New Petrogradskaya District in St. Petersburg: a symbol of modernity

• Název práce v češtině: "Petrogradskaya Storona" - nová čtvrt v Sankt Petěrburgu jako symbol modernity
• Název v anglickém jazyce: New Petrogradskaya District in St. Petersburg: a symbol of modernity
• Klíčová slova: Sankt Petěrburg, Petrogradskaya storona,sociální bydlení, činžovní domy
• Klíčová slova anglicky: St.Petersburg, Petrogradskaya district,social housing, appartment house
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2014/2015
• Typ práce: diplomová práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Ústav světových dějin (21-USD)
• Vedoucí / školitel: prof. PhDr. Luďa Klusáková, CSc.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno a potvrzeno stud. odd.
• Datum přihlášení: 13.05.2015
• Datum zadání: 17.05.2015
• Schválení administrátorem: zatím neschvalováno
• Datum potvrzení stud. oddělením: 11.06.2015
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 16.06.2016 09:00
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 16.05.2016
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 16.06.2016
• Odevzdaná/finalizovaná: odevzdaná pracovníkem v zastoupení a finalizovaná
• Oponenti: PhDr. Stanislav Tumis, M.A., Ph.D.

Zásady pro vypracování

The master thesis is focused on analysis of history of construction of Petrogradskaya district in St. Petersburg as an example of complex urban development combining new architecture, infrastructure, public spaces and urban philosophy. The building process was influenced in an important way by French architects and entrepreneurs. The thesis will try to answer the question, how these influences impacted on the architecture and urbanism of the district. The thesis will be divided into three parts. The first part will be composed of introduction, methodology, and literature plus sources survey.
The second chapter will be dedicated to the study of urban development of Petrogradskaya district in St. Petersburg in the end of the 19^th – beginning of the 20^th centuries in general and will consist of the following parts: special character and place of Petrogradskaya district in St. Petersburg; prerequisites, particular features, legislative regulation and plans of its urban development in this period.
The background for this chapter is a detailed analysis of the building up of Petrogradskaya district and understanding the mechanism and logic, causes and consequences, advantages and disadvantages of its urban development. The chapter is developed in the context of the European experience of modernization of metropolises.
The third chapter will consist of the analysis of new buildings and spaces in the Petrogradskaya district, which appeared in the end of the 19^th – beginning of the 20^th centuries, such as tenement houses, private residences, houses and housing estates for workers and public places. Regarding new tenement houses and private residences the direction of investigation could be their detailed analysis and comparison with old ones by following parameters: architecture, planning, structure, interior, yards, presence of modern conveniences (water pipe, sewerage system, electricity, etc.) and philosophy of construction.
First of all the particularities of new tenement houses and private residences of Petrogradskaya district reflect the processes of democratization, augmentation of comfort and harmonious combination of aestheticism and rationality, which could be considered as the features of modernity. The most illustrative examples of these new types of buildings in Petrogradskaya district could be tenement house of F. Lidval, tenement house of L. Benua, tenement house of duke N. Leichtenbergskiy; private residence of ballerina M. Kshesinskaya and cottage of E. Gausvald.
Houses and housing estates for workers built near the enterprises are second example of new buildings of Petrogradskaya district. The most illustrative project is housing estate created by architect L. Benua for State Printing House of Emperor Nicolas II, a working city with halls of residence and other buildings with all the necessary social and domestic functions (hospital, bath house, laundry, shops, theatre, library). The detailed analysis of drafts, projects and professional articles dedicated to housing estates for workers will be yet one direction of examination of Petrogradskaya as a modern district with all signs of democratization of the society which have in future influenced Soviet architecture (first of all social housing – apartment buildings and small houses for workers and infrastructure of public institutions).

Seznam odborné literatury

Primary sources
Plans of Urban Development
1. Enakiev, Fedor Osnivy Razvitiya Sovremennyh Gorodov [Basic Features of Development of Contemporary Cities] (St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1912).
2. Enakiev, Fedor Zadachi Preobrazovaniya Sanky-Peterburga [Tasks of the Reformation of St. Petersburg]. (St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1912).

