Change and continuity in a Japanese rite of passage: the case of Shichigosan

• Název práce v češtině: Change and continuity in a Japanese rite of passage: the case of Shichigosan
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Change and continuity in a Japanese rite of passage: the case of Shichigosan
• Klíčová slova: rituál, prechodový rituál, spoločenská zmena, konzumná spoločnosť, média
• Klíčová slova anglicky: ritual, rite of passage, social change, consumer culture, media
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2007/2008
• Typ práce: disertační práce
• Jazyk práce: čeština
• Ústav: Katedra sinologie (21-KSI)
• Vedoucí / školitel: doc. Ing. Jan Sýkora, M.A., Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno a potvrzeno stud. odd.
• Datum přihlášení: 01.02.2011
• Datum zadání: 01.02.2011
• Schválení administrátorem: zatím neschvalováno
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 13.12.2012 00:00
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 27.08.2012
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 13.12.2012
• Odevzdaná/finalizovaná: odevzdaná pracovníkem v zastoupení a finalizovaná
• Oponenti: prof. Zdeňka Švarcová, Dr.

Zásady pro vypracování

Táto práca sa zaoberá s rituálom, ktorý sa oslavuje dnes v Japonsku v tretom, piatom a siedmom roku života dieťaťa. Jedna sa o trojicu rituálov, ktorá sa bežne označuje spoločným názvom Šičigosan (v prekladu Sedem-Päť-Tri). V klasickom zmysle slova sa jedná o prechodový rituál. Dnes Šičigosan patrí medzi najpopulárnejšie oslavy japonskej rodiny.
Práca umiestňuje historický vývoj rituálu do všeobecného spoločenského a kultúrneho diania v Japonsku v časovom rámci od osemnásteho storočia až po súčasnosť. Počas tohto vývoja rituál sa preukázal ako schopný adaptovať sa na meniace spoločensko-ekonomické podmienky. Zmeny, ktorými rituál prechádzal, sa týkajú hlavnejaponskej rodiny, spoločenskej pozícii žien, životného štýlu vo veľkomestách, vzniku spotrebiteľskej spoločnosti, posilnenia vplyvu médií a sveta marketingu. Jednotlivé kapitoly sa zameriavajú na rôzne faktory, ktoré ovplyvňovali a ovplyvňujú vývoj rituálnej formy a významovosti počas jednotlivých historických období.
Analýza rituálu môže prispieť k lepšiemu pochopeniu dynamiky sociálnych premien v modernej spoločnosti, ako aj procesu, v ktorom sa utvára význam rituálu v interakcii medzi rôznymi aktérmi, ako sú rodina, obchodná sféra, média a náboženské inštitúcie.
Otázky, na ktoré táto práca hľadá odpovede sú nasledovné: Aký význam predstavuje dnes tento rituál v živote japonskej rodiny? Ktoré sú hlavné faktory, ktoré umožnili zachovanie kontinuity tohto rituálu? Akú úlohu zohráva obchodná sféra a média pri vytváraní významu rituálu v živote japonskej rodiny?

Seznam odborné literatury

Akata, Mitsuo赤田光男. 1979. "Girei denshō儀礼伝承 (Ritual tradition)."In Nihon Minzokugaku, eds.Mitsuo Akata, Noboru Miyata, Ajio Fujita etal, 83-112. Tokyo: Kōbundō.

Akiyama, Chūya秋山忠彌. 1992. "Edo no ryūkō 江戸の流行 (The fashion of Edo)." InEdo Jidai: Seikatsu, bunka. Sōran, eds. Matsunosuke Nishiyama et al. 80-88. Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōrai.

Akiyama, Toyoko秋山とよこ. 1995. "Hahaoya makase no nihon, kosodate ni kakawaru hito 母親まかせの日本,子育てにかかわる人(Leaving work on women in Japan, persons responsible for care of children). " In Josei noDētabukku女性のデータブック (Women’s data book), eds. Teruko Inoue andYumiko Ehara, 26-27. Tokyo: Yūhikaku.

Adler, Margot. 1986. Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today. Boston: Beacon Press.

