Gender-Responsive DDR: Social, Economic and Political Reincorporation of Women Ex-Combatants in Colombia

• Název práce v češtině: Genderově citlivé programy DDR: Sociální, ekonomická a politická reinkorporace bývalých bojovnic v Kolumbii
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Gender-Responsive DDR: Social, Economic and Political Reincorporation of Women Ex-Combatants in Colombia
• Klíčová slova: DDR, FARC, gender, guerrilleras, Kolumbie
• Klíčová slova anglicky: Gender, DDR, Colombia, FARC, Gender, Guerrilleras
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2018/2019
• Typ práce: diplomová práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Katedra bezpečnostních studií (23-KBS)
• Vedoucí / školitel: prof. PhDr. Emil Aslan, Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 27.06.2019
• Datum zadání: 27.06.2019
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 24.09.2020 11:00
• Místo konání obhajoby: Pekařská 16, JPEK312, 312, Malá učebna, 3.patro
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 31.07.2020
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 24.09.2020
• Oponenti: Mgr. Anna Kotvalová

Seznam odborné literatury

o Buiten, Denise. 2007. "GENDER, TRANSPORT AND THE FEMINIST AGENDA: FEMINIST INSIGHTS TOWARDS ENGENDERING TRANSPORT RESEARCH". Unescap.Org.
o Hesse-Biber, Sharlene Nagy. 2014. Feminist Research Practice. 2nd ed. USA: SAGE Publications.
o Gender Mainstreaming Made Easy: Handbook For Programme Staff". 2013.
o Browne, Kath. 2005. "Snowball Sampling: Using Social Networks To Research Non‐Heterosexual Women". International Journal Of Social Research Methodology 8 (1): 47-60. doi:10.1080/1364557032000081663.
o "What Is DDR?". 2005. UN
o Brown, Kimberley. 2018. "Why Are Former FARC Rebels Leaving Reintegration Camps?". Aljazeera.
o Basini, Helen S. A. 2013. "Gender Mainstreaming Unraveled: The Case Of DDRR In Liberia". International Interactions 39 (4): 535-557. doi:10.1080/03050629.2013.805129.
o Herrera, Natalia, and Douglas Porch. 2008. "‘Like Going To A Fiesta’ – The Role Of Female Fighters In Colombia's FARC-EP". Small Wars & Insurgencies 19 (4): 609-634. doi:10.1080/09592310802462547.
o Basini, Helen S. A. 2013. "Gender Mainstreaming Unraveled: The Case Of DDRR In Liberia". International Interactions 39 (4): 535-557. doi:10.1080/03050629.2013.805129.;
o Féron, Élise. 2015. Gender And Peace Negotiations Why Gendering Peace Negotiations Multiplies Opportunities For Reconciliation. Ebook. Clingendael.
o Mechoulan, Delphine, and Renata Segura. 2017. "Made In Havana: How Colombia And The FARC Decided To End The War". International Peace Institute.
o Krause, J. Krause, W & Bränfors, P. (2018). Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations and the Durability of Peace, International Interactions, 44:6, 985-1016, DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2018.1492386.
o "Fighting For A New Cause: FARC’S Women And The Battle For Gender Equality In Colombia". 2017. OEF
o Suteu, Silvia, and Christine Bell. 2018. "Women, Constitution-Making And Peace Process.” UN WOMEN
o Enloe, Cynthia. 2000. Maneuvers. Berkeley: University of California
o TENENCIA DE LA TIERRA, DERECHOS A LA VIVIENDA Y GÉNERO – MARCO NACIONAL Y URBANO: COLOMBIA. 2005. UN Habitat.
o "Colombia: El Presidente Santos Ordena Cónclave De Los Negociadores Para Iniciar Un Diálogo Ininterrumpido Con Las Farc Por El Proceso De Paz - NODAL". 2015. Caracol Radio.
o Kreft, Anne-Kathrin. 2016. "The Gender Mainstreaming Gap: Security Council Resolution 1325 And UN Peacekeeping Mandates". International Peacekeeping 24 (1): 132-158..
o Peace Agreement Database 2019, Gender Perspectives in Peace Agreements Inforgraphic https://www.peaceagreements.org/publication/32
o Bell, Christine, and Kevin McNicholl. 2019. “Principled Pragmatism and the ‘Inclusion Project’: Implementing a Gender Perspective in Peace Agreements”. feminists@law 9 (1).
o Gizelis, Theodora-Ismene, and Nana Afua Pierre. 2013. "Gender Equality And Postconflict Reconstruction: What Do We Need To Know In Order To Make Gender Mainstreaming Work?". International Interactions 39 (4): 601-611. doi:10.1080/03050629.2013.805324.
o Barth, Elise Fredrikke. 2002. "Peace As Disappointment: The Reintegration Of Female Soldiers In Post-Conflict Societies: A Comparative Study From Africa".PRIO
o Nylander, Dag, and Hilde Salvesen. 2017. "Towards An Inclusive Peace: Women And The Gender Approach In The Colombian Peace Process".
o Darden, Jessica Trisko, Alexis Henshaw, and Ora Szekely. Insurgent Women: Female Combatants in Civil Wars. Georgetown University Press, 2019. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvb1htcb.
o Denov, Myriam. 2008. "Girl Soldiers And Human Rights: Lessons From Angola, Mozambique, Sierra Leone And Northern Uganda". The International Journal Of Human Rights 12 (5): 813-836. doi:10.1080/1364298080239690