General Information about Houses and Urban Development (Articles)

1. Baranovsky, Grigoriy. Arkhitekturnaya entsiklopediya vtoroy poloviny 19 veka. [Architectural Encyclopedia of the second half of the 19^th Century]. (St. Petersburg, Redaktsia zhurnala Stroitel, 1902-1908).
2. Dikanskiy, Mikhail. Kvartirniy vopros i sotsialnye opyty ego resheniya [The Housing Question and Social Experience of its Decision]. (St. Petersburg: Tipographiya Erlicha, 1908).
3. Domostroitelstvo v Peterburge. [The House-building in St. Petersburg]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.27, 1894, pp. 131-132.
4. Statisticheskie dannye o stroitelstve novykh domov na Peterburgskoy storone. [Statistics of Construction of New Houses in Petrogradskaya District]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.22, 1896, p. 98; No.32, 1897, p. 176; No.42, 1897, p. 235; No.3, 1898, p. 22; No.21, 1898, p. 168.
5. Svyatlovskiy, Vladimir. Zhilischniy vopros s ekonomicheskoy tochki zreniya. [The Housing Question from the Economical Point of View]. (St. Petersburg : Tipografiya Ministerstva putey soobscheniya, 1902).

Tenement houses in general
1. Konkurs proekta dohodnogo doma Pervogo Rossiyskogo strahovogo obschestva Peterburge. [The Competition of the Projects of Tenement House of the First Russian Insurance Society (House of L. Benua]. In: Zodchiy. No.9, 1911, p.98-101.
2. Konkurs na sostavlenie proekta dohodnogo doma v Peterburge. [The Competition of the Creation of Projects of Tenement House in St. Petersburg]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.1, 1899, pp. 3-4; No.24, 1899, pp. 180-184.

Houses for workers
1. Deshevye doma dlya rabochikh. [Cheap Houses for Workers]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.20, 1897, pp. 104.
2. Deshevye i zdorovye zhilischa dlya rabochikh. [Cheap and Healthy Houses for Workers]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.20, 1896, pp. 85-86; No.32, 1900, pp. 204-205.

Examples of Tenement Houses and Private Residences
1. Noviy dvorets. [New Palace of M. Kshesinskaya]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.34, 1896, p.155.
2. Osobnyak knyazya K.A. Gorchakova. [Private Residence of Prince K.A. Gorchakov]. In: Stolitsa i usadba. No.62-63, 1916, pp. 5-14.
3. P.S. Kamennoostrovskiy prospect v proshlom. [Kamennoostrovskiy Prospect in the Past]. In: Stolitsa i usadba. No.32, 1915, pp. 3-4.
4. Peterburgskie postroiki. [Buildings in St. Petersburg]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.28, 1897, pp.150-151.
5. Roch, Yuriy. Novoe stroitelstvo v Peterburge. [New Buildings in St. Petersburg. House of Lidval]. In: Apollon. No.1, 1909, pp. 16-17.

Public spaces and places

1. Drizen, Nikolay. Sorok let teatra [Forty Years of the Theatre]. In: Stolitsa i usadba. No.40-41, 1915, pp. 21-24.
2. Zhenskaya professionalnaya shkola S.P. fon Derviza v Peterburge. [Woman Professional School of S.P. fon Derviz in St. Petersburg]. In: Niva. No. 42, 1898, pp. 837-838.
3. Noviy teatr Nemetti v Sankt-Peterburge. [New Theatre Nemetti in St. Petersburg]. In: Zodchiy. No.40, 1904, p.444-445.
4. Sketing-rinki. [Skating rings]. In: Zodchiy. No.41, 1910, p.455.
5. Stroitelstvo Narodnogo Doma. [People’s House (New democratic Theatre) Construction]. In: Stroitel. No. 32, 1896, pp.167-169; No. 24, 1897, pp. 121-123; No. 33, 1900, p.215; No.21,1901, pp. 142-145.

