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Poslední úprava: Mgr. Petra Tušlová, Ph.D. (16.11.2023)
The course deals with the domain of small metal artifacts in ancient Greece during the first millennium before the common era. It encompasses some of the earliest personal and animal ornaments (horse harness adornments), the appearance and development of the bronze figurines (small scale sculpture), the bronze, silver and exceptionally gold vases, the cosmetic artifacts such as mirrors, and some arms and weapons with elaborate decoration. It examines the sources of material, the techniques of production, the workshops and styles, as well as the uses, the cultural context, the significance and the social impact of such artifacts, especially in connection with the place of luxury and its role for the social status in the relevant societies. It also deals with the legacy of these arts and crafts in other cultural domains, relatively distant in space and time. All these issues are approached from various aspects, including besides the archaeological finds themselves, the iconographical documentation and the literary and epigraphic testimony. Last but not least, the course will address the current museum and art-collecting trends in the acquisition of toreutic artifacts, as well as the various state policies in their promotion and exhibition. Scope The scope of the course is to familiarize the students with an important field of Classical Archaeology, namely the small bronze figures, the metal vases and other related metal artifacts. The domain of toreutics, which represent a broad field ranging from the dedicatory items and the sympotic apparatus to the athletic instruments and some furniture and architectural elements, has not thus far been treated in its conceptual and creative unity, although all these artistic works and artifacts were conceived by the same toreuts, bronzesmiths and silversmiths and they were issued from the same workshops. The toreutics have been relatively neglected through much of the history of the archaeological discipline, for both practical and ideological reasons, which will be further addressed in the frame of the technological achievements and the socio-political ideals of their creation context and their reception time. The students will have as well the opportunity to approach issues related to the techniques in use, the stylistic specificities of various workshops and schools, the transmission of motifs, iconographic repertories and trends, their relations to large scale sculpture and to other arts and crafts in general, their place within the ritual, convivial, and funerary practices, as well as to follow a chronological evolution of the field from the Geometric to the Hellenistic period. Comparative material will be presented from earlier and later cultural domains (Mycenaean, Roman, Late Antiquity), from neighboring interrelated cultures (Phoenician, Phrygian, Lydian, Etruscan, Achaemenid, Thracian, Scythian, Celtic), or some belated echoes from distant places and cultures (Central Asia, India, China, Africa), and from related fields, such as jewelry design, pottery shapes, sculptural types, casting and embossing tradition and innovation. The issues of trade networks, social customs and fashions will be also addressed, as well as the position of such artifacts within the treasuring practice and the exchange patterns of the ancient Greek economy. New approaches, based on the relation of the monetary and weight standards to the production of luxury toreutics, will be presented, as well as a discussion of the achievements and limitations of the archaeometric analyses applied during the last decades (XRF, chemical analysis, isotopes, metallographic analysis, statistics, etc.). Finally, the students will be familiarized with the current issues stemming from the unprecedented looting practices of metallic artifacts and the recently developing returnism movement, as well as with the state-promoted “treasure-sensationalism” and its use in the archaeopolitcs. |
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Poslední úprava: Mgr. Petra Tušlová, Ph.D. (15.02.2024)
