energy of the SHM. Describe basic pendulums. Analyze simple harmonic motion, damped and forced oscillations, and explain resonance and energy transfer in oscillatory systems. Characterize superposition of oscillations in basic mutual configurations.
Introduce a concept of a wave function. State the linear wave equation. Describe and apply wave concepts, including wave propagation, interference, reflection, standing waves, and the Doppler effect. State the speed of wave propagation in various media. Describe the physical principles of sound propagation. State basic characteristics of resonance and modes in a string and a tube. Poslední úprava: Prchal Jiří, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (29.01.2026)
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