City infrastructure
1. Polozhenie gorodskoy kanalizatsii v Peterburge. [Situation with Sewerage in St. Petersburg]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.1, 1898, pp. 4-5.
2. Rasshirenie stolichnogo vodoprovoda. [Widening of Water Pipes in the Capital]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.12, 1893, pp. 52.
3. Vodoprovodnoe delo v Sankt-Peterburge. [Water Pipe System in St. Petersburg]. In: Nedelya Stroitelya. No.12, 1895, pp. 63.

Trinity Bridge
Romanovskiy, Grigoriy. O Troitskom moste [About Trinity Bridge]. (St. Petersburg: Tipographiya Erlicha, 1894).

Professional journals:
Stroitel [Builder] 1897 – 1910.
Nashe zhilistche [Our House] 1894 – 1895.
Domovladelets [ Landlord] 1906-1908.
Domovladelets i gorodskoe hozyaystvo [Landlord and municipal services] 1911-1915.

Drafts and photos in general:
Sudeikin, Grigoriy Albom Proektov Dach, Osobnyakov, Dohodnuh Domov s Chertezhami i Risunkami [Album of Projects of Cottages, Private Residences and Tenement Houses with Drafts and Sketches] (St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1910).

Draftsandphotos of Tenement Houses
1. Project of the tenement house. Zodchiy, 1899.
2. Tenement House of E. Shvederskiy. Zodchiy, 1900
3. Tenement house of Rasteryaeva i Krivtsova. Zodchiy, 1904.
4. Tenement house of evangelical Church. Zodchiy, 1903.
5. Tenement house of Merchant Board in St. Petersburg. Zodchiy,1905.
6. Tenement house of Torkachev. Zodchiy. 1911.
7. Tenement house of Benua, project. Zodchiy. 1911.
8. Tenement house of Benua, final version. Zodchiy. 1913.
9. Tenement house of Vasiliev. Zodchiy. 1914.

Drafts and photos of Private Residences
1. House of M.A. Yakovleva, Zodchiy, 1881
2. Private residence of Pampel Zodchiy, 1882
3. House of Osorgina. Zodchiy, 1888
4. Private Residence of K. Gausvald. Zodchiy, 1890
5. Private Residence of F. Zigel. Zodchiy,1890
6. Private residence of M.Shreter. Zodchiy, 1894
7. Private residence of K. Gausvald. Zodchiy, 1900
8. Private residence of M. Kshesinskaya. Zodchiy, 1905
9. House of Ovchinnikov on Zelenina. Zodchiy, 1906
10. Private residence of fon Golli. Zodchiy, 1906
11. Private residence of Belzen. Zodchiy, 1906

Drafts and photos of Houses for Workers
1. Dormitory of Institute of Communication lines. Zodchiy, 1896
2. Dormitory for the workers of the Neva manufacture. Zodchiy, 1896
3. Dormitory for the workers of Russian-American rubbish factory. Zodchiy, 1897


Drafts and photos of Public Places
1. Alms-house of M. Volkova. Zodchiy, 1880
2. Institute of Civil Engineers. Zodchiy, 1883
3. Alms-house and School of Sadovnikov. Zodchiy, 1885
4. College for the Blind Children. Zodchiy,1891
5. Museum of A. Suvorov. Zodchiy,1891
6. Industrial bank. Zodchiy, 1910
7. School of People’s Art. Zodchiy, 1914