Amano, Takeshi 天野 武. 1980. "Wakamono-gumi 若者組み(Youth groups)." In Nihon no minzoku 2. Shakai to kōsei, ed. Kōkei Mogami, 41-59. Tokyo: Yūseidō.

Ambaras, David R. 1998. "Social Knowledge, Cultural Capital, and the New Middle Class in Japan. 1895-1912."Journal of Japanese Studies 24 (1): 1-33.

Amstutz, Galen. 2012. "Materiality and Spiritual Economies in PremodernJapanese Buddhism: A Problem in Historical Change."Journal of Religion in Japan 1: 142-167.

Appadurai, Arjun.1986. The Social Life of Things. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

-----.2006(1996). Modernità in Polvere (Modernity at Large). Roma: Biblioteca Meltemi.

Aries, Philippe. 1962. Centuries of Childhood. A Social History of Family Life. New York: Vintage Books.

Ashikari, Mikiko. 2003. "Urban Middle-Class Japanese Women and Their White Faces: Gender, Ideology and Representation."Ethos 31 (1): 3-37.

Ashkenazi, Michael. 1993. Matsuri. Festival of a Japanese Town. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Awasaka, Tsumao泡坂妻夫. 2005. "Shichigosan 七五三."Ueno (September): 4-7.

Barnard, Alan, and Jonathan Spencer. 2006. "Rite of passage." In Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, eds. Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer, 489-490. London, New York: Routledge.

Belk, Russell W., Melanie Wallendorf, and John F. Sherry, Jr. 1989. "The Sacred and the Profane in Consumer Behavior: Theodicy on the Odyssey."Journal of Consumer Research 16 (June): 1- 38.

Bell, Catherine. 1992. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

-----. 2009 (1997). Ritual. Perspectives and Dimensions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Benedict, Ruth. 1955. "Continuities and Discontinuities in Cultural Conditioning." In Childhood in Contemporary Cultures, eds. Margaret Mead and Martha Wolfenstein, 21-30.University of Chicago Press.

Berghaus,Gunter. 1988. "Ritual and Crisis. Survival Techniques of Humans and Other Animals."Performance Research3 (3):65-73.

Bestor, Theodore C. 1989. Neighborhood Tokyo. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Boissevain, Jeremy, ed. 1992a. Revitalizing European Rituals. London, New York: Routledge.

-----. 1992b. "Introduction. Revitalizing European rituals." In Revitalizing European Rituals, eds. Jeremy Boissevain, 1-19. London, New York: Routledge.

-----. 1992c. "Play and Identity. Ritual Change in a Maltese Village." In Revitalizing European Rituals, ed. Jeremy Boissevain, 137-154. London, New York: Routledge.

Bossard James H.S., and E.Stoker Boll. 1960 (1948). The Sociology of Child Development. New York: Harper Brother Publ.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

-----. 1990 (1965). Photography: A Middle-Brow Art. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Carrier, James G. 2002. "Exchange." In Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, eds. Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer, 218-221. London and New York: Routledge.

Chen,Shing-Jen. 1996. "Are Japanese Young Children among the Gods?" In Japanese Childrearing. Two Generations of Scholarship, eds. David W. Shwalb and Barbara J. Shwalb, 31-43. New York, London: The Guilford Press.

Clammer, John. 1997. Contemporary Urban Japan: A Sociology of Consumption. Oxford: Blackwell.

Colloredo-Mansfeld, Rudolf. 2005. "Consumption." In A Handbook of Economic Anthropology, ed. James G. Carrier, 210-225. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar.

Creighton, Millie R. 1992. "The Depato: Merchandising the West while Selling Japaneseness." In Re-Made in Japan. Everyday Life and Consumer Taste in a Changing Society, ed. Joseph J. Tobin, 42-57. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

-----. 1994. "The Shifting Imagery of Childhood Amidst Japan’s Consumer Affluence: The Birth of the ”5 Pocket Child”." In Images of the Child, ed. Harry Eiss, 77-102. Bowling Green Stat University Popular Press.

Crump, Thomas. 1992. The Japanese Numbers Game: The Use and Understanding of Numbers in Modern Japan. Oxford: Nissan Institute/ Routledge Japanese Studies Series.