o Henshaw, Alexis Leanna. 2019. "Female Combatants In Postconflict Processes: Understanding The Roots Of Exclusion". Journal Of Global Security Studies 5 (1): 63-79. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz050.
o Castrillón, Gloria Yaneth. 2015. "¿Víctimas O Victimarias? El Rol De Las Mujeres En Las FARC. Una Aproximación Desde La Teoría De Género". OPERA 16 (16): 77. doi:10.18601/16578651.n16.06.
o Merari, Ariel. 1993. "Terrorism As A Strategy Of Insurgency". Terrorism And Political Violence 5 (4): 213-251.
o UN Security Council Resolutions 1325, 2467, 2106
o teleSUR "¿Qué Integrantes De FARC Irán Al Congreso Colombiano?". 2018.
o Nylander, Dag, Rita Sandberg, and Idun Tvedt. 2018. "Designing Peace: The Colombian Peace Process".
o Colombia: La Violencia | Mass Atrocity Endings". 2016.
o Second Report On The Monitoring Of The Gender Perspective In The Implementation Of The Colombian Peace Accord. 2019. Ebook. KROC Institute.
o Schrock, Richelle D. 2018. "The Methodological Imperatives of Feminist Ethnography." Journal of Feminist Scholarship 5 .
o Ackerly, Brooke A., Maria Stern, and Jacqui True, eds. 2006. Feminist Methodologies for International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511617690.
o Humphreys, Macartan, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. "Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War." American Journal of Political Science 52, no. 2 (2008):
o UN Women „Improtant Concepts Underlying Gender Mainstreaming
o UNDP "Gender Mainstreaming Made Easy: Handbook For Programme Staff”.
o Davidson, Christina. 2009. "Transcription: Imperatives For Qualitative Research". International Journal Of Qualitative Methods 8 (2): 35-52. doi:10.1177/160940690900800206.
o ARN “Así será la transición de los 24 Espacios Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación“
o McLellan, Eleanor, Kathleen M. MacQueen, and Judith L. Neidig. “Beyond the Qualitative Interview: Data Preparation and Transcription.” Field Methods 15, no. 1 (February 2003): 63–84. doi:10.1177/1525822X02239573.
o Carranza-Franco, Francy. 2019. Demobilization And Reintegration In Colombia. New York: Routledge.
o teleSUR. 2020. FARC Anuncia Asesinato De Otro Excombatiente En Colombia.
o Muggah, Robert, and Chris O’Donnell. 2015. "Next Generation Disarmament, Demobilization And Reintegration". Stability: International Journal Of Security & Development 4 (1).
o Schwitalla, Gunhild, and Luisa Maria Dietrich. N.d. Demobilization Of Female Ex-Combatants In Colombia.
o Dietrich, Louise, and Thomas Winderl. 2012. "How To Guide: Gender-Responsive Disarmament, Demobilization And Reintegration | UNDP In Geneva". UNDP.
o WOLA. 2020. Protection Of Ex-Combatants - Colombia Peace.
o Duflo, Esther. 2012. "Women Empowerment and Economic Development." Journal of Economic Literature, 50 (4): 1051-79.
o Forero Rueda, S., 2020. La Enredada Entrega De Tierras A Excombatientes De Las Farc. [online] ELESPECTADOR.
o 2019. United Nations Verification Mission In Colombia: Report Of The Secretary-General. UN Security Council.
o Féron, Élise. 2015. Gender And Peace Negotiations Why Gendering Peace Negotiations Multiplies Opportunities For Reconciliation. Ebook. Clingendael.
o "The FARC's Finances - Unfunny Money". 2016. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2016/04/14/unfunny-money.
o Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2004. "Greed And Grievance In Civil War". Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 563-595. doi:10.1093/oep/gpf064.
o Gentry, John A., and David E. Spencer. 2010. "Colombia's FARC: A Portrait Of Insurgent Intelligence". Intelligence And National Security 25 (4): 453-478. doi:10.1080/02684527.2010.537024.
o "In The Shadow Of “No”: Peace After Colombia’S Plebiscite". 2017. Crisis Group.
o "Colombia Opposition, Headed By Uribe, To Vote 'No' In Peace Plebiscite". 2016. REUTERS.
o Agency for Reincorporation and Normalization official website (gov.co)
o Así será la transición de los 24 Espacios Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación
o Sarmiento, Margarita, and Nicolas Ospino. 2019. "CEDAW And Colombia: A Balance Between Lights And Shadows | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.
o "Estándares Mínimos De Economía Del Cuidado". 2019. ONU Mujeres | Colombia.
o Cosoy, Natalio. 2017. ""Baby Boom": La Ola De Embarazos En La Guerrilla De Las FARC En Colombia". BBC News Mundo.
o Puechguirbal, Nadine. 2012. "The Cost Of Ignoring Gender In Conflict And Post-Conflict Situations: A Feminist Perspective". Amsterdam Law Forum 4 (1): 4. doi:10.37974/alf.207.
o Nadine Puechguirbal. 2010. “Discourses on Gender, Patriarchy and Resolution 1325: A Textual Analysis of UN Documents”, International Peacekeeping, 17:2, 172-187, DOI: 10.1080/13533311003625068
o Walby, Sylvia. 2003. Gender Mainstreaming: Productive Tensions In Theory And Practice. Ebook.
o Yadav, Punam., 2020, “Can Women Benefit from War? Women’s Agency in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies.” Journal of Peace Research,). doi:10.1177/0022343320905619.
o Haeri, Medina, and Nadine Puechguirbal. 2010. From Helplessness To Agency: Examining The Plurality Of Women’S Experiences In Armed Conflict. Ebook. ICRC.
o Colombian Government. 2016. “General Agreement to End the Armed Conflict and Build a Stable and Lasting Peace”, Havana, Cuba
o Idler, Annette. 2016. "Colombia Just Voted No On Its Plebiscite For Peace. Here’S Why And What It Means.". The Washington Post.
o "Los Espacios Territoriales De Capacitación Y Reincorporación | Comisión De Conciliación Nacional". 2020. Comisión De Conciliación Nacional.
o Carranza-Franco, Francy. 2019. Demobilisation And Reintegration In Colombia Building State And Citizenship. Routledge.
o Informe Del Secretario General Sobre La Misión De Verificación De Las Naciones Unidas En Colombia. 2018. Ebook. UN Security Council.
o Darden, Jessica Trisko, Alexis Henshaw, and Ora Szekely. Insurgent Women: Female Combatants in Civil Wars. Georgetown University Press, 2019. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvb1htcb.
o Stern, Maria, Brooke A Ackerly, and Jacqui True. 2006. Feminist Methodologies For International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
o Salter, Mark B, and Can E Mutlu. 2013. Research Methods In Critical Security Studies: An Introduction. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
o Bailey, Norman A. "La Violencia in Colombia." Journal of Inter-American Studies 9, no. 4 (1967): 561-75. Accessed July 28, 2020. doi:10.2307/164860.
o Wood, Reed M. "Rebel Capability and Strategic Violence against Civilians." Journal of Peace Research 47, no. 5 (2010): 601-14. Accessed July 28, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/20798929.
o Parmar, Parveen Kaur, Pooja Agrawal, Ravi Goyal, Jennifer Scott, and P Gregg Greenough. 2014. "Need For A Gender-Sensitive Human Security Framework: Results Of A Quantitative Study Of Human Security And Sexual Violence In Djohong District, Cameroon". Conflict And Health 8 (1). doi:10.1186/1752-1505-8-6.
o MacKenzie, Megan. 2009. "Securitization And Desecuritization: Female Soldiers And The Reconstruction Of Women In Post-Conflict Sierra Leone". Security Studies 18 (2): 241-261. doi:10.1080/09636410902900061.
o Dudouet, Veronique, Hans-Joachim Giessmann, and Katrin Planta. 2012. Post-War Security Transitions. 1st ed. London: Routledge
o Brittain, James J. Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP. London; New York: Pluto Press, 2010. doi:10.2307/j.ctt183p53g.
o Bilotta, Nicola. 2017. "Land, FARC, Peace And The Future Of Colombia 'S Security | GRI". Global Risk Insights.
o Merari, Ariel. 1993. "Terrorism As A Strategy Of Insurgency". Terrorism And Political Violence 5 (4): 213-251. doi:10.1080/09546559308427227.
o "Colombia: La Violencia | Mass Atrocity Endings". 2016.
o Nylander, Dag, and Hilde Salvesen. 2017. "Towards An Inclusive Peace: Women And The Gender Approach In The Colombian Peace Process".
o Kazman, Mia. 2019. Women Of The FARC. Ebook. Perry Centre Occasional Paper.
o Miguel Vivanco, Jose. 2016. "Colombia: Sexual Violence By FARC Guerrillas Exposed". Human Rights Watch.
o Schöb, Mia. 2016. "Disarming, Demobilising And Reintegrating Whom? Accounting For Diversity Among Ex- Combatants In Colombian DDR."
o "Estrategia Integral Para La Reincorporación De Mujeres De FARC“.
o Alison, Miranda. “Women as Agents of Political Violence: Gendering Security.” Security Dialogue 35, no. 4 (December 2004): 447–63. doi:10.1177/0967010604049522.
o "CEDAW General Recommendation 30 Women In Conflict Prevention, Conflict And Post Conflict Situations". 2016.
o SECOND GENERATION DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION (DDR) PRACTICES IN PEACE OPERATIONS A Contribution To The New Horizon Discussion On Challenges And Opportunities For UN Peacekeeping. 2010. Ebook. New York: UN.
o Forsberg, Erika, and Louise Olsson. 2016. "Gender Inequality And Internal Conflict". Oxford Research Encyclopedia Of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.34.
o Parada Lugo, Valentina. 2020. "La Desatención En Salud, Responsable De La Muerte De Un Bebé De Excombatientes". ELESPECTADOR.
o CONPES 3931 (2018)
o Plan Marco de Implementación (2017)
o Final Agreement (2016)
o Interview with an ex-combatant V. conducted on 20.02.2020 in Bogota, Colombia
o Interview with an ex-combatant M. conducted online 30.04.2020
o Interview with an ex-combatant L. conducted online 21.03.2020
o Interview with an ex-combatant R. conducted online 05.05.2020
o Interview with an observer J. conducted online 10.05.2020
o Interview with an observer X. conducted online 31.03.2020