Memoirs about everyday life in the end of the 19^th - beginning of 20^th century
1. Andreev, Vadim. Detstvo [Childhood]. (Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel, 1963).
2. Grigoryev, Mikhail. Peterburg 1910 godov. Progulki v proshloe. [St.Petersburg in 1910’s. The Walks to the Past]. (St.Petersburg:Rossiyskiy Institut Istorii Iskusstv, 2005).
3. Zasosov, Dmitriy, Pyzin Vladimir. Iz zhizni Peterburga [About Life in St.Petersburg]. (St.Petersburg: Lik, 1991).
4. Kshesinskaya, Matilda. Vospominaniya [Memoirs]. (St.Petersburg: Centrpoligraph, 2004).
5. Svetlov, Sergey. Peterburgskaya zhizn v kontse 19 stoletya [Life in St.Petersburg in the end of the 19^th century]. (St.Petersburg: Beloe i chernoe, 1993).
6. Uspenskiy, Lev. Zapiski starogo peterburzhtsa. [Memoirs of Old Habitant of St.Petersburg]. (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1970).


Selective Bibliography:

1. Sitte, Camillo. The Relationship between Buildings, Monuments and Public Squares.in: City reader Ed. Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout. (London and New York: Routledge).
2. LeGates, Richard, Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban Planning, 1870-1940.in: City reader Ed. Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout. (London and New York: Routledge).
3. Savage, Mike, Warde, Alan. Cities and Uneven Economic Development. in: City reader Ed. Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout. (London and New York: Routledge).
4. Benjamin, Walter. Paris, Capital of the Nineteenth Century. In: Reflections.Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings. trad. E.Jephcott, ed. P.Demetz (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), pp. 146 – 162.
5. Capital cities Images and Realities in the Historical Development of European Capital Cities. (Stockholm: 2000).
6. Clark, Peter. European cities and towns 400-2000. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
7. Klich-Kluczewska, Barbara. Public Space and Private Places within the City. In: Frontiers and Identities: Cities in Regions and Nations. Ed. Luda Klusakova and Laure Teulieres. (Pisa: University press, 2008), pp. 17-32
8. Rang-Ri Park-Barjot. La Société de construction des Batignolles: Des origines à la Première Guerre mondiale (1846-1914). (Paris: Presses Paris Sorbonne, 2005).
9. Schorske, Carl E. The Ringstrasse, its Critics, and the Birth of Urban Modernism. In: Fin de siècle. Vienna Politics and Culture. (New York, 1980), pp. 24-115.
10. Sennet, Richard. The Public Realm. In: The Blackwell city reader, ed. Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2010), pp. 261-272.
11. Sitte, Camillo. Modern systems. Artistic limitation of modern city planning. In: City Building According to Artistic Principles.Trans. George R. Collins and Christiane Crasemann Collins (London: Phaidon Press, 1965), pp. 91-104; 105-112.

Literature about Petrogradskaya District in General

1. Grechuhin, Alexandr. Progulki po Petorgradskoy. [The Walks along Petrogradskaya District]. (St. Petersburg: Severnaya zvezda, 2002).
2. Kaluzhnaya, Anna. Peterburgskaya storona. [Petrogradskaya District]. (St. Petersburg: Ostrov, 2007).
3. Kudashev, Boris. Po Kamennoostrovskomu Prospectu. [Along Kamennoostrovskiy Prospect]. (St. Petersburg, Nauka, 1994).
4. Kudryavtsev, Nikolay. Ulitsy. (St. Petersburg, Nauka, 1998).
5. Mikhailov, Mikhail. Peterburg i ego okrestnosti. [St. Petersburg and its Suburbs]. In: Sankt-Peterburgskaya Panorama. No. 8, 1992, pp. 36-39.
6. Nikitenko, Galina, Privalov, Valeriy. Petrogradskaya storona. Bolshoy prospect. [Petrogradskaya District. Big Prospect]. (St. Petersburg: Centrpoligraph, 2010).
7. Pamyatniki architektury i istorii Sankt-Peterburga. Petrogradskiy rayon. [The Monuments of Architecture and History of St. Petersburg]. (St. Petersburg: Kolo, 2004).
8. Petrov, Sergey. Na beregah reki Zhdanovki. [Along the Banks of the River Zhdanovka]. (St. Petersburg: Centropoligraph, 2010).
9. Privalov, Valeriy. Kamennoostrovskiy Prospect. (St. Petersburg: Kolo, 2005).
10. Privalov, Valeriy. Ulitsy Petrogradskoy storony. Doma i Ludi. [Streets of Petrogradskaya District. People and Houses]. (St. Petersburg: Centrpoligraph, 2014).
11. Sementovskaya, Maria. Mesta za Kronverkskim kanalom: Osobennosti istoricheskogo formirovaniya Petrogradskoy storony. [The Places behind the Kronverkskiy Canal: The Peculiarities of Petrogradskaya District Development]. In: Leningradskaya Panorama. No.2, 1983, pp.24-27.
12. Tischenko, Maria. Tri veka Petrogradskoy storony. [Three Centuries of Petrogradskaya District]. In: Istoriya Peterburga. No. 2, 200, pp. 16-27

