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The course Internal Medicine II consists of 5 weeks of block teaching, arranged as follows: 1 week of nephrology, 1 week of endocrinology, 1 week of hematology and rheumatology, 1 week of metabolism, and 1 week of geriatrics.
The course is organized into lectures, mandatory seminars, and clinical bedside rotations.
Attendance at lectures is optional but highly recommended. The schedule for each study group is available on the Student Information System (SIS)in the attached files or on the notice board outside the secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University (4th floor, Node D). Clinical rotations take place both at the Department of Internal Medicine, and at other cooperating departments (always specified in the schedule) under the guidance of the study group instructors. For clinical rotations at the Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, students should arrive at the start of the class at Node C, 4th floor, in the area in front of the elevators. The meeting point for students and teachers at other departments is indicated in the schedule. For clinical rotations, students need a white coat, a stethoscope, writing materials, and, if applicable, a face mask or respirator (depending on the current epidemiological situation or health status). A necessary condition for the successful completion of the practical training is a knowledge of propedeutics (taking a medical history, performing, and interpreting a physical examination). Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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The block teaching of Internal Medicine II concludes with a credit and an oral exam. To be awarded the credit, the following requirements must be met: 1/ Attendance at clinical rotations and seminars. In accordance with the Dean's Measure No. 4/2022, 80% attendance is required, meaning that up to 4 clinical rotations and seminars may be missed across the entire 5-week course without requiring compensation. Any greater absence must be reported to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, CU. The form of compensation will then be determined. Compensation for individual clinical rotations is usually resolved through an individual agreement with the instructor. 2/ Submission of a sample medical history report. The student must submit the sample medical history report to the respective instructor during the final (i.e., 5th) week of the block teaching. The student writes the sample medical history report based on the examination of a specific inpatient from the department. It is analogous to an internal medicine admission report (including a complete medical history, a physical examination, and the formulation of a working diagnosis). Oral exam: Registration for the oral exam is possible after completing all 5 weeks of the block teaching via the electronic Student Information System (SIS). The oral exam consists of the description of a randomly drawn ECG strip and a randomly drawn question, which consists of two parts. Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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Presentation materials (for lectures and seminars) are available in the Moodle system under the course Internal Medicine II: https://dl1.cuni.cz/enrol/index.php?id=7130 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology *link to lectures in Moodle - https://dl1.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=6698 (student access required password) Presentations for lectures and seminars cancelled due to class suspensions (public holidays, Dean's or Rector's Day, etc.) will be sent to students by email via the Student Information System (SIS).
Core Textbooks (Internal Medicine): Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine. Edited by David RANDALL, John BOOTH and Kate WILES. 11th ed. London: Elsevier, 2025. ISBN 978-0-443-12594-2. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 22nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2025. Two Volume Set ISBN 978-1265979317 Cecil Essentials of Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2021. ISBN 978-0323722711. Cecil Essentials of Medicine, 11th Edition. Date of publication 12/2026. McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine. KnowledgeBridge International, 2025. ISBN 978-8197171536 CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2026 CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2027
ECG: HAMPTON, John R., Joanna HAMPTON a David ADLAM. The ECG Made Easy. 10th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2024. ISBN 978-0-323-93766-5. THALER, Malcolm S. The Only EKG Book You'll Ever Need. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2026. ISBN 978-1-975293-44-4.
Propedeutics & Physical Examination: CHROBÁK, Ladislav, et al. Physical Examination in Internal Medicine. Prague: Grada, 2003. ISBN 978-80-247-0617-7. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 14th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2025. ISBN 978-1975218348. Macleod's Clinical Examination. 15th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2023. ISBN 978-0323847704. THALER, Malcolm S. The Only EKG Book You'll Ever Need. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2026. ISBN 978-1-975293-44-4.
Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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The course includes the following teaching methods: lectures, compulsory seminars, and practical exercises. The internship takes place in clinical inpatient facilities at the student's choice or at the recommendation of the subject guarantor. Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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The oral exam consists of the description of a randomly drawn ECG strip and a randomly drawn question, which consists of two parts.