Dalby, Lisa. 1993. Kimono: Fashioning Culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Daniels, Inge.2009. "Seasonal and Commercial Rhythms of Domestic Consumption: A Japanese Case of Study." In Time, Consumption and Everyday Life: Practice, Materiality and Culture, eds.Elizabeth Shove, Frank Trentmann and Richard Wilk, 171-188. Oxford, New York: Berg Publishers.

De Coppet, Daniel. 1992. "Introduction." In Understanding Rituals, ed. Daniel De Coppet, 1-10. London: Routledge.

Dōke, Sanki 道家三季. 1960."Shichigosan mairi ni okeru ishō chōsa 七五三参りにおける衣裳調査(Survey on clothing customs at Shichigosan shrine visit)."Ifuku Gakkai Zasshi 4 (2): 36-46.

Dōke, Toki 道家とき, and Junk Sano 佐野恂子 and Miyoko Hata旗美代子. 1990. "Shichigosan no gyōji to shūchaku nitsuite Part I しちごさんの行事と祝着について(About the custom of Shichigosan and of festive dress Part I)."Nihon Ifuku Gakkaishi 34 (1): 8-23.

Dore, Ronald. 1958. CityLife in Japan: A Study of a Tokyo Ward. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Douglas, Mary, and Baron Isherwood. 1984. Il mondo delle cose (The World of Goods). Il Mulino, Intersezioni.

Douglas, Mary. 2003 (1970). Natural Symbols. London and New York: Routledge Classics.

Dunn, Charles J. 1969. Everyday Life in Traditional Japan. London: Batsford.

Durkheim, Emile. 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Free Press.

Edwards, Walter. 1982. "Something Borrowed: Wedding Cakes as Symbols in Modern Japan."American Ethnologist 9 (4): 699-711.

-----. 1989. Modern Japan Through Its Weddings. Gender, Person, and Society in Ritual Portrayal. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Eliade, Mircea. 1963. Myth and Reality. Transl. by Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper and Row.

Fortes, Meyer. 1962. "Ritual and Office in Tribal Society." In Essays on the Ritual of Social Relations, ed. Max Gluckman, 53-88. Manchester: MUP.

Francks, Penelope. 2009. The Japanese Consumer. An Alternative Economic History of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fried, Martha Nemes, and Morthon H. Fried. 1980. Transitions: Four Rituals in Eight Cultures. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company.

Fujitani, Takashi. 1992. "Electronic Pageantry and Japan’s ‘Symbolic Emperor."The Journal of Asian Studies 51 (4): 824-850.

Fukuo, Miya福尾美夜. 1984. "Kizome, hakizome. Okayamaken no jirei着初め、履き初め―福岡県の事例 (First cloth-wearing, first shoe-putting. Examples from the prefecture of Okayama)."Josei to Keiken 9: 66-69.

Fukutake, Tadashi. 1972 (1967). Japanese Rural Society. Transl. by Ronald P. Dore. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

Fuseya, Setsuko布施谷節子. 1991. "Nyūyōji no iseikatsu no genjō. Iseikatsu no inshi bunseki乳幼児の衣生活の現状。衣生活の因子分析 Part I (Clothing habits of infants. Analysis of factors of clothing culture)."Kaseishi42 (6): 545-550．

Geertz, Clifford. 1957. "Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example."American Anthropologist 59 (1): 32-54.

-----. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books.

Gluckman, Max.1962. "Les rites de passage." In Essays on the Ritual of Social Relations, ed. Max Gluckman, 1-52. Manchester: MUP.

Goldstein-Gidoni, Ofra. 1997. Packaged Japaneseness. Weddings, Business and Brides. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

Goody, Jack. 1977. "Against ‘Ritual: Loosely Structured Thoughts on a Loosely Defined Topic." In Secular Ritual, eds. Barbara Myerhoff and Sally Moore. Assen: Van Gorcum.

Goy-Yamamoto, Ana Maria. 2004. "Japanese Youth Consumption. A Cultural and a Social (R)evolution Crossing Borders."Asia Europe Journal 2:271-282.

Gordon, Andrew. 2007. "Consumption, Leisure and the Middle Class in Transwar Japan."Social Science Japan Journal 10:1-21.