A. Basic Dohner J. M., Lapatin K., & A. Spinelli, Artistry in Bronze. The Greeks and Their Legacy. XIXth International Congress on Ancient Bronzes, Malibu 2017 https://www.getty.edu/publications/artistryinbronze/contents/ (sections III & V) Mertens J. R., Greek Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1985 https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Greek_Bronzes_in_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_43_no_2_Fall_1985 Sideris A., Theseus in Thrace. The Silver Lining on the Clouds of the Athenian – Thracian Relations in the 5th Century BC, Sofia 2015 https://www.academia.edu/19830301/Theseus_in_Thrace_The_Silver_Lining_on_the_Clouds_of_the_Athenian_Thracian_Relations_in_the_5th_century_BC Tarditi Ch., Vasi di bronzo in area apula. Produzioni greche ed italiche di età arcaica e classica, Lecce 1996 https://www.academia.edu/21866601/_Vasi_di_bronzo_in_area_apula_Produzioni_greche_ed_italiche_di_et%C3%A0_arcaica_e_classica_Congedo_Editore_Galatina_1996_ISBN_8880861255 True M. & J. Podany, Small Bronze Sculpture from the Ancient World, Malibu 1990 https://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/089236176X.html Please try to have a look at these two publications despite them not been digitalized Rolley C., Les bronzes grecs, Fribourg 1983 / Greek Bronzes, London 1986 Strong D. E., Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate, London 1966
B. Specialized Museum Data Bases (excellent image sources – texts of varying quality) Antikensammlung, Berlin, online database of bronze objects: https://recherche.smb.museum/?language=de&limit=15&sort=relevance&controls=none&assortments=37607 Louvre, Paris, general database to be searched with keywords https://collections.louvre.fr/ British Museum, London, general database to be searched with keywords https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?material=Figurines&q=bronze&department=13 (this specific search is for bronze figurines in the Greek & Roman Department – more results by changing the keyword or/and the first filter) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, https://collections.mfa.org/search/Objects/medium%3Abronze/greek%20bronze/images?page=1 (this specific search is for bronze Greek sculpture – more results by changing the keywords or/and the filters)
C. Supplementary (for specific classes of material, techniques, significance and use) Barr-Sharrar B., The Derveni Krater. Masterpiece of Classcical Greek Metalwork, Princeton 2008 Bol P. C., Antike Bronzetechnik. Kunst und Handwerk antiker Erzbildner, Munich 1985 Bothmer D. von, A Greek and Roman Treasury. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1984 Bouzek J., Graeco-Macedonian Bronzes. Analysis and Chronology, Prague 1973 Carter M.L., Arts of the Hellenized East. Precious Metalwork and Gems of the Pre-Islamic Era. The al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait, New York 2015 Comstock M. – Vermeule C., Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston 1971 Congdon C. O. K., Caryatid Mirrors of Ancient Greece: Technical, Stylistic and Historical Considerations of an Archaic and Early Classical Bronze Series, Mainz am Rhein 1981 Gauer W., Die Bronzegefässe von Olympia, mit Ausnahme der geometrischen Dreifüße und der Kessel des orientalisierenden Stils. Kessel und Becken mit Unersätzen, Teller, Kratere, Hydrien, Eimer, Situlen und Cisten, Schöpfhumpen und verschiedenes Gerät, Ol.Forsch. XX, Berlin – New York 1991 Gehrig U., Die Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos. Samos 9, Bonn 2004 Graells i Fabregat R., Corazas hellenísticas decoradas. Ὁπλα καλα, los ‘Siris Bronzes’ y su contexto, Rome 2018 Kozloff A. P. – Mitten D. G. (eds.), The God’s Delight. The Human Figure in Classical Bronze, Cleveland 1988 Manassero N., Rhyta e corni potori dall'Età del Ferro all'epoca sasanide. Libagioni pure e misticismo tra la Grecia e il mondo iranico, Oxford 2008 Mass M., Die geometrischen Dreifüße von Olympia, Ol.Forsch. X, Berlin 1978 Niemeyer H. G., “Attische Bronzestatuetten der spätarchaischen und frühklassischen Zeit”, AntPl III (1964), pp. 7-76 Özgen I. – Öztürk J., Heritage Recovered. The Lydian Treasure, Istanbul 1996 Pfisterer-Haas S., Die Bronzegefäße der Staatlichen Antikensammlungen München. Staatliche Antikersammlungen München, Katalog der Bronzen II, Munich, s.a. [2019] Pfrommer M., Metalwork from the Hellenized East. Catalogue of the Collections. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu 1993 Pfrommer M., Studien zur alexandrinischer und grossgriechischer Toreutik frühhellenistischer Zeit, Archäologische Forschungen 16, Berlin 1987 Reiterman A.S., Keimêlia: Objects Curated in the Ancient Mediterranean (8th – 5th centuries B.C.). PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 2016 Rolley C., Les vases de bronze de l’archaïsme récent en Grande Grèce, Naples 1981 Rolley C. (ed.), La tombe princière de Vix, Paris 2003 Sideris A., Metal Vases and Utensils in the Vassil Bojkov Collection, vols 1 &2, Sofia 2016 & 2021 Sowder A., Greek bronze hydriai. PhD dissertation, Emory University, Atlanta 2009 Stibbe C. M., The Sons of Hephaistos: Aspects of the Archaic Greek bronze Industry. Bibliotheca Archaeologica 31, Rome 2000 Stibbe C. M., Agalmata. Studien zur griechisch-archaischen Bronzekunst, Leuven 2006 Strong D. E., Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate, London 1966 Swartzmaier A., Griechische Klappspiegel, AM-BH 18, Berlin 1997 Tarditi Ch., Bronze Vessels from the Acropolis. Style and Decoration in Athenian Production Between the Sixth and the Fifth Centuries BC, Rome 2016 Tarditi Ch., Vasi di bronzo in area apula. Produzioni greche ed italiche di età arcaica e classica, Lecce 1996 Thomas R., Griechische Bronzestatuetten, Darmstad 1992 Touloumtzidou A., Μετάλλινα αγγεία του 4ου – 2ου αι. π.Χ. από τον Ελλαδικό χώρο, PhD dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 2011 Treister M. Yu., The Role of Metals in Ancient Greek History. Mnemosyne Suppl. 156, Leiden, New York, Cologne 1996 Treister M. Yu., Hammering Techniques in Greek and Roman Jewellery and Toreutics. Colloquia Pontica 8, Leiden, Boston, Cologne 2001 Vickers M. – Gill D., Arful Crafts. Ancient Greek Silverware and Pottery, Oxford 1994 Vocotopoulou I., Αργυρά και χάλκινα έργα τέχνης στην αρχαιότητα, Athens 1997 Weber T., Bronzekannen: Studien zu ausgewählten archaischen und klassischen Oinochoenformen aus Metall in Griechenland und Etrurien, Frankfurt am Main 1983 Wieland A., Skythisches Gold in griechischem Stil. Untersuchungen zur nordpontischen Toreutik am Beispiel der Waffen- und Gefäßbeigaben des Solocha-Kurgans, 2 vols. Text and Catalogue. PhD dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn 2011 Zymi E., Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Silver Ware in Macedonia, Oxford 2011. |
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Poslední úprava: Mgr. Petra Tušlová, Ph.D. (16.11.2023)
1. Definitions of the field. An overview of the research history. Small scale bronzes and toreutics as evidence for lost art in other media. Large excavations’ corpora and museum collections. Sanctuaries and graves. 2. Metallurgy, sources of the row materials, and basic techniques of creation and surface treatment. Workflow and workshop organization. Transmission patterns. Inscriptions and weights. The famous “celatores” of Pliny. 3. Social status of the artists and artisans, and their social and space mobility. Trade, market and context. Social status of the wealth. Dedicatory, sympotic and funerary patterns. Heirloom and the life-cycle of the metallic artifacts. 4. Tradition and innovation in the Mediterranean and the Aegean world from LBA to the EIA. Geometric small bronzes and the early sanctuaries. The so-called Macedonian bronzes and their presence in sanctuaries and graves. 5. Archaic small bronzes: regional schools and local workshops. Styles in transition. Sources of inspiration and influence. A gradual transition of predominance from the zoomorphic to the anthropomorphic figurines. 6. Classical and Hellenistic small bronzes: regional schools and local workshops. The formation and the evolution of a “koine”. From the Sever style to the Praxitelean and Lysippean models. 7. Geometric and Archaic metal vases: shapes and workshops. Distribution and findspots. Oriental influences and the Greek banquet. The literary and archaeological evidence. 8. Classical metal vases: shapes and workshops. Distribution and trade routes. Luxury and changes in the funerary customs. The “metal ware - pottery controversy”. The role of the luxury-loving neighbors in the preservation of Greek toreutics. 9. Hellenistic metal vases: shapes and workshops. A second “orientalism”. Inscriptions and literary evidence. Towards the Roman melting pot. Recasting the ancient metalwork into the early Christian mold. 10. The formation of various toreutic schools under Greek influence: Greco-Thracian, Greco-Scythian, Greco-Parthian. Local specificities: Bactrian, Sassanian, Ptolemaic, Italic and Celtic. 11. Cosmetic artifacts: hand-held, standing and box mirrors. High-end decorated arms and weapons. Exceptionally decorated horse trapping. Writing, medicine, and sport instruments. Furniture-related and architectural toreutics. 12. Ancient Greek metalwork and modernity. Conserving and restoring. The fabric of forgeries: an early lucrative trend. The plague of metal detectors, the auction houses and the “big players” in the field. The use of ancient metal artifacts in the (re)formative process of modern identities and national pride. |