ORAL EXAM QUESTIONS IN INTERNAL MEDICINE (5th YEAR) (Version valid from October 1, 2021)
1. Acute heart failure 2. Chronic heart failure and its complex therapy 3. Aortic valvular disorders 4. Mitral valvular disorders 5. Coronary artery disease – acute forms 6. Chronic coronary artery disease – classification, etiology 7. Chronic coronary artery disease - diagnostics, therapy 8. Acute myocardial infarction 9. Complications of myocardial infarction 10. Shock 11. Arterial hypertension 12. Secondary hypertension 13. Pulmonary embolism 14. Congenital heart defects in adults 15. Inflammatory disorders of the heart (myocarditis, pericarditis…) 16. Infective endocarditis 17. Cardiomyopathies 18. Cardiac tamponade 19. Supraventricular arrhythmias 20. Ventricular arrhythmias 21. Atrial fibrillation – symptomatology, diagnosis and therapy 22. Cor pulmonale 23. Circulatory and breathing arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation 24. Disorders of aorta 25. Disorders of brain arteries, stroke 26. Acute and chronic disorders of peripheral arteries 27. Acute and chronic disorders of peripheral veins 28. Vasculatis - related kidney disease – affections of kidney caused by connective tissue diseases and vasculitis 29. Vasculitis 30. Nephrotic syndrome (definition and differential diagnosis) 31. Serious affections of kidneys in relation to internal diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, poisoning, malignancies) 32. Urinary tract infections 33. Urolithiasis 34. Acute and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 35. Chronic glomerulonephritis 36. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and pyelonephritis. Cystic disease of the kidney 37. Staging of chronic nephropathies (regardless of etiology) 38. Acute kidney failure 39. Chronic kidney failure 40. Acid-base balance and its disturbances 41. The most frequently observed disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance 42. Organ transplantation, elimination methods 43. Vascular nephropathy 44. Benign disorders of the thyroid gland (including inflammatory); goiter 45. Hyperthyroidism and its complications 46. Hypothyroidism and its complications 47. Tumors of the thyroid gland 48. Parathyroid gland disorders 49. Basic hypothalamic and pituitary disorders 50. Hyporfunction of adrenal cortex, diagnostics, treatment, signficance 51. Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex, diagnostics, treatment, signficance 52. Primary hyperaldosteronism, diagnostics, treatment, signficance 53. Treatment by corticosteroids (acute and chronic), indication and complications 54. Disorders of adrenal medulla 55. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus – patophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics 56. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus - patophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics 57. Basic principles of treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes 58. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus 59. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus 60. Obesity, syndrome of insulin resistance 61. Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 62. Community-acquired pneumonia 63. Hospital-acquired pneumonia 64. Pulmonary tuberculosis 65. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 66. Bronchial asthma – classification, therapy and prevention 67. Acute bronchial asthma 68. Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis 69. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – diagnosis and therapy in a stable patient 70. Acute exacerbation of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 71. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 72. Lung cancer 73. Pleural effusions 74. Pneumothorax 75. Acute and chronic respiratory insufficiency 76. Anemia – classification, etiology, symptomatology 77. Principles of transfusion medicine 78. Iron deficiency anemia 79. Megaloblastic anemia 80. Hemolytic anemia and anemia of chronic disease 81. Myelodysplastic syndrome 82. Myeloproliferative disorders 83. Plasmacytoma and plasma cell disorders 84. Disturbances in coagulation – bleeding disorders 85. Disturbances in coagulation – hypercoagulation state 86. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy 87. Degenerative disorders of joints and spine 88. Chronic inflammatory arthropathies; rheumatoid arthritis 89. Acute rheumatic fever 90. Ankylosing spondylitis and spondylarthropathies 91. Systemic rheumatic disease (scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis) 92. Systemic lupus erythematosus 93. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia 94. Uric acid, gout, and porphyria 95. Disturbances of lipid metabolism 96. Atherosclerosis 97. Gastrointestinal bleeding 98. Disorders of esophagus 99. Peptic ulcer disease 100. Tumors of stomach 101. Inflammatory bowel disease 102. Colonic polyps and colorectal cancer 103. Non-neoplasmatic disorders of bowel – diverticulosis, diverticulitis 104. Functional gastrointestinal disorders, coeliac disease 105. Malabsorption syndrome 106. Cholelithiasis and its complication 107. Acute and chronic pancreatitis 108. Acute hepatitis 109. Chronic hepatitis 110. Liver cirrhosis 111. Portal hypertension – classification, complication, therapy and prognosis 112. Acute and chronic liver failure 113. Tumors of liver, bile duct, gallbladder and pancreas 114. Principles of parenteral nutrition 115. Principles of enteral nutrition 116. Differences in the course, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and therapy of internal diseases in elderly; functional geriatric examination 117. Geriatric frailty syndrome and rational pharmacotherapy in elderly