-----. 2009. A Modern History of Japan. Oxford University Press.

Grimes, L. Ronald. 2002.Deeply Into the Bones. Reinventing Rites of Passage. Berkely, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.

Hanasaki, Kazuo 花咲一男.1997. Senryū Edo Saijiki川柳江戸歳時記 (Edo Senryū Almanach). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.

Hansen, Anke. 2009. "Meiji Jingū no Shichigosan 明治神宮の七五三 (Shichigosan at the Meiji Jingū)". Unpublished research paper presented at the seminar of Kokugakuin University.

Hara, Hiroko, and Mieko Minagawa. 1996. "From Productive Dependents to Precious Guests: Historical Changes in Japanese Children." In Japanese Childrearing. Two Generations of Scholarship, eds. David W. Shwalb and Barbara J. Shwalb, 9-30. New York, London: The Guilford Press.

Hashiura, Yasuo 橋浦泰雄, and Tokihiko Ōtō 大藤時彦, and Yuki Ōtōi 大藤ゆきet al. 2008. Nihon San’iku Shūzoku Shiryō Shūsei日本産育習俗資料集成(Collection of materials on Japanese child-rearing customs). Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Sentā.

Hayama, Akira. 2010.Population and Family in Early Modern Central Japan.

Hendry, Joy.1981. Marriage in Changing Japan. Rutland, Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co.

-----. 1986. Becoming Japanese. The World of the Pre-School Child. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

-----. 2003. Understanding Japanese Society. Nissan Institute. Routledge Japanese Studies Series.

Higuchi, Keiko.1985(1978). Bringing up Girls. Status of Women in Japan. (Onna no ko no sodatekata.) Kyoto: Shōkado Booksellers Private Company.

Himeda, Chūgi姫田 忠義. 1983. Kosodate no minzoku wo tazunete子育ての民俗をたずねて (Inquiring on the folklore of child-rearing). Tokyo: Hakujasha.

Hirayama, Kazuhiko 平山和彦. 1994. "Seinenshiki 成年式(The coming-of-age ritual)."In Nihon minzokujiten, ed. Otsuka Minzokugakkai, 337-378. Tokyo: Kōbundō.

Hobsbawm, Eric and TerenceRanger, eds. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hōri, Ichirō. 1968. Folk Religion in Japan. Continuity and Change. The University of Chicago Press.

Iijima, Yoshiharu. 1987. "Folk Culture and the Liminality of Children."Current Anthropology 28(4):41-49.

----- 飯島吉晴. 1991. Kodomo no Minzokugaku子供の民俗学(The folklore of children). Tokyo: Shinyōsha.

Imamura, Anne E.1987. Urban Japanese Housewives: At Home and in the Community. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Inagaki, Shisei 稲垣史生. 1992. "Edo shomin no ishhō 江戸庶民の一生 (The life of commoners in Edo)." In Edo Jidai: Seikatsu, bunka. Sōran, eds.Matsunosuke Nishiyama et al. 76-88. Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōrai.

Inoue, Yukichi. 1911. Home Life in Tokyo. Tokyo Printing Company.

Inoue, Teruko井上輝子 and Yumiko Ehara 江原由美子, eds. 1995. Josei no Dētabukku 女性のデータブック (Women’s data book). Tokyo: Yūhikaku.

Inoguchi, Shōji井之口章次. 1959. "Tanjō to ikuji 誕生と育児(Birth and child-rearing)." In Nihon Minzokugaku Taikei. 4. Shakai to Minzoku II, eds. TokuzōŌmachi et al, 189-246. Tokyo: Heibonsha.

-----. 1978. "Tsūka Girei 通過儀礼 (Rites of passage)." In Nihon no Minzoku 3. Jinsei Girei, ed.Shōji Inoguchi, 1-28. Tokyo: Yūseidō.

Ishii, Kenji. 2000 (1994). "Annual Events and the Transformation of Japanese Religious Life." In Folk Beliefs in Modern Japan, eds. Wakimoto Tsuneya and Keiichi Yanagawa. Contemporary papers in Japanese religion 3. Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University. http://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/cpjr/folkbeliefs/index.html (accessed 2012/03/01).