Literature on Tenement Houses

1. Antonov, Petr. Peterburgskiy dohodniy dom. [Tenement House in St. Petersburg]. In: Dialog. No. 26, 1990, pp. 27-32.
2. Kiritchenko, Evgeniya. Istoriya razvitiya mnogokvartirnogo zhilogo doma s 18 po nachalo 20 veka [History of Tenement Houses Development from 18th to the beginning of 20th centuries] (Moscow, Prosveshenie, 1964).
3. Kiritchenko, Evgeniya. O nekotorych osobennostyah evolutsii gorodskih mnogokvartirnyh domov vtoroy poloviny 19 – nachala 20 veka. [About Some Peculiarities of Evolution of City Tenement Houses of the second half of 19^th – beginning of the 20^th Centuries]. In: Architekturnoe nasledstvo. Vol. 15. (Moscow: Nauka, 1963), pp. 150-189.
4. Lyarskiy, Alexander. O kvartire peterburgskogo intelligenta v nachale 20 veka. [About the Flat of Intelligentsia in St. Petersburg in the beginning of 20^th Century]. In: Istoriya rossiyskogo byta. (St. Petersburg: Kolo, 1999), pp. 74-89.
5. Yuhneva, Ekaterina. Peterburgskiye dohodnye doma [Tenement Houses in St. Petersburg] (St. Petersburg, Centrpoligraph, 2010).
6. Yuhneva, Ekaterina. Zhilische kak element bytovoy kultury gorodskogo naseleniya (na materialah Peterburga kontsa 19 veka).[The House as an Element of the Everyday Culture of Urban Population (On the Material of St. Petersburg of the end of the 19^th Century) (PhD Thesis)]. (St. Petersburg: Institute of History of Academy of Science, 2004).
7. Yuhneva, Ekaterina. Spetsialnaya pressa i obschestvennoe mnenie po kvartornomu voprosu v Peterburge v kontse 19 veka. [Special Press and Public Opinion about the Flat Problem in St. Petersburg in the end of the 19^th Century]. In: Russian liberal journal Peter-Club URL =
8. Yuhneva, Ekaterina. Peterburgskoe zhilische v kontse 19 veka. [House in St. Petersburg in the end of the 19^th Century]. In: Rodinna. No. 1, 2003, pp. 46-64.
9. Yuhneva, Ekaterina. Blagoustroystvo peterburgskogo zhilischa v kontse 19 veka. [Accomplishment of the House in St. Petersburg in the end of the 19^th Century]. In: Istoriya Peterburga. No. 1, 2001, pp. 57-86.

HousesforWorkers
1. Kirikov, Boris, Stiglits, Margarita. Gosudarstvennaya tipographiya. [State printing-office]. In: Pamyatniki architektury i istorii Sankt-Peterburga. Petrogradskiy rayon. (St. Petersburg: Kolo, 2004), pp.255-287.
2. Yuhneva, Ekaterina. Muzei rabotchego zhilischa v kontse 19 - nachale 20 veka. [Museum of Houses for Workers in the end of 19^th – beginning of the 20^th Centuries]. In: Etnographicheskoye Obozreniye No. 6, 2002, pp. 36-59.