Předběžná náplň práce

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

Abstract

Discussions on women in wars have oftentimes been limited to their stories as survivors of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) or on their ‘natural predisposition’ toward being peacemakers. The purpose of this thesis is to explore a different side of women in wars, by focusing on the experiences of women ex-combatants. This research will explore the ongoing process of social, economic, and political reincorporation of ex-combatant women from the Colombian guerrilla group FARC as part of the larger framework of gender-responsive demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR) programs. This is to be done in order to contribute to the existing academic debate on gender-responsive DDR, and to bring forward often erased experiences of women ex-combatants. Colombian ex-combatant women were chosen as a case study due to their high level of participation in the insurgency, their unprecedented participation in the peace negotiations, and incorporation of gender mainstreaming in all aspects of the Colombian peace agreement. Feminist ethnography was employed as a methodology to correspond to the sensitivity of the topic and research subjects, while data was primarily gathered through interviews and analysis of the official documents referring to the reincorporation process. The findings of the research were unsurprising. The historic gender mainstreaming seemed to have been only an empty promise, while women undergoing the process of reincorporation face women-specific hardships on a regular basis, pointing to an evident lack of political will from the government’s side to change this phenomenon.

Key words: gender, DDR , Colombia, FARC, Guerrilleras.

Title: Gender–Responsive DDR: Social, Economic and Political Reincorporation of Women Ex-combatants in Colombia.