A changing security environment and hybrid threats: the use of shelter theory in Maltese security

• Název práce v češtině: Měnící se bezpečnostní prostředí a hybridní hrozby: využití shelter theory v maltské bezpečnosti
• Název v anglickém jazyce: A changing security environment and hybrid threats: the use of shelter theory in Maltese security
• Klíčová slova: měnící se bezpečnostní prostředí, hybridní hrozby, malé státy, shelter theory, maltské bezpečnosti
• Klíčová slova anglicky: changing security environment, hybrid threats, small states, shelter theory, Maltese security
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2019/2020
• Typ práce: diplomová práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Katedra evropských studií (23-KZS)
• Vedoucí / školitel: prof. Mgr. Tomáš Weiss, M.A., Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 19.06.2020
• Datum zadání: 19.06.2020
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 22.06.2022 11:00
• Místo konání obhajoby: Pekařská 16, JPEK313, 313, Malá učebna, 3.patro
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 03.05.2022
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 22.06.2022
• Oponenti: prof. Mgr. Oldřich Bureš, Ph.D., M.A.

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Předběžná náplň práce

Bezpečnostní prostředí Evropské unie se v posledních letech změnilo v důsledku bezpečnostních hrozeb a obav, které zastírají tradiční hranice vnitřních a vnějších bezpečnostních záležitostí. To představuje výzvu pro členské státy tím, že se po nich bude vyžadovat, aby se přizpůsobily a vytvořily struktury, které budou na novou realitu reagovat. Malta, malý jižní pobřežní členský stát, tradičně zaujímá bezpečnostní přístup, který klade důraz na vojenské záruky a bezpečnostní záruky. Měnící se bezpečnostní prostředí a nárůst hybridních hrozeb může tento přístup změnit. Hybridní hrozby jsou akce prováděné státními a nestátními subjekty vojenskými a nevojenskými prostředky s cílem podkopat stabilitu svého cíle. Tyto hrozby se vyskytovaly již v minulosti. Jejich účinnost se však v posledních letech významně zvýšila využíváním inovativních technologií. Specifičností hybridních hrozeb spočívá v jejich dalším stírání rozdílu mezi vnitřní a vnější bezpečností, které podkopává demokratické instituce, zaměření na kritickou infrastrukturu a ovlivňování celého obyvatelstvo. Podle mnohých autorů literatura o malých státech hybridní hrozby nedostatečně zohledňuje. Tato studie staví na shelter theory, podle níž malé státy hledají ochranu v rámci Evropské unie, zejména u nekonvenčních hrozeb, protože Evropská unie může nabídnout výhody, které tradiční vojenské a bezpečnostní záruky nenabízejí. Hledání "úkrytu" však může vést k nákladům, jako je vzdání se politického rozhodování, obětování důležité domácí normy nebo dokonce větší expozice konkrétním hrozbám. Tato studie navazuje na již existující literaturu o maltské bezpečnostní politice využitím právě shelter theory, podle níž musí malé státy přijmout vnitřní opatření proti hybridním hrozbám. Vyžaduje to zásada vzájemné odpovědnosti a rostoucí bezpečnostní provázanost členských států, zejména v kyberprostoru a při ochraně kritické infrastruktury. Práce využívá Braunovu a Clarkeovu tematickou analýzu a rozhovory s maltskými tvůrci politik v oblasti hybridních hrozeb. Zkoumá také současné maltské strategie v oblasti zahraniční a bezpečnostní politiky. Zjištění naznačují, že Malta si uvědomuje měnící se charakter bezpečnostního prostředí. Snaží se vytvářet vnitřní opatření proti hybridním hrozbám zvyšováním kompetencí a odborných znalostí, reformou národního rámce a podáním žádostí o členství v Evropském středisku excelence pro boj proti hybridním hrozbám.

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

In recent years, the security environment of the European Union has changed with security threats and concerns obscuring the traditional boundaries of internal and external security matters. This poses a challenge for Member States by way of being required to necessarily adapt and create structures which address such a new reality. A small southern littoral Member State, Malta has traditionally taken a security approach which emphasizes military guarantees and security assurances. The changing security environment and the rise of hybrid threats may alter this approach. Hybrid threats are actions conducted by state and non-state actors through military and non-military means with the goal of undermining a target. These threats have been present in the past. However, their effectiveness has significantly increased through their proliferation into several domains and the use of innovative technologies in recent years. A specificity of hybrid threats is their use to obscure internal and external security concerns undermining democratic institutions, targeting critical infrastructures, and influencing entire populations. Small state literature considers that because such states have been exposed to non-conventional threats, hybrid threats that impact cybersecurity and critical infrastructures are readily addressed. This study uses shelter theory which provides that small states seek protection under the European Union, particularly for non-conventional threats, because the European Union may offer benefits that traditional military and security guarantees do not. However, seeking shelter may result in costs such as relinquishing political decision-making, sacrificing an important domestic norm, or even increasing the small state’s exposure to particular threats. The literature already determines that Malta seeks shelter under the European Union. This study builds on this by exploring recent contributions made to shelter theory, which argue that, to continue seeking shelter under the European Union, small states must adopt ‘internal buffers’ against hybrid threats. The principle of mutual responsibility and the increasing security interdependencies of Member States, particularly in cyberspace and critical infrastructures, necessitate this. The study uses the Braun and Clarke thematic analysis approach against interviews with Maltese policymakers in the field of hybrid threats. It also examines current Maltese strategies on foreign and security policy. The findings suggest that Malta appears to have acknowledged that the security environment is changing. It seeks to create ‘internal buffers’ against hybrid threats by increasing competency and expertise, exploring a national framework, and applying for membership in the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats.