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Berek, J.S.: Berek & Novak´s Gynecology Friedman, Scott: Current Diagnosis & Treatment Obstetrics & Gynecology Clayton: Gynaecology byx ten teachers Clayton: Obstetrics by ten teachers Gomella, T.L.: Neonatology Smith: Netter´s Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Womens health Collier, Longmore: Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties Cunningham, G.: Williams Obstetrics Poslední úprava: ZIV01352 (21.06.2010)
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Questions for the final state examination in Gynaecology and Obstetrics (For clinical questions recommended sources are Oxford Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Emergencies in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
State Examination Questions in Gynaecology and Obstetrics – valid from 2025/26
Note: A clinical question requires you to manage the patient in the scenario (differential diagnosis, diagnostic work-up and treatment) based on the clinical features described.
1. a) Invasive prenatal diagnostic methods, indications, options for fetal treatment in utero b) Clinical question – Bleeding in the third trimester of pregnancy (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Malignant tumours of the fallopian tube and ovary, classification, management d) Clinical question – Genital bleeding in a 10-year-old girl (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
2. a) The most common fetal structural anomalies and their diagnosis b) Clinical question – Hypertension at 24 weeks of gestation (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Uterine fibroids – types, complications d) Clinical question – Vaginal bleeding in a woman aged over 60 (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
3. a) Special considerations for cardiopulmonary resuscitation during pregnancy and labour b) Clinical question – Vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy (differential diagnosis, treatment) c) Menstrual bleeding disorders – classification, diagnosis, treatment d) Clinical question – Urinary leakage in a woman around 50 years of age (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
4. a) Cardiovascular diseases and their risks in pregnancy b) Clinical question – Bleeding during the first stage of labour (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Causes of infertility in a couple, their diagnosis and treatment d) Clinical question – Fever and abdominal pain after extensive surgery for endometriosis (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
5. a) Causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity b) Clinical question – Raised temperature in the puerperium (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Sexually transmitted diseases (definition, examples, diagnosis, treatment) d) Clinical question – Irregular uterine bleeding in a woman around 45 years of age (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
6. a) Pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome b) Clinical question – Bleeding during the third stage of labour (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Thromboembolic disease in gynaecology – aetiology and pathogenesis, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention d) Clinical question – Painful menstruation (differential diagnosis of causes, diagnosis, treatment)
7. a) Anatomy of the pelvis and soft tissues of the birth canal in relation to childbirth b) Clinical question – Apgar score (definition and examples of normal and abnormal scores) c) Investigations in urogynaecology (overview, typical indications) d) Clinical question – Heavy menstrual bleeding in a woman around 30 years of age (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
8. a) Acute abdominal emergencies in pregnancy b) Clinical question – Failure to progress in the first stage of labour (diagnosis, causes, management) c) Congenital anomalies of the uterus and vagina, disorders of sex differentiation d) Clinical question – Postcoital bleeding (differential diagnosis, diagnosis)
9. a) Abdominal and vaginal obstetric examination in late pregnancy; fetal lie, position, presentation and attitude b) Clinical question – Fever in the puerperium (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Stages of a woman's life from a gynaecological perspective. Development of the female reproductive organs throughout life d) Clinical question – A woman with persistent pelvic pain and irregular menstrual cycles (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
10. a) Determination of gestational age, organisation of obstetric care in the Czech Republic b) Clinical question – Back pain in the third trimester of pregnancy (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of acute abdominal emergencies in gynaecology d) Clinical question – Choosing contraception for a woman who has completed her family (suitable options and discussion of their advantages and disadvantages)
11. a) Red cell alloimmunisation (Rh, ABO) – definition, diagnosis, treatment, prevention b) Clinical question – Increased urinary frequency in pregnancy (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) The menstrual cycle, regulation, phases, disorders d) Clinical question – Faecal incontinence after vaginal birth in the early puerperium (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
12. a) Physiological changes in the maternal body during pregnancy and their significance b) Clinical question – Lower abdominal pain in the second half of pregnancy (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Malignant tumours of the uterine corpus d) Clinical question – Dyspareunia in a woman of reproductive age (differential diagnosis, risk factors)
13. a) Acute versus chronic fetal hypoxia b) Clinical question – Abnormal urinalysis during routine antenatal care (typical findings in diabetes, pre-eclampsia and infection; planning further care) c) Endometriosis – classification, symptoms d) Clinical question – Urinary urgency and increased frequency (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
14. a) Early pregnancy pathology related to development of the conceptus, definitions of terms b) Clinical question – Reduced fetal movements in the third trimester (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Vulvovaginal infections (most common types, basic diagnosis, treatment) d) Clinical question – Which pre-biopsy investigations would you choose for suspected cervical pathology?