----- 石井研士. 2005. Kekkonshiki. Shiawase wo tsukuru gishiki結婚式幸せを創る儀式(Wedding. A ritual that creates happiness). Tokyo: Nihon Hōsō Shuppan Kyōkai.

-----. 2008(1997). Deetaa bukku. Gendai Nihonjin no shukyō データブック. 現代日本人の宗教(Data Book. Religion of the contemporary Japanese).Tokyo: Shinyōsha.

-----.2009(2005). Nihonjin no ichinen to isshō. Kawariyuku nihonjin no shinsei日本人の一年と一生、変わり行く日本人の心性 (The life and the year of the Japanese. The changing nature of the Japanese). Tokyo: Shunjusha.

Ishizuka, Takatoshi石塚尊俊. 1978. "San no imi産の忌 (Taboos about birth)."In Nihon no Minzoku 3. Jinsei Girei, ed. Shōji Inoguchi. Tokyo: Yūseidō.

Itabashi, Haruo板橋春夫. 2007. Tanjō to Shi no Minzokugaku誕生と死の民俗学 (Folklore of birth and death). Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

Itō, Mikiharu伊藤幹治. 1974. Inasaku-Girei no Kenkyū稲作儀礼の研(Study of the inasaku rite). Tokyo: Jiritsu Shobō.

Ivy, Marilyn. 1993."Formation of Mass culture." In Postwar Japan as History, ed. Gordon Andrew. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Iwamoto, Michiya 岩本通弥. 2008. "Kashika sareru shūzoku 可視化される習俗 (Manners and customs made visible)."Kokuritsu Rekishi Minzoku Hakubutsukan Kenkyū Hōkoku Vol. 141 (March): 265-322.

Iwata, Shigenori 岩田重則 . 1999. "Nenrei chitsujo to nenrei shūdan年齢秩序と年齢集団(Age order and age groups)."In Nihon no Minzokugaku 3. Shakai to minzoku, eds. Ajio Fujita and Mitsuo Akata, 139-154.Yūzankaku.

Iwao, Sumiko. 1986. "Skills and Life Strategies of Japanese Businesswomen." In The Cultural Transition: Human Experience and Social Transformation in the Third World and Japan, eds. Merry White and Susan Pollak. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Jennings, W. Theodore. 1982. "On Ritual Knowledge."The Journal of Religion, 62 (2): 111-127.

Jeremy, Michael, and M.E. Robinson. 1989. Ceremony and Symbolism in the Japanese Home. Manchester University Press.

Jinja Honchō KyōgakuKenkyūjo神社本庁教学研究所, eds. 2007."Daisankai ’Jinja ni kansuru ishiki chōsa’ hōkokusho. (第三回「神社に関する意識調査」報告書) (Third report on the ‘Survey on the religious consciousness concerning Shinto shrines’)." Jinja Honchō Kyōgaku Kenkyūjo.

-----, eds. 2008. Jinja ni kansuru ishiki chōsa神社に関する意識調査. «Hōkokusho報告書» (Survey on consciousness about shrines). Third report. Jinja Honchō Kyōgaku Kenkyūjo.

Jones, A. Mark, 2010. Children as Treasures: Childhood and the Middles Class in Early Twentieth Century Japan. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.

Kagiwada, Yūko 鍵和田柚子. 1981. "Shichigosan.七五三."Haiku 30 (November): 122-125.

Kamei, Yoshie 亀井好恵. 2000. "Seijoshiki 成女式 (Coming of age rites for girls)","Jūsanmairi 十三参り(The rite of thirteen)." In Nihonjin to Jinsei Girei, eds. Atsuko Kuraishi, Kazuhiko Komatsu and Noboru Miyata, 102-103. Tokyo: Shōgakukan.

Kami, Shōichirō上笙一郎. 1989. Nihonjidōshi no kaitaku日本児童史の開拓(The development of the history of Japanese childhood). Tokyo: Komine Shoten.

Kapferer, Bruce.1977. "First Class to Maradana: Secular Drama in Sinhalese Healing Rites." In Secular Ritual, eds. Sally Frank Moore and BarbaraG. Myerhoff, 91-123. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum and Co.

