France’s mal-être: Exploring the root causes and other explanatory factors behind the rise of radicalization in France.
| Název práce v češtině: | Francouzský mal-être: Zkoumání kořenových příčin a dalších vysvětlujících faktorů způsobujících vzestup radikalizace ve Francii |
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| Název v anglickém jazyce: | France’s mal-être: Exploring the root causes and other explanatory factors behind the rise of radicalization in France. |
| Klíčová slova: | Radicalisation, root causes, jihadism, terrorism, Islamism, risk factors, jihad, French terrorism, French radicalisation, French radicals. |
| Klíčová slova anglicky: | Radicalisation, root causes, jihadism, terrorism, Islamism, risk factors, jihad, French terrorism, French radicalisation, French radicals. |
| Akademický rok vypsání: | 2017/2018 |
| Typ práce: | diplomová práce |
| Jazyk práce: | angličtina |
| Ústav: | Katedra bezpečnostních studií (23-KBS) |
| Vedoucí / školitel: | prof. PhDr. Emil Aslan, Ph.D. |
| Řešitel: | skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem |
| Datum přihlášení: | 30.05.2018 |
| Datum zadání: | 30.05.2018 |
| Datum a čas obhajoby: | 20.06.2019 00:00 |
| Místo konání obhajoby: | Jinonice |
| Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: | 10.05.2019 |
| Datum proběhlé obhajoby: | 20.06.2019 |
| Oponenti: | Mgr. Jan Charvát, M.A., Ph.D. |
| Kontrola URKUND: | |
| Seznam odborné literatury |
| Academic articles:
Akay, Cenk. "Turkish High School Students' English Demotivation and Their Seeking for Remotivation: A Mixed Method Research." English Language Teaching 10, no. 8 (2017): 107- 122. Bazex, Hélène, Michel Bénézech, and Jean-Yves Mensat. "Le Miroir De La Haine: La Prise En Charge Pénitentiaire De La Radicalisation : Analyse Clinique Et Criminologique De 112 Personnes Placées Sous Main De Justice." Annales Médico-psychologiques Revue Psychiatrique175, no. 3. doi:10.1016/j.amp.2017.01.009. Bouzar, Dounia, and Marie Martin. "Pour Quels Motifs Les Jeunes S’engagent-ils Dans Le Djihad ?" Neuropsychiatrie De L'Enfance Et De L'Adolescence64, no. 6 (October 2016): 353- 359. doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2016.08.002. Campelo, Nicolas, Alice Oppetit, Françoise Neau, David Cohen, and Guillaume Bronsard. "Who Are the European Youths Willing to Engage in Radicalisation? A Multidisciplinary Review of Their Psychological and Social Profiles." European Psychiatry52 (March 7, 2018): 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.03.001. Carli, Pierre, Caroline Telion, and David Baker. "Terrorism in France." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (2003): 92-99. Crettiez, Xavier. "Penser La Radicalisation: Une Sociologie Processuelle Des Variables De L'engagement Violent." Presses De Sciences Po 5, no. 66 (2016): 709-27. doi:10.3917/rfsp.665.0709. Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja. "Violent Radicalisation in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism33, no. 9 (August 16, 2010): 797-814. doi:10.1080/1057610x.2010.501423. Dechepy-Tellier, Johan. "La Prévention De La Radicalisation En France Et Ailleurs En Europe." Le Journal Des Psychologues 362, no. 10 (2018): 40-44. Doosje, Bertjan, Fathali Moghaddam, Arie Kruglanski, Arjan De Wolf, Liesbeth Mann, and Allard Feddes. "Terrorism, Radicalisation and De-radicalisation." Current Opinion in Psychology11 (October 2016): 79-84. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008. Haffez, Mohammed, and Creighton Mullins. "The Radicalisation Puzzle: A Theoretical Synthesis of Empirical Approaches to Homegrown Extremism." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism38, no. 11 (April 1, 2015): 958-75. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1051375. Hardy, Keiran. "Comparing Theories of Radicalisation with Countering Violent Extremism Policy." Journal for Deradicalisation, no. 15 (June 29, 2018): 76-110. http://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/view/150/119. Jourdain, Anne, and Sidonie Naulin. "Héritage Et Transmission Dans La Sociologie De Pierre Bourdieu." Idées Economiques Et Sociales4, no. 166 (2014): 6-14. doi:10.3917/idee.166.0006. Jovelin, Emmanuel. "De La Délinquance à La Radicalisation." Hommes & Migrations, no. 1315 (March 2016): 59-68. https://www.cairn.info/revue-hommes-et-migrations-2016-3-page- 59.htm. L'Heuillet, Helene. "Radicalisation and Terrorism." Cités 66 (2016): 123-36. Ludot, Radjack, and Moro. "« Radicalisation Djihadiste » Et Psychiatrie De L’adolescent." Neuropsychiatrie De L'enfance Et De L'adolescence 64, no. 8 (2016): 522-28. Maskaliūnaitė, Asta. "Exploring the theories of radicalisation." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 17, no. 1 (2015): 9-26. McCauley, Clark, and Sophia Moskalenko. "Understanding Political Radicalisation: The Two- Pyramids Model." American Psychological Association72, no. 3, 206-16. doi:10.1037/amp0000062. Moghaddam, Fathali. "The Staircase to Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration." American Psychological60, no. 2 (2005): 161-69. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161. Moran, Matthew. "Terrorism and the Banlieues: The Charlie Hebdo Attacks in Context." Modern & Contemporary France25, no. 3 (May 18, 2017): 315-32. doi:10.1080/09639489.2017.1323199. Moro, Marie-Rose. "3.4 VIOLENT ISLAMIC RADICALISATION AND SUPPORT FOR IT AMONG THE YOUNG TODAY: A TRANSCULTURAL QUALITATIVE STUDY IN FRANCE." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (2016): S5-S6. Moskalenko, Sophia, and Clark Mccauley. "Measuring Political Mobilization: The Distinction Between Activism and Radicalism." Terrorism and Political Violence21, no. 2 (March 30, 2009): 239-60. doi:10.1080/09546550902765508. Mozaffari, Mehdi. "What Is Islamism? History and Definition of a Concept." Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions8, no. 1 (March 2007): 17-33. doi:10.1080/14690760601121622. Murshed, Syed Mansoob, and Sara Pavan. "Identity and Islamic Radicalisation in Western Europe." Civil Wars13, no. 3 (October 04, 2011): 259-79. doi:10.1080/13698249.2011.600000. Neiberg, Michael. "“No More Elsewhere”: France Faces the New Wave of Terrorism." The Washington Quarterly40 (April 2017): 21-38. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2017.1302736. Neumann, Peter R. "The Trouble with Radicalisation." International Affairs 89, no. 4 (2013): 873-93. Połońska-Kimunguyi, Eva, and Marie Gillespie. "Terrorism Discourse on French International Broadcasting: France 24 and the Case of Charlie Hebdo Attacks in Paris." European Journal of Communication 31, no. 5 (2016): 568-83. "Radicalisation." Le Monde Diplomatique N 699, no. 6 (2012): 3 Rahimullah, Riyad Hosain, Stephen Larmar, and Mohamad Abdalla. "Understanding Violent Radicalisation amongst Muslims: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science1, no. 1 (December 2013): 19-35. December 2013. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/143865434.pdf. Rohr, Elisabeth. "Terror, Fundamentalism, and Male Adolescence." Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy31, no. 4 (July 05, 2017): 343-54. doi:10.1080/02668734.2017.1345001. Schuurman, Bart. "Research on Terrorism, 2007–2016: A Review of Data, Methods, and Authorship." Terrorism and Political Violence: 1-16. March 1, 2018. doi:10.1080/09546553.2018.1439023. Souleimanov, Emil Aslan. "Civil War and Religion: Salafi-Jihadist Groups." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics: 1-30. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.653. Taspınar, Ömer. "Fighting Radicalism, Not ‘Terrorism’: Root Causes of an International Actor Redefined." SAIS Review19, no. 2 (Summer 2009). https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/summer_fall_radicalism_taspinar.pdf. Vasile, Jennifer, and Amira Karray. "Filiation En Détresse Et Crise De L’autorité Chez L’adolescent Concerné Par Le Phénomène De Radicalisation." Dialogue, 222nd ser., 4:107-20. January 14, 2019. doi:10.3917/dia.222.0107. Viorst, Milton. "The Muslims of France." Foreign Affairs75, no. 5 (September/October 1996): 78-96. doi:10.2307/20047745. Books Bonelli, Laurent, and Fabien Carrié. La Fabrique De La Radicalité. Une Sociologie Des Jeunes Djihadistes Français. Paris: Seuil. Online summary of the book's main findings done by Eric Keslassy. Chowanietz, Christophe. Bombs, Bullets, and Politicians : France's Response to Terrorism. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016. Khosrokhavar, Farhad. "Les Radicalisés En Prison." In Prisons De France, 274-369. Paris: Robert Lafont, 2016. Khosrokhavar, Farhad. Prisons de France. Violence, radicalisation, déshumanisation: surveillants et détenus parlent. Paris: Robert Lafont, 2016. Online summary of the book’s main findings done by Théo Blanc. https://journals.openedition.org/lectures/22243 Makarychev, A. S., Robert W. Orttung, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and NATO Advanced Research Workshop on National Counter-Terrorism Strategies: Legal, Institutional Public Policy Dimensions in the US, UK, France, Turkey Russia. National Counter-terrorism Strategies Legal, Institutional, and Public Policy Dimensions in the US, UK, France, Turkey and Russia. NATO Security through Science Series. E, Human and Societal Dynamics ; v. 14. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2006. Book reviews Peterson, Karen. "Book Review: Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks." Review of Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks.University of Pennsylvania Press. Issue Brief Bindner, Laurence. Jihadists’ Grievance Narratives against France.Issue brief. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. February 2018. https://icct.nl/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/Bindner-Jihadists-Grievance-Narratives-Against-France- February2018.pdf. Online Newspapers "Ce Que L'on Sait Sur La Radicalisation Des Frères Kouachi." Le Monde, January 9, 2015. https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/01/09/ce-que-l-on-sait-sur-la-radicalisation-desfreres- kouachi_4552422_3224.html. "Le Plan Du Gouvernement Pour Isoler Les Détenus Radicalisés." L'Express, February 23, 2018. https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-plan-du-gouvernement-pour-isoler-lesdetenus- radicalises_1987577.html. "Merah Aux Policiers : "Je Me Sentais De Mieux En Mieux" à Chaque Tuerie." La Dépêche, July 17, 2012. https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2012/07/17/1401768-merah-aux-policiers-jeme- sentais-de-mieux-en-mieux-a-chaque-tuerie.html. "Prison/Alençon: Ouverture D'un Quartier Pour Radicalisés." Le Figaro, September 20, 2018. http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/09/20/97001-20180920FILWWW00328- prisonalencon-ouverture-d-un-quartier-pour-radicalises.php. Beaudouin, Clément. "Causes Profondes, Cause Toujours." Mediapart, July 27, 2016. https://blogs.mediapart.fr/clement-beaudouin/blog/270716/causes-profondes-cause-toujours. Bonelli, Laurent. "Les Chemins De La Radicalisation." Le Monde Diplomatique, February 2015. https://www.mondediplomatique.fr/2015/02/BONELLI/52619?erreur_connexion=noid. Chrisafis, Angélique. "Charlie Hebdo Attackers: Born, Raised and Radicalised in Paris." The Guardian, January 12, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/12/-sp-charliehebdo- attackers-kids-france-radicalised-paris. Collin, Béatrice. "Djihadistes: «La Grosse Erreur Est De Dire Que L’on a Affaire à Des Malades Mentaux»." 