SubjectsSubjects(version: 978)
Course, academic year 2025/2026
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Introduction to Parasitology - MB160P70
Title: Základy parazitologie
Czech title: Základy parazitologie
Guaranteed by: Department of Parasitology (31-161)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2021
Semester: winter
E-Credits: 4
Examination process: winter s.:combined
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:3/0, Ex [HT]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Note: enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: doc. RNDr. Jan Votýpka, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): doc. RNDr. Jan Votýpka, Ph.D.
Incompatibility : MB160P25
Is complex co-requisite for: MB160C25
Annotation -
It is recommended to take this course in the 1st or 2nd year of the bachelor's program. The course introduces students to parasitism from multiple perspectives – human and veterinary medicine, ecology, and zoology – and presents parasitism as an important biological phenomenon occurring across different levels of biological organization.
The focus is on basic life cycles and survival strategies of parasites, including the interactions between parasites and their hosts, as well as an understanding of the ecological and epidemiological context of these interactions.
In the systematic section, the most important parasites of humans and livestock are covered, with a particular emphasis on significant human parasites, both globally and specifically in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The systematic overview is divided into three main groups:
* Parasitic helminths – flukes, tapeworms, and nematodes
* Parasitic protozoa
* Arthropods – as parasites, pests, and disease vectors
In addition to these main groups, attention is also given to parasitoids, parasitic plants, phytopathogens, nest and social parasites, and parasitic fungi. The course also emphasizes emerging diseases in humans, animals, and plants, both nationally and globally.
This comprehensive approach provides all biology students with a solid theoretical foundation for further studies in biology, ecological research, and the application of parasitology in medicine and veterinary practice.
Last update: Votýpka Jan, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (08.01.2026)
Literature -

Paraziti a jejich biologie. Volf, Horák a kol. 2007, Triton Praha-Kroměříž 
Parazitismus. Votýpka, Varga 2003, IDM (http://www.biologickaolympiada.cz/ - Soutěž - Studijní materiály) 

O parazitech a lidech. Votýpka, Kolářová, Horák a kol., 2023, Triton Praha
Vládce parazit. Zimmer 2005, Paseka
Speciální mikrobiologie a parazitologie. Bednář, Souček, Vávra 1994, Triton Praha

MOODLE: https://dl3.cuni.cz/course/view.php?id=149

Last update: Votýpka Jan, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (31.08.2024)
Requirements to the exam -
Exam format:
The exam may take several forms – either a traditional in-person written test or a time-limited Moodle test.
The written test includes:
Multiple-choice questions,
Questions requiring short written answers or text completion,
Questions based on visual materials.
Approximately 60–70 minutes are allocated for the written test.
Both the written test and especially the Moodle test are designed to include as many questions as possible covering different parts of the course, thus assessing the student’s overall knowledge and understanding of the subject. Due to the large number of questions and the time-limited nature of the Moodle test, the grading is very lenient: achieving 40 % of the total points is sufficient to pass.
Note: If Czech names exist for parasites, knowing their Latin names is only required passively (i.e., students may use Czech names in their answers).
Materials in the form of PDF files from individual lectures are an important part of exam preparation, but the primary recommended textbook is Paraziti a jejich biologie. Additional information can be found in other recommended literature. Students are strongly advised not to rely solely on information from online platforms such as Biofor.
The pre-exam session is conducted orally.
Last update: Votýpka Jan, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (08.01.2026)
Syllabus -

Course suitability:
This course is suitable for students from various fields and academic years.

Course content and objectives:
The lecture defines the concept of parasitism and introduces parasites of significance to human and veterinary medicine (protozoa, helminths, arthropods), as well as other types of parasites. Parasitism is presented as a biological phenomenon occurring at all levels of biological organization.

Students will gain an overview of:

  • the biology, morphology, and distribution of major parasite groups,
  • their life cycles and modes of transmission,
  • basic survival strategies within the host organism.

The lecture also provides fundamental information on:

  • the epidemiology, symptomatology, and pathogenesis of parasitic infections,
  • options for therapy and prevention,
  • transmission of infectious diseases by blood-feeding arthropods, including factors influencing the parasite–vector–host relationship,
  • the natural cycles of various pathogens and their potential risks to humans.

Emphasis is also placed on emerging diseases, both in the Czech Republic and globally. The lecture includes practical aspects of parasite occurrence in humans, companion animals, and livestock.

The course aims to provide students with both the theoretical foundations and the applied context of parasitology in medicine, ecology, and veterinary practice, preparing them for further study and practical research in the field.

Systematic overview – key parasites covered:

Platyhelminthes:

  • Flukes: Schistosoma spp., cercarial dermatitis, hepatic, pulmonary, and intestinal fluke infections; Monogenea.
  • Tapeworms: Diphyllobothrium, Hymenolepis, Taenia, Echinococcus.

Nematoda:

  • Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongylidae, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara spp., Dracunculus medinensis, filarial worms (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus), Trichuris trichiura, Trichinella spiralis.

Acanthocephala:

  • Thorny-headed worms.

Annelida (leeches):

  • Medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis and related species.

Protozoa:

  • Trypanosomes (T. brucei, T. cruzi), Leishmania spp., Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, free-living amoebae (Naegleria, Acanthamoeba) causing accidental infections.
  • Coccidia (Eimeria, Isospora, Toxoplasma), Plasmodium (human malaria), Babesia spp.
  • Parasitic ciliates (Ciliata).
  • Microsporidia.
  • Myxosporea.
  • Opportunistic infections in immunodeficient individuals, including Pneumocystis carinii.

Arthropoda:

  • Mites – Argasidae, Ixodidae; Sarcoptes scabiei, Neotrombicula autumnalis, Demodex spp., allergy-inducing mites; lice (Anoplura).
  • Insects – bedbugs (Cimex lectularius), fleas (Aphaniptera), and Diptera families Culicidae, Psychodidae, Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, Tabanidae, Stomoxyidae, Glossinidae, Hippoboscidae.
  • Diptera causing myiasis: Oestridae, Cuterebridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae.
  • Parasitoids.

Fungal diseases.

Plants as parasites:

  • Parasitic plants and plants as hosts: phytonematodes, oomycetes, gall-forming parasites including fig wasps.

Nest and social parasites:

  • Birds, ants, and bees.

 

Last update: Votýpka Jan, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (08.01.2026)
Learning outcomes -

Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
Understand the phenomenon of parasitism in biology, including its distribution across taxonomic groups, basic life cycles, parasite strategies, and host–parasite relationships.
Identify and characterise the main groups of parasites of humans and livestock.
Define all principal forms of parasitism, including parasitoids, parasitic plants, phytopathogens, brood and social parasitism, and parasitic fungi.
Evaluate, at a basic level, the significance of parasites and parasitic diseases in both global and local contexts, including ecological, health, and economic aspects, and understand the risks associated with their spread.
Place knowledge of parasitism within a broader historical and societal context, and understand its impact on human societies, agriculture, and biological diversity.
Critically assess information and navigate misinformation related to parasitic diseases and associated topics, using reliable sources to form evidence-based conclusions.
Apply acquired knowledge to practical problems, such as assessing risks of parasite spread, interpreting life cycles, and designing preventive measures.
Communicate specialist information about parasites clearly and accurately.

Last update: Votýpka Jan, doc. RNDr., Ph.D. (06.01.2026)
 
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