STATE EXAM QUESTIONS – 5TH YEAR – INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS - ERASMUS (valid from October 1st, 2021)
CARDIOLOGY 1. Acute heart failure 2. Chronic heart failure – etiopathogenesis and symptomatology 3. Chronic heart failure – diagnostics and complex therapy 4. Aortic valvular disorders 5. Mitral valvular disorders 6. Coronary artery disease – acute forms 7. Chronic coronary artery disease – classification, etiology, symptomatology 8. Chronic coronary artery disease - diagnostics, therapy 9. Acute myocardial infarction 10. Complications of myocardial infarction 11. Shock 12. Arterial hypertension 13. Secondary hypertension 14. Pulmonary embolism 15. Congenital heart defects in adults 16. Inflammatory disorders of the heart (myocarditis, pericarditis…) 17. Infective endocarditis 18. Cardiomyopathies 19. Cardiac tamponade 20. Supraventricular arrhythmias 21. Ventricular arrhythmias 22. Atrial fibrillation – symptomatology, diagnosis, and therapy 23. Cor pulmonale 24. Circulatory and breathing arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation 25. Disorders of aorta 26. Disorders of brain arteries, stroke 27. Acute disorders of peripheral arteries 28. Chronic disorders of peripheral arteries 29. Acute disorders of peripheral veins 30. Chronic disorders of peripheral veins 31. Atherosclerosis
NEPHROLOGY 32. Vasculitis-related kidney disease – affections of kidney caused by connective tissue diseases and vasculitis 33. Vasculitis 34. Nephrotic syndrome (definition and differential diagnosis) 35. Serious affections of kidneys in relation to internal diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, poisoning, malignancies) 36. Urinary tract infections 37. Urolithiasis 38. Acute and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 39. Chronic glomerulonephritis 40. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and pyelonephritis. Cystic disease of the kidney 41. Staging of chronic nephropathies (regardless of etiology) 42. Acute kidney failure (classification and differential diagnostics) 43. Chronic kidney failure 44. Organ transplantation. Elimination methods. 45. Vascular nephropathy
METABOLISM 46. Acid-base balance and it´s disturbances 47. The most frequently observed disturbances of fluid balance 48. The most frequently observed disturbances of electrolyte balance 49. Disturbances of lipid metabolism 50. Parenteral nutrition – basic principles 51. Enteral nutrition – basic principles 52. Obesity 53. Osteoporosis and osteomalatia 54. Uric acid, hyperuricemia and gout 55. Porphyrias
ENDOCRINOLOGY 56. Benign disorders of the thyroid gland (including inflammatory); goiter 57. Hyperthyroidism and it´s complications 58. Hypothyroidism and it´s complications 59. Tumors of the thyroid gland 60. Parathyroid gland disorders 61. Basic hypothalamic and pituitary disorders 62. Hyporfunction of adrenal cortex, diagnostics, treatment, signficance 63. Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex, diagnostics, treatment, signficance 64. Primary hyperaldosteronism, diagnostics, treatment, signficance 65. Treatment by corticosteroids (acute and chronic), indication and complications 66. Disorders of adrenal medulla 67. Osteoporosis and osteomalatia
DIABETOLOGY 68. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus – pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics 69. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus - pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics 70. Basic treatment principles of type 1 diabetes 71. Basic treatment principles of type 2 diabetes 72. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus 73. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus 74. Syndrome of insulin resistance 75. Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
PULMOLOGY 76. Community-acquired pneumonia 77. Hospital-acquired pneumonia 78. Pulmonary tuberculosis 79. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 80. Bronchial asthma – classification, therapy, and prevention 81. Acute bronchial asthma 82. Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis 83. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – diagnosis and therapy in a stable patient 84. Acute exacerbation of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 85. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 86. Lung cancer 87. Pleural effusions 88. Acute and chronic respiratory insufficiency 89. Diseases of mediastinum
HEMATOLOGY 90. Anemia – classification, ethiology, symptomatology 91. Principles of transfusion medicine 92. Iron deficiency anemia 93. Megaloblastic anemia 94. Hemolytic anemia and anemia of chronic disease 95. Myelodysplastic syndrome 96. Myeloproliferative disorders 97. Plasmacytoma and plasma cell disorders 98. Disturbances in coagulation – bleeding disorders 99. Disturbances in coagulation – hypercoagulation state 100. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