20 Minutes, October 03, 2017. https://www.20minutes.fr/toulouse/2143751- 20171003-djihadistes-grosse-erreur-dire-affaire-malades-mentaux. Cornevin, Christophe. "Près De 2000 Mineurs Radicalisés En France." Le Figaro, September 22, 2016. http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2016/09/22/01016-20160922ARTFIG00327- pres-de-2000-mineurs-radicalises-en-france.php. Nordstrom, Louise. "How France Was Forced to Reassess Its Ideas about Radicalised Youth." France 24, November 12, 2018. https://www.france24.com/en/20181111-francepsychology- radicalised-youth-counter-terrorism-stereotype-theories-minds. Paulet, Alicia. "32 Attentats Déjoués, 4457 Perquisitions, 625 Armes Saisies : Le Bilan De L'état D'urgence." Le Figaro, October 31, 2017. http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualitefrance/2017/10/31/01016-20171031ARTFIG00125-32-attentats-dejoues-4457-perquisitions- 625-armes-saisies-le-bilan-de-l-etat-d-urgence.php. Pouchard, Alexandre, and Samuel Laurent. "Quel Est Le Poids De L'islam En France ?" Le Monde, July 6, 2016. https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-lislam- en-france_4559859_4355770.html. Sageman, Marc. "The Next Generation of Terror." Foreign Policy, October 8, 2009. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/08/the-next-generation-of-terror/. Tellier, Maxime. "Être Pauvre En France En 2018 : De Qui Et De Quoi Parle-t-on ?" France Culture. September 13, 2018. https://www.franceculture.fr/societe/etre-pauvre-en-france-en- 2018-de-quoi-parle-t. Travis, Alan. "MI5 Report Challenges Views on Terrorism in Britain." The Guardian, August 20, 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/aug/20/uksecurity.terrorism1. Trouillard, Stéphane. "Radicalisation: "Les Terroristes Ne Sont Pas Des Malades Mentaux"." France 24, August 23, 2017. https://www.france24.com/fr/20170823-franceradicalisation- terrorisme-psychiatrie-gerard-collomb-hopitaux-passage-acte. Reports Bartlett, Jamie, Jonathan Birdwell, and Michael King. The Edge of Violence: A Radical Approach to Extremism.Report. DEMOS. 2010. https://www.demos.co.uk/files/Edge_of_Violence_-_web.pdf. Colomina, Pierre, Olivier De France, and Damien Saverot. From Criminals to Terrorists and Back? Quarterly Report: France.Report. Defence & Security Programme, IRIS-GLOBSEC. January 07, 2019. http://www.iris-france.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/From-Criminals- To-Terrorists-And-Back-Quarterly-Report-France-Vol-2.pdf. Crettiez, Xavier, and Sèze Romain. Saisir Les Mécanismes De La Radicalisation Violente : Pour Une Analyse Processuelle Et Biographique Des Engagements Violents Rapport De Recherche Pour La Mission De Recherche Droit Et Justice.Report. Mission De Recherche Droit Et Justice. 2017. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01592825/document. Dzhekova Rositsa, Nadya Stoynova, Anton Kojouharov, Mila Mancheva, Dia Anagnostou,, and Emil Tsenkov. Understanding Radicalisation. Review of Literature.Report. Center for the Study of Democracy. 2016. https://csd.bg/fileadmin/user_upload/publications_library/files/22778.pdf. Gilperez-Lopez, Irène, Mahmoud Barhamgi, and David Camacho. An Initial Study on Radicalisation Risk Factors: Towards an Assessment Software Tool.Report. International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications. August 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320089317_An_Initial_Study_on_Radicalisation_R isk_Factors_Towards_an_Assessment_Software_Tool. Hecker, Marc, and Elie Tenenbaum. France vs Jihadism: The Republic in a New Age of Terror.Report. Notes De L'IFRI, IFRI. January 2017. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/hecker_tenenbaum_france_vs_jihadism_20 17.pdf. Menace Terroriste : Pour Une République Juste Mais plus Ferme.Report. Sénat. May 7, 2019. https://www.senat.fr/rap/r17-639/r17-6393.html. Neumann, Peter, Olivier Roy, Nick Fielding, Anatol Lieven, Mustafa Ceric, Jack DuVall, Yezid Sayigh, and Daniel Benjamin. Perspectives on Radicalisation and Political Violence.Report. International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence. January 2008. https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/resource/perspectives-on-radicalisation-and-politicalviolence/. Neumann, Peter. Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation That Lead to Terrorism: Ideas, Recommendations, and Good Practices from the OSCE Region.Report. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. September 28, 2017. https://www.osce.org/chairmanship/346841?download=true. Note Relative à La Prise En Charge éducative Des Mineurs Radicalisés Ou En Danger De Radicalisation Violente. Report. Protection Judiciaire De La Jeunesse, Ministère De La Justice. Odorfer, Caleb. Root Causes of Radicalisation in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.Report. United Nations Development Program, United Nations. July 13, 2015. https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democraticgovernance/conflict-prevention/discussion-paper---root-causes-of-radicalism.html. Projet De Loi Relatif à La Lutte Contre Le Terrorisme Et Portant Dispositions Diverses Relatives à La Sécurité Et Aux Contrôles Frontaliers. Report. Sénat. 2017. https://www.senat.fr/rap/l05-117/l05-11719.html Radicalisation and Violent Extremism. Report. European Parliament. December 2017. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/596838/IPOL_STU(2017)59683 8_EN.pdf. Radicalisation Processes Leading to Acts of Terrorism.Report. European Commission's Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation. May 15, 2008. https://rikcoolsaet.be/files/2008/12/expert-group-report-violent-radicalisation-final.pdf. Radicalisation, Recruitment and the EU Counter-Radicalisation Strategy.Report. Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law. November 17, 2008. http://www.gdrelsj.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/doc2-WP4-Del-7.pdf. Radicalisation and Violent Extremism: Lessons Learned From Canada, the U.K. and the U.S.Report. National Institute of Justice, U.S Department of Justice. July 28, 2015. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249947.pdf. Radicalisation in the West: The Homegrown Threat.Report. New York Police Department. 2007. https://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/files/NYPD_Report- Radicalisation_in_the_West.pdf. Radicalisation: An Overview and Annotated Bibliography of Open-Source Literature.Report. Homeland Security Institute. December 15, 2006. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a497263.pdf. Ranstorp, Magnus. The Root Causes of Violent Extremism.Issue brief. Radicalisation Awareness Network. January 04, 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/homeaffairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/networks/radicalisation_awareness_network/ranpapers/docs/issue_paper_root-causes_jan2016_en.pdf. Rapport D'Information Fait Au Nom De La Commission Des Lois Constitutionnelles, De Législation, Du Suffrage Universel, Du Règlement Et D’administration Générale Par Le Groupe De Travail Sur L’amélioration De L’efficacité Des Fiches S.Report. Sénat. December 19, 2018. http://www.senat.fr/rap/r18-219/r18-2191.pdf. Rapport Fait Au Nom De La Commission D'Enquête Sur L'Organisation Et Les Moyens Des Services De L'Etat Pour Faire Face à L'Evolution De La Menace Terroriste Après La Chute De L'Etat Islamique.Report no. 639. Sénat. July 4, 2018. https://www.senat.fr/rap/r17-639/r17- 6391.pdf. Roots of Violent Radicalisation.Report no. 19. House of Commons Home Affairs Committee. January 31, 2012. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmhaff/1446/1446.pdf. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Radicalisation: A Guide for the Perplexed.Report. Canadian Governement. June 2009. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/grcrcmp/PS64-102-2009-eng.pdf. Veldhuis, Tinka, and Jørgen Staun. Islamist Radicalisation: A Root Cause Model.Report. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. October 2009. https://www.diis.dk/files/media/publications/import/islamist_radicalisation.veldhuis_and_stau n.pdf. Wittendorp, Stef, Roel De Bont, Jeanine De Roy Van Zuijdewijn, and Edwin Bakker. Dealing with Jihadism: A Policy Comparison between the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the UK and the US (2010 to 2017).Report. Leiden University. December 2017. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/governance-and-globalaffairs/isga/report-1_2017_dealing-with-jihadism.pdf. Websites "Acts of Terrorism." European Commission. March 04, 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/homeaffairs/content/acts-terrorism_en. "Glossary: Islamic Extremist Material." Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats. March 30, 2017. https://crestresearch.ac.uk/resources/glossary-islamic-extremist-material/. "La Radicalisation Djihadiste, Qu'est-ce Que C'est ?" Stop Djihadisme. October 03, 2017. http://www.stop-djihadisme.gouv.fr/radicalisation/explication-du-phenomene/radicalisationdjihadiste- quest-ce-que-cest. "La Sociologie De La Radicalisation : Entretien Avec Farhad Khosrokhavar." SES ENS. http://ses.ens-lyon.fr/articles/la-sociologie-de-la-radicalisation-entretien-avec-farhadkhosrokhavar- 291659. "Plan De Lutte Contre La Radicalisation : La Course D'un Poulet Sans Tête." Observatoire International Des Prisons. Accessed May 07, 2019. https://oip.org/analyse/plan-de-lutte-contrela- radicalisation-la-course-dun-poulet-sans-tete/. "Prévention Et Signalement Des Cas De Radicalisation Djihadiste." Gouvernement Français. 2017. https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/risques/pdf/fiche-prevention-etsignalement- des-cas-de-radicalisation-djihadiste.pdf. "Why Do People Become Violent Extremists?" Federal Bureau of Investigation. October 23, 2015. https://www.fbi.gov/cve508/teen-website/why-do-people-become-violent-extremists. Barbarit, Simon. "Le Sénat Veut Inscrire Le Salafisme Sur La Liste Des Dérives Sectaires." Public Senat. July 13, 2018. https://www.publicsenat.fr/article/parlementaire/terrorisme-lesenat- veut-inscrire-le-salafisme-sur-la-liste-des-derives. Jenkins, Brian Michael. “Generations of Terrorism.” RAND Corporation. December 12, 2012. https://www.rand.org/blog/2012/12/generations-of-terrorism.html Lestrohan, Erwan. "Les Français Et La Sécurite." BVA Group. February 16, 2018. https://www.bva-group.com/sondages/les-francais-et-la-securite/. Richier, Jean-Paul. "Que Désigne Le Terme « Radicalisation » ?" Mediapart, December 19, 2018. https://blogs.mediapart.fr/jean-paul-richier/blog/181218/que-designe-le-termeradicalisation. |
| Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce |
| All in all, this thesis sheds light on a few factors that were not accounted for in the general literature on radicalisation but that are of high importance for understanding the reasons behind
the radicalisation processes of individuals in France. Hence, the overall conclusion of this thesis seeks to explain that there are a few issues within the French society that are acting as push factors for individuals to radicalize. A young age, unstable environments, humiliation, social networks such as the carceral environment, a feeling of injustice, hatred towards the French foreign policy and military interventions, a search for an ideal, Salafi-jihadism ideology, a clash with the French secularism and assimilationist model and petty crimes are understood as explaining the risk factors and root causes of radicalisation in France. Overall, this research restates that radicalisation should be seen as a gradual process with different intertwined factors. Said statement leaves hope for counter-terrorism policies: As it is a gradual process, radicalisation can be more or less easily identifiable and stopped at an early stage. |