Protection against Discrimination under the European Convention on Human Rights
| Název práce v češtině: | Ochrana před diskriminací podle Evropské úmluvy o ochraně lidských práv |
|---|---|
| Název v anglickém jazyce: | Protection against Discrimination under the European Convention on Human Rights |
| Klíčová slova: | Diskriminace, lidská práva, porušování, Evropská úmluva o lidských právech, článek 14, Evropský soud pro lidská práva, dodržování předpisů, Rada Evropy, nevládní organizace. |
| Klíčová slova anglicky: | Discrimination, human rights, violation, European Convention on Human Rights, Article 14, European Court of Human Rights, compliance, Council of Europe, non-governmental organisations. |
| Akademický rok vypsání: | 2018/2019 |
| Typ práce: | diplomová práce |
| Jazyk práce: | angličtina |
| Ústav: | Katedra mezinárodních vztahů (23-KMV) |
| Vedoucí / školitel: | JUDr. Milan Lipovský, Ph.D. |
| Řešitel: | skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem |
| Datum přihlášení: | 30.07.2019 |
| Datum zadání: | 30.07.2019 |
| Datum a čas obhajoby: | 08.09.2020 00:00 |
| Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: | 31.07.2020 |
| Datum proběhlé obhajoby: | 08.09.2020 |
| Oponenti: | JUDr. Mgr. Miroslav Pulgret, Ph.D. |
| Kontrola URKUND: | |
| Seznam odborné literatury |
| Official documents and reports
Advisory Committee On The Framework Convention For The Protection Of National Minorities, Fifth report of the Federal Republic of Germany in accordance with Article 25 (2) of the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, ACFC/SR/V(2019)001, 31 January 2019, paras. 53-54. Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Fourth Opinion on the Russian Federation, ACFC/OP/IV (2018)001, 20 February 2018, para. 55. Committee of Ministers, Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on Council of Europe action to improve the protection of human rights defenders and promote their activities, 06 February 2008. Committee of Ministers, Recommendation CM/Rec (2007)14 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organisations in Europe, 10 October 2007. Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Situation of human rights defenders in Council of Europe member states, 26 June 2019, AS/Jur (2019)31. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Concluding observations on the ninth periodic report of Austria, CEDAW/C/AUT/CO/9, 30 July 2019, para. 22(d). Council of Europe, Advisory Committee on the framework Convention for the protection of national minorities, Fourth opinion on Ukraine. ACFC/OP/IV (2017)002, 05 March 2018, paras. 61, 63. Council of Europe, European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations, 24 April 1986, ETS 124. Council of Europe. Human Rights Activism and the Role of NGOs. Available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/human-rights-activism-and-the-role-of-ngos. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, ECRI conclusions on the implementation of the recommendations in respect of the United Kingdom (subject to interim follow-up), 06 June 2019. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/interim-follow-up-conclusions-on-the-united-kingdom-5th-monitoring-cyc/168094ce06. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, ECRI Conclusions on the implementation of the recommendations in respect of Turkey (subject to interim follow-up), adopted on 03 April 2019, published on 06 June 2019. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/interim-follow-up-conclusions-on-turkey-5th-monitoring-cycle-/168094ce03. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, ECRI Report on France, 08 December 2015, para. 86. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/ecri-report-on-germany-sixth-monitoring-cycle-/16809ce4be. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, ECRI Report on Germany, 17 March 2020, para. 59. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/ecri-report-on-germany-sixth-monitoring-cycle-/16809ce4be. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, ECRI report on Romania (fifth monitoring cycle), adopted on 03 April 2019, published on 05 June 2019, p. 9, 10, 23. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/fifth-report-on-romania/168094c9e5. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, ECRI report on the Russian Federation (fifth monitoring cycle), adopted on 04 December 2018, published on 05 March 2020, p. 14,15, 21. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/fifth-report-on-the-russian-federation/1680934a91. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, ECRI report on Ukraine (fifth monitoring cycle), adopted on 20 June 2017, published on 19 September 2017, p. 13, 28, 29. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/fifth-report-on-ukraine/16808b5ca8. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Hate crime recording and data collection practices across the EU, 21 June 2018, p. 29. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/hate-crime-recording-and-data-collection-practice-across-eu. INGOs Conference of the Council of Europe, Civil participation in the decision-making process: Follow-up fact finding visit to Romania 3-5 December 2018, Report, September 2019, p. 10. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/report-visit-of-the-conference-of-ingos-to-romania-ii-2018/168097e57e. INGOs Conference of the Council of Europe, Civil participation in the decision-making process: Follow-up fact finding visit to the United Kingdom 20-21 May 2018 & 16 October 2018, Report, October 2019, p. 12.Available at: https://rm.coe.int/report-visit-of-the-conference-of-ingos-to-uk-2018/168098146f. Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, How to prevent inappropriate restrictions on NGO activities in Europe? - Report 13940, 08 January 2016. Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, New restrictions on NGO activities in Council of Europe member States, Report 14570, 07 June 2018. Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Protecting human rights defenders in Council of Europe member States, Report 14567(2018), 06 June 2018. Parliamentary Assembly, New restrictions on NGO activities in Council of Europe member States, Resolution 2226(2018), 27 June 2018. United States Agency for International Development, 2018 Civil Society Organization sustainability index for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia, 22nd Edition, September 2019, p. 178. Available at: https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/resource-csosi-2018-report-europe-eurasia.pdf. Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, 4 November 1950, ETS 5. Council of Europe, Explanatory Report to Protocol No. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 04.11.2000. Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights. Report no. 8614, 14 January 2000, Summary. Council of Europe, Protocol 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on the Prohibition of Discrimination, 4 November 2000, ETS 177. Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), Recommendation N. 7 on National legislation to combat racism and racial discrimination, Adopted by ECRI on 13 December 2002, 13 December 2002, CRI (2003)8. Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), Recommendation No. 7 on National legislation to combat racism and racial discrimination, Adopted by ECRI on 13 December 2002, 13 December 2002, CRI (2003)8. Council of the European Union, Council Directive 2000/43/EC implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, 29 June 2000, Official Journal L 180, 19/07/2000 P. 0022 - 0026. European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, (2007). Tackling Multiple Discrimination: Practices, policies and laws. Available at:https://eige.europa.eu/library/resource/EUCALE000447448. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Council of Europe, (2018). Handbook of European anti-discrimination law. Available at: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Handbook_non_discri_law_ENG.pdf. Joint Committee on Human Rights, Seventeenth Report, 31 March 2005. Available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200405/jtselect/jtrights/99/9902.htm. UN General Assembly, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 21 December 1965, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, p. 195. UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, Article 2, para. 1. UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), CCPR General Comment No. 18: Non-discrimination, 10 November 1989. Judgements of the ECtHR and UN HR Committee Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, Applications nos. 9214/80, 9473/81, 9474/81, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, Report of the Commission, 12 May 1983. B.S. v. Spain, Application no. 47159/08, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 24 October 2012. Babat and others v. Turkey, Application no. 44936/04, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 12 January 2010. Baralija v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Application no. 30100/18, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 29 October 2019. Biao v. Denmark, Application no. 38590/10, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 24 May 2016. Burden v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 13378/05, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 29 April 2008. Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais v. Portugal, Application no. 17484/15, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 25 October 2017. Chassagnou and others v. France, Applications nos. 25088/94, 28331/95 and 28443/95, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 29 April 199. Cînța v. Romania, Application no. 3891/19, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 18 February 2020. Clift v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 7205/07, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 13 July 2010. D. Pauger v. Austria, Communication No. 415/1990, UN doc. U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/65/D/716/1996, 30 April 1999. D.H. and others v. The Czech Republic, Application no. 57325/00, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 13 November 2007. Dahlab v. Switzerland, Application no. 42393/98, Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, 15 February 2001, decision on admissibility. E.B. v. France, Application no. 43536/02, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 22 January 2008. Ēcis v. Latvia, Application no. 12879/09, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 10 January 2019. Engel and others v. The Netherlands, Application no. 5100/71; 5101/71; 5102/71; 5354/72; 5370/72, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 8 June 1976. Euromak Metal DOO v. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Application no. 68039/14, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 14 June 2018. F. H. Zwaan-de Vries v. the Netherlands, Communication No. 182/1984, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/29/D/182/1984, 9 April 1987. Fabian v. Hungary, Application no. 78117/13, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 5 September 2017. Garib v. The Netherlands, Application no. 43494/09, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 6 November 2017. J.D. and A. v. The United Kingdom, Applications nos. 32949/17 and 34614/17, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 24 February 2020. Maktouf et Damjanović v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Applications no. 2312/08 and 34179/08, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 18 July 2013. Makuchyan and Minasyan v. Azerbaijan and Hungary, Application no 17247/13, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 26 May 2020. Molla Sali v. Greece, Application no. 20452/14, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 19 December 2018. N.B. v. Slovakia, Application no. 29518/10, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 12 June 2012. N.D. and N.T. v. Spain, Applications nos. 8675/15 and 8697/15, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 13 February 2020. Konstantin Markin v. Russia, Application no. 30078/06, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 22 March 2012. Khamtokhu and Aksenchik v. Russia, Applications nos. 60367/08 and 961/11, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 24 January 2017. Lakatošová and Lakatoš v. Slovakia, Application no. 655/16, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 11 December 2018. Lithgow and others v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 9006/80, 9262/81, 9263/81, 9265/81, 9266/81, 9313/81, 9405/81, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 8 July 1986, para. 120. R.D. Stalla Costa v. Uruguay, Communication No. 198/1985; U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/30/D/198/1985, 9 July 1987. Religious community of Jehovah's witnesses v. Azerbaijan, Application no. 52884/09, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 20 February 2020. S. W. M. Broeks v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 172/1984, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/29/D/172/1984, 09 April 1987. Savez Crkava Riječ ivota and Others v. Croatia, Application no. 7798/08, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 9 December 2010. Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and. Herzegovina, Application nos. 27996/06 and 34836/06, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 16 March 2010. Shelley v. United Kingdom, Application no. 23800/06, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 4 January 2008, the Court’s assessment. Simunek, Hastings, Tuzilova and Prochazka v. The Czech Republic, Communication No. 516/1992, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/54/D/516/1992 (1995). Sommerfeld v. Germany, Application no. 31871/96, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 08 July 2003. Strand Lobben and others v. Norway, Application no. 37283/13, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 10 September 2019. Thlimennos v. Greece, Applications no. 34369/97, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 06 April 2000. V.C. v. Slovakia, Application no. 18968/07, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 08 November 2011. Zhdanov and others v. Russia, Applications nos. 12200/08, 35949/11 and 58282/12, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 16 October 2019. Other reports and literature Amnesty International, Greece: worrying legal developments for asylum-seekers and NGOs, Public statement, EUR 25/2259/2020, 04 May 2020. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/2259/2020/en/. AL RAMIAH, A., HEWSTONE, M., DOVIDIO, J.F., PENNER, L.A. (2010). The social psychology of discrimination: theory, measurement and consequences. In: Making Equality Count: Irish and International Research Measuring Equality and Discrimination, p. 85. ALTMAN, A. (2020). Discrimination, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2020 Edition, Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=discrimination. ALTWICKER, T. (2011). International equal protection law, Summary, p. 497. Available at: https://www.mpil.de/files/pdf2/beitr223.pdf. ANTOINE, R.M.B. (2018). An Intersectional Approach to Addressing Gender and Other Forms of Discrimination in Labour in the Commonwealth Caribbean. University of Oxford Human Rights Hub Journal, Vol. 1 (2018), p. 89. Available at: https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/4-Intersectional-Approach-to-Labour-Discrimination.pdf. BAEHR, P. (2009). Non-Governmental Human Rights Organizations in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1-199, p. 53. doi: 10.1057/9780230233706. BUSSMANN, M., SCHNEIDER, G. (2015). A porous humanitarian shield: The laws of war, the red cross, and the killing of civilians. The Review of International Organizations, 11 (3), 337-359, p. 346. BURRI, S., SCHIEK, D. (2009). Multiple Discrimination in EU Law: Opportunities for legal responses to intersectional gender discrimination, p. 3. Available at: https://eige.europa.eu/library/resource/aleph_eige000008236. CHRISTOFFERSEN, A. (2017). Intersectional approaches to equality research and data, p. 9. Available at: http://www.ecu.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Research_and_data_briefing _2_Intersectional_approaches_to_equality_research_and_data.pdf Civic Space Watch. (2019). Austria: The situation of civil society has changed significantly under the current government – new report says, 24 April 2019. Available at: https://civicspacewatch.eu/austria-the-situation-of-civil-society-has-changed-significantly-under-a-the-current-government-new-report-says/. CIVICUS, (2020). New government action plan reveals change in attitude towards CSOs and Human Rights, 12 March 2020. Available at: https://monitor.civicus.org/updates/2020/03/12/new-government-action-plan-reveals-change-attitude-towards-csos-and-human-rights/. DE BURCA, G, SCOTT, J. (2001). The EU and the WTO. Legal and Constitutional Issues. Oxford, Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, p. 234. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/bybil/article-abstract/73/1/362/310701?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Défenseur des droits, Rapport annuel d’activité 2019, p. 14. Available at: https://www.defenseurdesdroits.fr/sites/default/files/rapport_annuel/raa-2019-num-accessopti.pdf. DEMARS, W., DIJKZEUL, D. (2015). The NGO Challenge for International Relations Theory. Routledge, 1-340, p. 132. DUARTE, S. (2019). Exploring French citizenship: the role of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in refugee integration. Texas Christian University, Department of Political Science, p. 35. Available at: https://repository.tcu.edu/bitstream/handle/116099117/26971/Duarte_Sunkin_Honors_Thesis_SPR19_Final.pdf?sequence=1. DUKALSKIS, A., PATANE, C. (2019). Justifying power: when autocracies talk about themselves and their opponents. Contemporary Politics, 25(4), 457-478, p. 461. doi: 10.1080/13569775.2019.1570424. FALKNER, G., TREIB, O. (2008). Three Worlds of Compliance or Four? The EU-15 Compared to New Member States. Journal of Common Market Studies, 46(3), 293-313, p. 304-306. GREWAL, S., VOETEN, E. (2015). Are New Democracies Better Human Rights Compliers? - International Organization, 69, 497-518, p. 500. doi:10.1017/S0020818314000435. GUZMAN, A. (2002). A Compliance-Based Theory of International Law. California Law Review, 90(6), 1823-1887, p. 1843. doi:10.2307/3481436. GERARDS, J. (2013). The Discrimination Grounds of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press: Human Rights Law Review, 99-124, p. 114. GIDDENS, A., GRIFFITHS, S. (2008). Sociology. In: Cambridge, Malden: Polity, 2008. Available at: https://politybooks.com/giddens7/studentresource/summaries/Student_Summary _16.asp. HALLDENIUS, L. (2005). Dissecting “Discrimination”. In: Cambridge Quaterly of Health Care Ethics 14, 455-463, p. 457. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/dissecting-discrimination/4D25DDE0D0AA 1CF4750271421EA40E9A. HEINRICHS, B. (2012). What Is Discrimination and When Is It Morally Wrong? In: Jahrbuch für Wissenschaft und Ethik. 12. 97-114, p. 100. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236633286. HILLEBRECHT, C. (2012). The Domestic Mechanisms of Compliance with International Human Rights Law: Case Studies from the Inter-American Human Rights System. Human Rights Quarterly, 34(4), 959-985, p. 964. Available at: http://www.jstor.com/stable/23352236. KEOHANE, R.O. (1992). Compliance with International Commitments: Politics Within a Framework of Law. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 86 (1-4), 176-180, p. 179. Available at: http://www.jstor.com/stable/25658631. KNUDSEN, S.V. (2006). Intersectionality - A Theoretical Inspiration in the Analysis of Minority Cultures and Identities in Textbooks, p. 63 in Éric Bruillard et. al (eds.): Caught in the Web or Lost in the Textbook? Caen: IARTEM, stef, Iufm,2006 (pp. 61-76). KOHLER-HAUSMANN, I. (2014). Discrimination. Available at: https://www.oxfordbiblio graphies .com /view/document /obo-9780199756384/obo-9780199756384-0013.xml. KOHLER-HAUSMANN, I. (2019). Eddie Murphy and the Dangers of Counterfactual Causal Thinking About Detecting Racial Discrimination, p. 1181. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3050650. KELLER, H., STONE SWEET, A. (2008). Assessing the Impact of the ECHR on National Legal Systems. Yale Law School, Faculty Scholarship Series (88), p. 679. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/88/. LA BARBERA, M., CRUELLS LÓPEZ, M. (2019), Toward the Implementation of Intersectionality in the European Multilevel Legal Praxis: B. S. v. Spain. Law & Society Rev, 53: 1167-1201, p. 1192. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lasr.12435. LAKI, I. (2014). The concept of discrimination nowadays. In: Struktúrafordulók. Studies in Political Science - Politikatudományi Tanulmányok (2014). MTA TK Politikatudományi Intézet, Budapest, pp. 252-259, p. 190. Available at: http://real.mtak.hu/25124/. LEBOVIC, J.H., VOETEN, E. (2006). The Politics of Shame: The Condemnation of Country Human Rights Practices in the UNCHR. International Studies Quarterly (2006) 50, 861–888. Available at: https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/erikvoeten/files/2011/10/LeboISQ.pdf. LEBOVIC, J.H., VOETEN, E. (2009). The Cost of Shame: International Organizations and Foreign Aid in the Punishing of Human Rights Violators. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1), 79-97, p.80. Available at: http://www.jstor.com/stable/27640800. MAČKIĆ, J. (2018). Proving Discriminatory Violence at the European Court of Human Rights. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, p. 31-32. Available at: https://brill.com/view/title/36113. MAKKONEN, T. (2002). Multiple, Compound and Intersectional Discrimination: Bringing the Experiences of the Most Marginalized to the Fore, p. 19. Available at: https://www.abo.fi/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2002-Makkonen-Multiple-compound-and-intersectional-discrimination.pdf. MARCHETTI, R. (2018). Government–NGO Relationships in Africa, Asia, Europe and MENA. Routledge, 1-272, p.150 MCBRIDE, J., Expert Council on NGO law of the Conference of INGOs of the Council of Europe, Non-governmental organisations: review of developments in standards, mechanisms and case law 2017-2019, Review CONF/EXP (2020)1, February 2020, para. 158. MEERNIK, J., ALOISI, R., SOWELL, M., NICHOLS, A. (2012). The Impact of Human Rights Organizations on Naming and Shaming Campaigns. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56 (2), 233-256, p. 236. ODDNÝ, M. A. (2003). Equality and non-discrimination under the European Convention on Human Rights. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 37. Ontario Human Rights Commission, (2001). An intersectional approach to discrimination. Addressing Multiple Grounds in Human Rights Claims, p. 5. Available at: http://www.ohrc.on.ca/sites/default/filesattachmentsAn_intersectional_approach_to_discrimination %3A_Addressing_multiple_grounds_in_human_rights_claims.pdf) OSCE, ODIHR hate-crime reporting: France, Available at: https://hatecrime.osce.org/france. OSCE, ODIHR hate-crime reporting: Germany, Available at: https://hatecrime.osce.org/germany. OSCE, ODIHR hate-crime reporting: United Kingdom, Available at: https://hatecrime.osce.org/united-kingdom. PAGER, D., SHEPHERD, H. (2008). The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets. In: Annual review of sociology, 34, 181–209, p. 182. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915460/. PERONI, L. (2017). Age and Gender Discrimination: Laudable Anti-Stereotyping Reasoning in Carvalho Pinto v. Portugal. Strasbourg Observers, Available at: https://strasbourgobservers.com/2017/09/28/age-and-gender-discrimination-laudable-anti-stereotyping-reasoning-in-carvalho-pinto-v-portugal/#more-3897. ProtectDefenders.eu, List of Alerts against Human Rights Defenders: Russia, 2016-2020. Available at: https://www.protectdefenders.eu/en/stats.html?yearFilter=all®ionFilter=& countryFilter=RU#mf. ProtectDefenders.eu, List of Alerts against Human Rights Defenders: Turkey, 2016-2020. Available at: https://www.protectdefenders.eu/en/stats.html?yearFilter=all®ionFilter=& countryFilter=TR#mf. Refugee Support Aegean, Risk of Repression: New Rules on Civil Society Supporting Refugees and Migrants in Greece, May 2020, p. 2. Available at: https://rsaegean.