15. a) Multiple pregnancy – types, complications b) Clinical question – Routine postnatal ward round for a woman following spontaneous vaginal birth c) Appendicitis versus adnexitis – differential diagnosis d) Clinical question – A 15-year-old girl who has not yet menstruated (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
16. a) Breech presentation – definition, types, management b) Clinical question – Leakage of amniotic fluid at 18 weeks of gestation (diagnosis, treatment) c) Ectopic pregnancy – sites, diagnosis, treatment d) Clinical question – A 25-year-old woman with irregular menstrual cycles (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
17. a) Fetal growth restriction
b) Clinical question – Leakage of amniotic fluid at the end of the third trimester (diagnosis, treatment) c) Contraception – principles of the methods, benefits, risks d) Clinical question – A 45-year-old woman with a missed period (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
18. a) Life-threatening haemorrhage during childbirth b) Clinical question – Leakage of amniotic fluid at 28 weeks of gestation (diagnosis, treatment) c) Induced termination of pregnancy – legal provisions, methods d) Clinical question – Hypotension and oliguria in the early postoperative period after hysterectomy (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
19. a) Placental pathology – types and management b) Clinical question – How would you organise and provide care for sudden loss of consciousness during labour? c) Laparoscopy in gynaecology – principles, diagnostic and operative indications, contraindications and possible complications d) Clinical question – Lower abdominal pain in early pregnancy (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
20. a) Infectious diseases screened for in pregnancy and their risks b) Clinical question – Maternal collapse in the second half of pregnancy (diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment) c) Diagnosis and treatment of gynaecological precancerous lesions d) Clinical question – Routine ward round after hysterectomy (what to check routinely, how and why; possible complications and their clinical features)
21. a) Complications of the puerperium and lactation c) Malignant tumours of the cervix d) Clinical question – A woman with mild lower abdominal pain and a positive pregnancy test (diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment)
22. a) Normal course of labour and birth with a fetus in longitudinal lie and cephalic presentation b) Clinical question – Ward round after caesarean section (what to check routinely, how and why; possible complications and their clinical features) c) Hereditary syndromes and risk factors for gynaecological malignancies d) Clinical question – Lower abdominal pressure and discomfort during infertility treatment (diagnosis, treatment)
23. a) Abnormal mechanisms of labour with a fetus in longitudinal lie and cephalic presentation b) Clinical question – Dyspnoea in the second half of pregnancy (patient management – diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment) c) Surgical treatment of gynaecological malignancies – role and examples of procedures and their extent according to tumour type d) Clinical question – A palpable breast lump (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
24. a) Shock in pregnancy b) Clinical question – Bleeding 2–3 weeks after childbirth (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Urinary incontinence in women – types, diagnosis, treatment d) Clinical question – Pelvic and loin pain in the early postoperative period after hysterectomy (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
25. a) Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy – classification, complications, principles of care during pregnancy b) Clinical question – Hypotension after childbirth (diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment) c) Precancerous lesions of the cervix, endometrium and vulva d) Clinical question – Bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
26. a) The most common causes of impaired neonatal adaptation, neonatal resuscitation b) Clinical question – Lower limb oedema in pregnancy (differential diagnosis, diagnostic work-up and treatment) c) Hysteroscopy – main indications, examples of treatment, complications d) Clinical question – Preoperative assessment and preparation for hysterectomy – types of investigations and measures, with rationale
27. a) Intrapartum cardiotocography (basic parameters, examples of abnormalities) b) Clinical question – Routine admission of a woman at term following an uncomplicated pregnancy, with the onset of uterine contractions c) Benign ovarian cysts, tumours and pseudotumours (classification) d) Clinical question – Vomiting and impaired intestinal transit after open gynaecological surgery (patient management – differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
28. a) Caesarean section – classification of indications and examples b) Clinical question – Lower abdominal pain before labour in a woman with a previous caesarean section (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment) c) Malignant tumours of the vulva and vagina d) Clinical question – Postmenopausal vaginal discharge (differential diagnosis, causes, treatment)
29. a) Screening and diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnancy (the most common types of chromosomal abnormalities and screening for them) b) Clinical question – What type of birth injury might the patient have? c) Primary and secondary prevention, screening for gynaecological cancers d) Clinical question – Vaginal discharge in a woman of reproductive age (differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment)
30. a) Operative vaginal delivery – types, indications, complications b) Clinical question – Birth of a low-birth-weight neonate (define the signs of immaturity and classify the neonate into the appropriate categories) c) Breast cancer – classification, diagnosis, treatment d) Clinical question – Vaginal pressure and a palpable 'bulge' (differential diagnosis of prolapse, terminology, main types of treatment) Poslední úprava: Dvořák Jan, MUDr., Ph.D. (16.09.2026)
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