Subjects

Pharmacology I. is an introductory subject to the field of pharmacology. The teaching is therefore focused at the beginning on presenting the basic principles associated with general pharmacology. The student is introduced to the laws of pharmacodynamics, i.e. the effects of drugs and pharmacokinetics, i.e. the fate of the drug in the body. Chapters describing how drugs work in the body are gradually introduced, starting at the molecular level and ending with the body's overall reaction to the drug. The fate of the drug in the body is analyzed at the level of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, including the mathematical expression of these processes. Then students are introduced to the issue of pharmacotherapeutic complications, such as adverse effects and drug interactions, and their prevention using effect or plasma concentration monitoring. This is followed by familiarizing with the pharmacogenetics, drug development, and clinically significant databases of medicinal products and their effective use. The chapters devoted to general pharmacology are followed by courses dedicated to the special pharmacology of drugs used in central and peripheral nervous system diseases. Chapters devoted to the autonomic nervous system, pain treatment, schizophrenia, depression, sleep and anxiety disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and spasticity are successively discussed. Practical teaching is oriented towards using acquired knowledge to solve specific pharmacotherapeutic situations that can be observed in clinical practice.

Last update: Kalhousová Hana (31.01.2025)

Farmakologie I. je úvodním předmětem do studia oboru farmakologie. Výuka je proto na začátku zaměřena na představení základních principů sdružených do oblasti obecné farmakologie. Student je seznamován se zákonitostmi farmakodynamiky, tj. účinků léčiv a farmakokinetiky, tj. osudu léčiva v organismu. Postupně jsou představovány kapitoly popisující způsoby fungování léčiv v organismu počínaje molekulární úrovní až po celkové reakce organismu na léčivo. Osud léčiva v organismu je analyzován na úrovni absorpce, distribuce, metabolismu a exkrece včetně matematického vyjádření těchto procesů. Poté jsou studenti uvedeni do problematiky farmakoterapeutických komplikací typu nežádoucích účinků a lékových interakcí a jejich prevence za použití monitorování účinku nebo plazmatických koncentrací. Následuje seznámení s principy farmakogenetiky, vývoje léčiv a s klinicky významnými databázemi léčivých přípravků a jejich efektivním používáním. Po kapitolách věnovaných obecné farmakologii následují kurzy věnované speciální farmakologii léčiv užívaných u onemocnění centrálního a periferního nervového systému. Postupně jsou probírány kapitoly věnované autonomnímu nervovému systému, léčbě bolesti, schizofrenie, deprese, poruch spánku a úzkosti, neurodegenerativních onemocnění a spasticity. Praktická výuka je orientovaná na využití získaných znalostí pro řešení konkrétních farmakoterapeutických situací, které lze pozorovat v klinické praxi.

Last update: Kalhousová Hana (31.01.2025)

Outcomes (subject Pharmacology I):

1. the student acquires theoretical knowledge of general pharmacology, which is necessary for understanding the general properties of drugs and their use in clinical practice

2. the student acquires theoretical knowledge of the special pharmacology of the nervous system with emphasis on the practical use of drugs in specific clinical situations.

3. the student will acquire basic practical skills for analysis of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, evaluation of complications in pharmacotherapy, monitoring pharmacotherapy, and using drugs affecting the central and peripheral nervous system.

4. the student will be able to recognize the drugs discussed and describe their basic properties.

Last update: Kalhousová Hana (31.01.2025)

Compulsory literature

• Katzung BG, Trevor AJ: Basic and clinical pharmacology, 15th ed. 2021, ISBN-13: 9781260452310 (or the latest edition available)

Recommend literature

• Rang HP, Ritter JM et al: Rang & Dale's Pharmacology. 9th ed., Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York, 2019. ISBN: 9780702074486 (or the latest edition available)
• Whalen K: Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology 7th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2018. ISBN: 149638413X (or the latest edition available)

Completive literature

Lectures in electronic form (https://moodle.lfhk.cuni.cz/).

Last update: Kalhousová Hana (31.01.2025)

Credit

Conditions for granting credit in pharmacology:

a) Attendance at classes
Participation in seminars and practical exercises is mandatory. One absence is tolerated (the reason does not need to be documented); late arrivals to classes will also be counted as absences if they are significant. In case of two absences, the student will be examined in detail on the issue of both missed practical exercises in order to receive credit. Due to three or more absences, the student will be tested for the entire semester in order to receive credit. In case of absence within this extent, it is also necessary to provide official reasons and appropriate confirmations (e.g. from a doctor, from the office, etc.).

b) Worksheets
During the semester, in practical courses and seminars, students solve model clinical situations presented through worksheets or by the teacher's oral assignment. Students must submit written solutions to these assignments upon request.

c) Knowledge
At each practical course, a graded check of students' knowledge takes place in written or oral form. The grade point average received during classes in the semester must be less than or equal to 3.00 (absences do not affect the grade point average). Due to the grade point average > 3.00 - the student will be examined in the scope of the entire semester.

d) In the event of a forced transition to online teaching
Practical teaching will take place in a distance form through MS TEAMS using materials in MOODLE LFHK. Students will be required to have the cameras on for the possibility of checking their presence and activity. Repeated technical problems on the part of the student will be considered an absence. The main content of the practical teaching will be a moderated discussion and the solution of examples from clinical practice using written or oral assignments. Knowledge testing will take place continuously online orally, or in the form of a face-to-face credit test when the epidemiological situation allows it.

Conditions for the exam in the winter semester

Credits from the subjects Pharmacology I and II are a condition for taking the exam. The exam starts with a test. The test is an integral part of every attempt, and its result is an important part of the classification. The test is focused on basic knowledge of individual topics and determines an overview of the field. If the student manages to achieve a result of 1 or 1- in the test and at the same time has an average grade from the intermediate tests in both the summer and winter semesters of 2,00 or less (assessed in each semester separately), he will draw only one question from general pharmacology. If this condition is not met, the student will draw one question from general pharmacology and one from special pharmacology. If the test result is worse than 3 during the first attempt, the exam is terminated with a "failed" result. If the test result is worse than 3 during the second or third attempt, it is possible to advance to the oral part of the exam, but it is necessary to give a convincing performance on both drawn questions.

Information for students repeating a study year:

In students, who received the credit and have to repeat the study year, the credit will be accepted and the attendance on lectures and practical teaching is voluntary. In students, who successfully passed the final exam from pharmacology and have to repeat the study year, the results of the final exam will be accepted.

Last update: Kalhousová Hana (07.02.2025)

Teachers

Prof. Stanislav Micuda, M.D., Ph.D.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Martin Sterba, Ph.D.
Assoc. Prof. Jaroslav Chladek, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Jolana Schreiberová, M.D., Ph.D.
PharmDr. Olga Lenčová, Ph.D.

Lectures

The lectures will take place face-to-face in MS Teams in the form of "live" transmission, or an academic staff member will prepare a Powerpoint presentation with inserted voice comments. Video of the lecture will then be uploaded to our Moodle page. The presenting teacher will be online to answer questions during class time or will be available to students for consultations or questions about the lecture in another adequate way. The method of presentation will be up to the individual lecturer. The students will be informed about this in advance. The recorded lectures will be permanently available on the corresponding Moodle page.

1. Basic principles of pharmacology. Pharmacodynamics.
2. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic parameters.
3. Adverse and toxic effects. Drug interactions.
4. Cholinergic transmission: cholinergic agonists and antagonists.
5. Noradrenergic transmission: adrenergic agonists and antagonists.
6. Opioid analgesics.

Practical courses & seminars

1. Basic principles of pharmacology. Pharmacodynamics.
1.1. Nature of drug targets, receptors and their types.
1.2. Well-established second messengers.
1.3. Dose-response curve.
1.4. Potency and efficacy.
1.5. Agonists and antagonists.
1.6. Up and down regulations.
1.7. Variation in drug responsiveness.
1.8. Practical demonstrations: PC simulation - Isolated ileum stimulation. The demonstration will be performed by the lecturer.
1.9. Analysis of cases studies.
1.10. Test
2. Pharmacokinetics of the drugs.
2.1. Main mechanisms determining pharmacokinetics of a drug (physico-chemical properties, permeation through biomembranes, binding).
2.2. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME).
2.3. Pharmacokinetic parameters, pharmacogenetics, bioavailability, bioequivalence.
2.4. Practical demonstrations: PC simulation using the PkSims software. The demonstration will be performed by the lecturer.
2.5. Analysis of cases studies.
2.6. Test
3. Adverse and toxic effects of drugs. Drug interactions. Drug development.
3.1. The seminar on: the above given topics, drug information and its sources.
3.2. Practical demonstrations: SPC (Summary of Product Characteristics), AISLP (Electronic version of the Czech Drug Formulary). The demonstration will be performed by the lecturer.
3.3. Analysis of cases studies.
3.4. Test
4. Drugs affecting cholinergic transmission: cholinergic agonists & antagonists - seminar.
4.1. Practical demonstrations: PC simulation - Cardio heart rate and blood pressure (in vivo). The demonstration will be performed by the lecturer.
4.2. Analysis of cases studies.
4.3. Test
5. Drugs affecting adrenergic transmission: adrenergic agonists & antagonists - seminar.
5.1. Practical demonstrations: PC simulation - Cardio heart rate and blood pressure (in vivo). The demonstration will be performed by the lecturer.
5.2. Analysis of cases studies.
5.3. Test
6. Control of pain - seminar.
6.1. Basic and clinical pharmacology of analgesics, both opioid and non-opioid (including NSAIDs!).
6.2. Analysis of cases studies.
6.3. Test
7. Neuroleptic, antidepressant agents, anxiolytics - microlesson and seminar.
7.1. The seminar on: Basic and clinical pharmacology of drugs used in psychotic, affective and anxiety disorders.
7.2. Video presentation: Extrapyramidal syndrome due to neuroleptics.
7.3. Analysis of cases studies.
7.4. Test
8. Hypno-sedatives, antiparkinsonics and antiepileptics - microlesson and seminar.
8.1. The seminar on: Basic and clinical pharmacology of hypno-sedative, antiparkinsonic and antiepileptic drugs.
8.2. Practical demonstrations: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in antiepileptic therapy.
8.3. Analysis of cases studies.
8.4. Test
9. Skeletal muscle relaxants. General and local anesthetics.
9.1. The seminar on: Local anesthetics and skeletal muscle relaxants.
9.2. Microlesson: General anesthetics.
9.3. Analysis of cases studies.
9.4. Test.
9.5. The Credit.

Notes

Students are supposed to be theoretically prepared on each practical lesson/seminar.
Consultations with any teacher of the Department of Pharmacology are possible by prior arrangement.

Last update: Kalhousová Hana (04.02.2025)

Entry requirements: prerequisites: completed Physiology II.

Last update: Kalhousová Hana (31.01.2025)