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/RSA_Comments_NGO_Registry.pdf. ROPER, S.D. (2017). Compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights: testing competing theoretical perspectives with post-communist countries. East European Quarterly, 45(3-4), 123-141. Available at: https://politicalscience.ceu.edu/sites/politicalscience.ceu.hu/files/attachment/basicpage/1095/stevenroper.pdf. SIMMONS, B. A. (2009). Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-451. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511811340. SIMMONS, B.A. (2000). International Law and State Behavior: Commitment and Compliance in International Monetary Affairs. The American Political Science Review, 94(4), 819-835, p. 819. Available at: http://www.jstor.com/stable/2586210. SIMSA, R., NEUNTEUFL, F., AHLFELD, C., GRASGRUBER-KERL, R., HECKERMANN, B., MODER, C., PRANZL, J., STADLBAUER, J. (2019). Civil Society Index: Update 2019, p. 39. Available at: https://gemeinnuetzig.at/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/IGO19_csi_Bericht_ 193x297_Kern_190415.pdf. SMITH, B. (2016). Intersectional Discrimination and Substantive Equality: A Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. The Equal Rights Review, Vol. Sixteen (2016). SOSA, L. (2017). Intersectionality in the Human Rights Legal Framework on Violence against Women: At the Centre or the Margins? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 18. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/intersectionality-in-the-human-rights-legal-framework-on-violence-against-women/3437DD6E6E381E020188871CE778DDCF. TALLBERG, J., DELLMUTH, L.M., AGNE, H., DUIT, A. (2015). NGO Influence in International Organizations: Information, Access and Exchange. Cambridge University Press, 48, 213-238, p. 216. The Freedom House, Nations in Transit Methodology. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/reports/nations-transit/nations-transit-methodology. The World Justice Project, The WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 report. Available at: https://worldjusticeproject.org/our-work/research-and-data/wjp-rule-law-index-2020. The Open Society Justice Initiative (2012). ECHR reform: Margin of Appreciation. Available at: https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/918a3997-3d40-4936-884b-bf8562b9512b/echr-reform-margin-of-appreciation.pdf TOBLER, C. (2008). Limits and potential of the concept of indirect discrimination, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008. Available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/aa081c13-197b-41c5-a93a-a1638e886e61. YASUDA, Y. (2015). Rules, Norms and NGO Advocacy Strategies. Routledge, 1-228, p. 6. doi: 10.4324/9781315687179. YUWEN, L. (2016). NGOs in China and Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts. Routledge, 1-340, p. 302. |
| Předběžná náplň práce |
| Práce je zaměřena na zkoumání rozsahu článku 14 Evropské úmluvy o lidských právech, teoretický rámec a právní základ pojmu diskriminace. Příspěvek představuje analýzu judikatury Evropského soudu pro lidská práva, jak tento soud operuje otázku nerovnosti a jaké nepřesnosti výkladu ponechává. Primárním cílem je zpochybnit systém ochrany před diskriminací podle článku 14 a úlohu vnitrostátních aktérů v jeho rozvoji. Diplomová práce zkoumá míru souladu mezi signatáři úmluvy s jejími antidiskriminačními ustanoveními, zaměřuje se na jednotlivé schopnosti států plnit rozsudky Evropského soudu pro lidská práva. Použití komparativního přístupu také pomáhá analyzovat roli místních nevládních organizací v procesu dodržování závazků v oblasti lidských práv podle úmluvy mezi signatáři. Práce si klade za cíl ukázat, proč se úroveň ochrany před diskriminací v jednotlivých zemích liší, kterým překážkám čelí na cestě k dodržování lidských práv. |
| Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce |
| The thesis is focused on the examination of the scope of Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights, theoretical framework, and legal basis of the concept of discrimination. The paper presents an analysis of the caselaw of the European Court on Human Rights, how the latter operationalises the issue of inequality, and which inaccuracies of interpretation it leaves. The primary aim is to challenge the system of protection against discrimination under the Article 14 as well as the role of the national actors in its development. The thesis examines the level of compliance among signatories of the Convention with its anti- discriminatory provisions and focuses on the individual capacities of the states to satisfy judgements of the European Court on Human Rights. The usage of the comparative approach also helps to analyse the role of local non-governmental organisations in the process of compliance with human rights obligations under the Convention among signatories. The thesis aims to show why the level of protection against discrimination differs from the one country to another and which obstacles they face on the path towards the respect for human rights. |