RHEUMATOLOGY 101. Degenerative disorders of joints and spine 102. Chronic inflammatory arthropathies; rheumatoid arthritis 103. Acute rheumatic fever 104. Ankylosing spondylitis and spondylarthropathies 105. Systemic rheumatic disease (scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis) 106. Systemic lupus erythematosus 107. Vasculitis 108. ANCA associated vasculitis
GASTROENTEROLOGY 109. Gastrointestinal bleeding 110. Disorders of esophagus 111. Peptic ulcer disease 112. Tumors of stomach 113. Inflammatory bowel disease 114. Colonic polyps and colorectal cancer 115. Non-neoplasmatic disorders of bowel – diverticulosis, diverticulitis 116. Functional gastrointestinal disorders, coeliac disease 117. Malabsorption syndrome 118. Cholelithiasis and its complication 119. Acute pancreatitis 120. Chronic pancreatitis 121. Acute hepatitis 122. Chronic hepatitis 123. Liver cirrhosis 124. Portal hypertension – classification, complication, therapy, and prognosis 125. Acute and chronic liver failure 126. Tumors of liver, bile duct, gallbladder, and pancreas
GERIATRICS 127. Differences in the course, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and therapy of internal diseases in elderly 128. Functional geriatric examination 129. Geriatric frailty syndrome 130. Rational pharmacotherapy in elderly 131. Aging theories 132. Organ changes during ageing 133. Cardiovascular system in elderly 134. Gastrointestinal system in elderly 135. Diabetes mellitus in elderly
Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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Syllabus of lectures and seminars of Internal Medicine II Nephrology: 1. Introduction to nephrology. History of nephrology. Kidney anatomy, nephron, loop of Henle, blood supply. Kidney physiology and pathophysiology. Hormone secretion by the kidneys: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, vasodilators and their significance, the kidney and vitamin D, erythropoietin. History taken in the renal patient. Physical examination in patients with the renal disease. Blood pressure and the kidney, the kidney and blood pressure. How to collect the urine for laboratory assays. Urinalysis and microscopy. The urine pH and its interpretation. Proteinuria: quantitative and qualitative classification. Erythrocyturia and hematuria: classification. Casts: typology and significance. Urine culture. The glomerular function, glomerular filtration rate, clearance methods. SNGFR - single nephron glomerular filtration rate, its clinical and pathophysiologic significance. The tubular function. The urine concentration and acidification, tubular syndromes. Ions and other substances fraction excretion and their significance. Imaging methods in nephrology. Radionuclides in nephrology. Molecular biology in nephrology. Renal biopsy. Specific clinical syndromes (asymptomatic proteinuria, the nephrotic syndrome, acute nephritic syndrome, microscopic hematuria, recurrent hematuria, hypertension, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure). Required knowledge: renal, ureter and urinary bladder anatomy and physiology; renal pathophysiology 2. Glomerulonephritis. Richard Bright, Bright´s disease. Glomerulonephritis and glomerulopathy. Glomerular capillary structure, light microscopy, electron microscopy, immunofluorescent microscopy. Size selectivity and charge selectivity of the glomerular capillary wall. Prevalence and incidence of glomerulonephritis, pathogenesis, acute serum sickness, circulating immune complexes, in situ immune complex formation, most common autoantigens of the glomerular capillary. Etiology of glomerulonephritis: bacteria, viruses, other microorganisms, tumors, drugs, ANCA, infection and glomerulonephritis. Laboratory signs of glomerulonephritis: proteinuria, erythrocyteuria and hematuria, casts, glomerular filtration rate, complement components, anti-GBM. Renal biopsy: technique, significance, complication. Urinary syndromes in glomerulonephritis (predominant proteinuria, predominant hematuria, combined proteinuria, and hematuria). Differential diagnosis of glomerulopathies according to urinary findings. Classification of glomerulonephritis: primary, secondary, systemic. Acute glomerulonephritis. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: anti-GBM, pauci immune (ANCA), immune complex glomerulonephritis. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Membranous, mesangial proliferative (IgA nephropathy), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (mesangiocapillary). Symptomatic treatment of glomerulonephritis, immunosuppressive (‘specific’) treatment of glomerulonephritis, ‘biologic’ treatment of glomerulonephritis. Pregnancy and glomerulonephritis. Transplantation and glomerulonephritis, recurrence in the graft. Required knowledge: the nephron structure; acute and chronic serum sickness; structure and physiological role of immune globulins; antiidiotopic antibodies; pathogenesis of immune mediated inflammation 3. Acute and chronic renal failure. Renal insufficiency and renal failure. Differential diagnosis between acute and chronic renal failure. Causes of acute renal failure (ARF), classification, oliguric and non-oliguric ARF. Water handling, protein handling, DNA metabolites in ARF. Ion disorders, acid-base balance disturbance in ARF. Differential diagnosis of prerenal, Reno parenchymatous and postrenal ARF. Fraction excretion of sodium and urea, sodium urine concentration, urine osmolality in ARF. Monitoring of ARF patient. ‘Pitfalls’ in patient with ARF. Treatment of ion, nitrogen, and proton disturbances in ARF. Nutrition of the patient with ARF. ARF prognosis. CVVH in treatment of ARF. Chronic renal failure (CRF) - definition, prevalence and causes, experimental models, pathogenesis, uremic ‘toxins’. Disorders of water, electrolytes, and nitrogen metabolism in CRF, acid-base balance disorders in CRF. Central and peripheral nervous system disorders, cardiac disorders, respiration system disorders, gastrointestinal system disorders, endocrine system disorders in CRF. Blood count, uremic bone disease. Pharmacological treatment of CRF. Protein and salt intake in CRF. Adjustment of drug dosage in patients with CRF. Required knowledge: renal, ureter and urinary bladder anatomy and physiology; renal pathophysiology 4. Urinary tract infections. Some other kidney diseases. Definition. Pathogenesis. Causative agents of UTI. Clinical symptomatology. Differential diagnosis. Clinical course. Predisposing factors for complicated UTI. Diagnosis. Therapeutical regiment. Required knowledge: renal, ureter and urinary bladder anatomy and physiology; renal pathophysiology 5. Fluid and electrolyte disorders. Body water content. Body fluid compartments (intracellular, extracellular, interstitial, intravascular, EABV - effective arterial blood volume. Body fluids regulation, high- and low- pressure receptors, renin a-angiotensin-aldosterone system, other hormones. Ionic composition of extra- and intracellular fluids. Ionic composition of other body fluids. Low of electroneutrality. Estimation of body fluid volumes in the organisms: history, physical exam, laboratory exam. Extracellular fluid composition in body fluid volume disturbances. Disturbances of the urine ionic composition in dehydration. Hypovolemia and hypervolemia, differential diagnosis. Dehydration - its classification. Water and sodium - osmotically inactive sodium. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Hypochloremia and hyperchloremia. Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. Hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia. ECG in ion composition disturbances. Commonly used substitutive solutions, their composition. Calculation of water, sodium, and bicarbonate deficit. Routinely used concentrations of substitutive solutions. Ionic content of common p.o. administered salts. Which solution to use in common disturbances of ion and water body composition. Required knowledge the role of water, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus in the organism; mechanisms of water and electrolyte balance; Starling Law 6. Acid-base balance disturbances 7. Nephrotic syndrome, hypertension and kidney, urolithiasis. Nephrotic syndrome - definition, theory of edema development. Nephropathies that could cause nephrotic syndrome, differences between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive treatment used in the treatment. Hypertension and kidneys - secondary renal and renovascular hypertension, vascular nefrosclerosis. Urolithiasis - etiology, types of urolithiasis, risk factors, basic examination and treatment. Required knowledge: renal, ureter and urinary bladder anatomy and physiology; renal pathophysiology 8. Tubulointerstitial nephropathy. Definition. Histology. Pathogenesis. Trigger factors. Clinical course. Diagnosis. Therapy. Required knowledge: renal, ureter and urinary bladder anatomy and physiology; renal pathophysiology 9. Kidney disorders in diabetic patients. Dif. diagnosis of proteinuria. Definition. Epidemiology. Etiopathogenesis. Clinical course. Frequent events of acute kidney injury on diabetic kidney disease. Diabetic kidney disease screening. Definition and Classification of microalbuminuria/proteinuria. Measurement and estimation of GFR. Diagnosis of vascular nephropathy. Diabetic kidney disease therapy. Required knowledge: renal, ureter and urinary bladder anatomy and physiology; renal pathophysiology 10. Elimination methods in nephrology. Transplantation treatment. Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis. Renal transplant, immunosuppressive therapy. Required knowledge: renal, ureter and urinary bladder anatomy and physiology; renal pathophysiology Hematology: 10. Differential diagnosis of anemias. Short revision of clinically relevant information on hematopoiesis and basic laboratory tests in anemia diagnosis. Clinical presentation of anemias (signs and symptoms). Classifications used in differential diagnostics of anemias in clinical practice. Clinically most important types of anemia: iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease and megaloblastic anemias. Pathophysiology, differential diagnostics of causes and modern treatment of these diseases. Basic characteristics of hemolytic and aplastic anemias and principles of their diagnostic approach and treatment. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of hematopoiesis 11. Principles of hemotherapy, transfusion 12. Multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathies 13. CLL, myeloprolipherative and myelodysplastic syndromes. Definition, etiology, pathogenesis of chronic leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders. Laboratory and imaging methods, treatment. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of hematopoiesis 14. Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathies. Definition, etiopathogenesis, diagnostics, clinical presentation. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of hematopoiesis 15. Disorders of coagulation. Definition, etiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation of bleeding disorders and thrombophilia states. Laboratory and imaging methods, treatment. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of coagulation Rheumatology: 13. Diagnosis of systemic inflammatory diseases. etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapy of systemic inflammatory diseases. Clinical presentation and complications. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of connective tissues and joints 14. Vasculitis. Basic classification of vasculitis. Primary and secondary vasculitis. Vasculitis of large vessels (Takayasu and Horton´s arteritis), vasculitis of medium size vessels (polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki disease) and vasculitis of small vessels (Wegener´s granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss, ETA). Clinical presentation - systemic (febrility, fatigue, inflammation) and local. Treatment of vasculitis. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of vasculitis 15. Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis – etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and therapy. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of connective tissues and joints 16. Systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, dermato/polymyositis, polymyalgia rheumatica – etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of connective tissues and joints. 17. Osteoporosis – diagnosis and treatment. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of connective tissues and joints. Endocrinology: 18. Diseases of parathyroid glands and disorders of calcium-phosphate metabolism. Calcium, its´ role and content in the body. Homeostasis of calcium-phosphate metabolism. Parathormone, calcitonin and vitamin D and their role in calcium level regulation. Hyper and hypoparathyroidism. Osteoporosis, diff dg of hypocalcemia states. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of endocrine glands 19. Diseases of the thyroid gland, endemic goiter. Thyreopaties, ethiology. Metabolism of iodium and its role in thyroid gland function Thyroidal hormones and thein role in the body. Diagnostics and treatment of thyreopathies. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of endocrine glands 20. Diseases of adrenal glands. Adrenal glands and their hormones, role of adrenal hormones in metabolism regulation. Clinical presentation and syndromes connected to disturbances in hormonal secretion. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of endocrine glands 21. Diseases of pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Hormones of pituitary gland and hypothalamus, their role in metabolism. Clinical syndromes connected to disturbances in hormonal secretion, diagnostics, and treatment. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of endocrine glands Metabolism and varia: 22. Nutrition and its importance in health and illness, nutritional status assessment, malabsorption 23. Enteral and parenteral nutrition. The most important information about clinical nutrition are given. The necessity of the special nutrition support in some diseases are explained. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of metabolism 24. Practical application of nutritional evidence into clinical practice. The most important information about clinical nutrition are given. The necessity of the special nutrition support in some diseases are explained. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of metabolism 25. Syndrome of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia. Syndrome of insulin resistance - ethiology, diagnostics, complications, treatment, and prevention possibilities. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of diabetes 26. Diabetic foot syndrome. Ethiology and pathogenesis od diabetic foot syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, and tissue ischemia. Influence of infection on the healing. Classification, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of diabetes 27. Hyperuricemia, gout, porphyria. Definition, pathogenesis, clinical features of hyperuricemia, arthritis uratica, chronic gout, therapy. Definition, classification, clinical features of porphyria. Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism 28. Pre-operative examination and peri- and post-operative medical care in seriously ill patients (diabetes, hypertension, cardiac diseases...). Preparation for surgery, ability of patients for surgery. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology 29. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Coeliakia. Ethiology and classification of functional gastrointestinal disorders, clinical presentation, and diagnostic possibilities. Basic principles of therapy of functional disorders. Celiakia - clinical presentation, dispenzarization of the patients. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of GIT 30. Therapy of infections in internal medicine. Basic terminology connected to infectious diseases. Strategy of antimicrobial therapy, basic principles, and side effects of the treatment. Required knowledge: pharmacology of antimicrobial agents 31. Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The principle risk factors and the complications of atherosclerosis are mentioned. The modalities that can decrease the risks and complications of atherosclerosis are underlined. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of circulation 32. The importance of genetic examination in internal medicine. Genetically conditioned diseases, theirs´ screening and importance of genetic examination. Required knowledge: basic principles of genetics. Lectures on Geriatrics, pharmacotherapy, and differential diagnostics with respect of the patient´s age: 31. Introduction to clinical geriatrics. Definition of geriatric patients, differences of clinical presentation in elderly patients, involution changing of aging. Functional examination of geriatric patient. Frailty syndrome. Rational pharmacotherapy in elderly people. Required knowledge: pathophysiology of aging 32. Gastrointestinal tract disorders in elderly patients. Influence of aging on the function of gastrointestinal tract. Disturbances of motility, syndrome of bacterial overgrowth. Acid peptic disorders. Diverticulosis, functional disorders of GIT. Ischemia of gastrointestinal tract. Differences in the treatment of GIT disturbances in elderly people. Required knowledge: pathophysiology of aging 33. The musculoskeletal system in elderly patients. Influence of aging on function of the motion system, most frequent joint disorders in elderly people. Differences in clinical presentation and treatment of elderly people. Required knowledge: pathophysiology of aging 34. Psychiatric disorders in elderly patients. Influence of aging on CNS function, changes in cognitive function, dementia, and next disturbances. Differences in clinical presentation and treatment of elderly people. Required knowledge: pathophysiology of aging 35. Coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disorders in elderly patients. Influence of aging on cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, syncope, hypertension, thromboembolism. Differences of clinical presentation and treatment in elderly people. Required knowledge: pathophysiology of aging 36. Diabetes mellitus in elderly patients. Influence of aging on glucose metabolism, risks of diabetes manifestation. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, and differences in treatment of glucose metabolism disturbances in elderly people. Required knowledge: pathophysiology of aging 37. Case reports from geriatrics - model presentation of elderly patients suffer from diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Required knowledge: pathophysiology of aging 38. Differential diagnosis of limb edema - theory, differential diagnostics, and case reports with respect of the patient´s age. Pathophysiology of limb edema. Edemas generalized and local. Edemas acute and chronic. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment. Case reports. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of circulation 39. Differential diagnosis of dyspnea - theory, differential diagnostics, and case reports with respect of the patient´s age. Ethiology, acute dyspnea - bronchial asthma, acute heart failure, aspiration. Chronic dyspnea - COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic heart failure. Pneumonia, tuberculosis, pneumothorax, anemias, leukemia, bleeding, dehydration, tonsillitis acuta. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of circulation 40. Pharmacotherapy of hypertension and dyslipidemia- theory, differential diagnostics, and case reports with respect of the patient´s age. Treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment. Indication, contra-indication, side effects of drug therapy. Case reports. Required knowledge: pharmacology 41. Pharmacotherapy of Type 2 diabetes mellitus - theory, differential diagnostics, and case reports with respect of the patient´s age. Treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment. Oral antidiabetic agents, insulin. Indication, contra-indication, side effects of the drugs. Insulin regiments, combination therapy of oral agents with insulin. Required knowledge: pharmacology 42. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism. theory, differential diagnostics, and case reports with respect of the patient´s age. Antithrombotic therapy - aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, prasugrel. Anticoagulation treatment - heparin, warfarin. Thrombolytic therapy - streptokinase, t-PA. Indication, contra-indication, side effects, complications, bleeding. Required knowledge: pharmacology 43. Liver steatosis, it´s importance and treatment with respect of the patient´s age. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of gastrointestinal tract 44. Anorectal dysfunction in geriatric patients. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of gastrointestinal tract 45. Arthropathies and arthritis - theory, differential diagnostics, and case reports with respect of the patient´s age. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of joints 46. Infusion therapy with respect of the patient´s age. Case reports. Required knowledge: pathology and pathophysiology of metabolism and circulation
Poslední úprava: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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