Kawano, Satsuki. 2005. Ritual Practice in Modern Japan. Ordering Place, People and Action. Honolulu: University of UH Press. UHP.

Kawade, Mieko 河出三枝子. 1986. "Ninōsanson二農山村(Two mountain agricultural villages)." In Kiseki to henyō. Segawa Kiyoko no ashiato wo ou, eds. Josei Minzokugaku Kenkyū Kai, 137-148. Tokyo: Gyōsei.

Kelly, William W. 1985. "Rationalization and Nostalgia: Cultural Dynamics of New Middle-Class Japan."American Ethnology 13: 603-614.

Kelly John D., and Martha Kaplan.1990. "History, Structure, and Ritual."Annu. Rev.Anthropol. 19: 119-50.

Kingsolver, Ann E. 2002. "Power." In Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, eds. Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer, 445-448. London and New York: Routledge.

Kitamura, Sumie 北村澄江. 1984. "Akai iro no juryoku nitsuite赤い色の呪力について (About the magical power of the red color)."Josei to Keiken 9 (Sept.25): 23-26.

Kiyomizu, Toki清水とき. 2005. "Shichigosan fukusō chōsa七五三服装調査 (Survey on Shichigosan dress)."Shiruku Jōhō 3: 26-31.

Knight, John. 1999. "Monkeys on the Move: The Natural Symbolism of People-Macaque Conflict in Japan."The Journal of Asian Studies58 (3):622-647.

Kojiruien 古事類苑Reishiki bu 礼式部. 1969. Edited by Jingū Shichō. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

Kokugakuin University 21^st Century Center of Excellence Program, eds. 2006. Research Report. Survey of Japanese Religiosity and Beliefs about Kami, 2003. Survey of Japanese Participation in, Recognition of, and Value Judgments Regarding Japanese Religious Organizations, 2004. Tokyo: Kokugakuin University.

Kokumin Seikatsu Hakusho(Report on the life of the population).2001.www5.cao.go.jp/j-j/wp-pl/wp-p101/html/13301c10.html.access: 08/31/2009.

Kondō, Motohiro.1999. ‘The baby bust.’ Japan Echo. 26 (1).

Kornhauser, David. 1976. Urban Japan: Its Foundations and Growth. London, New York: Longman.

Koschmann, J.Victor. 1993. "Folklore Studies and the Conservative Anti-Establishment in Modern Japan." In International Perspectives on Yanagita Kunio and Japanese Folklore Studies, eds. J.Victor Koschmann, Keibō Ōiwa, and Shinji Yamashita, 131-164. New York: Cornell University East Asia Program.

Kuraishi, Tadahiko倉石忠彦. 1990. Toshi minzokuron josetsu都市民俗論序説 (An introduction to the theory of urban folklore).Tokyo:Yūsankaku.

Kuraishi, Atsuko 倉石あつ子. 1983. "San’iku shūzoku oboegaki 産育習俗覚書(Notes on child-rearing customs)."Josei to Keiken8 (Sept. 25): 22-25.

-----. 2000. "Ninpu kigan 妊婦祈願(Prayers during pregnancy)", "Ubugami 産神(Birth deities)."In Nihonjin to Jinsei Girei,eds.Atsuko Kuraishi, Kazuhiko Komatsu and Noboru Miyata, 13-14.Tokyo: Shōgakukan.

Lewis, Catherine C. 1995. Educating Hearts and Minds. Reflections on Japanese Preschool and Elementary Education. Cambridge University Press.

Lindsey, William R. 2007. Fertility and Pleasure. Ritual and Sexual Values in Tokugawa Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Linhart, Sepp. 1988. "From Industrial to Postindustrial Society: Changes in Japanese Leisure Related Values and Behavior."Journal of Japanese Studies14 (2): 271-307.

Lock, Margaret.1988. The Selfish Housewife and Menopausal Syndrome in Japan. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.

Luetchford, Peter. 2005. "Economic Anthropology and Ethics." In A Handbook of Economic Anthropology, ed. James G. Carrier, 390-404. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar.

Matsumoto, Shigemi松本繁美. 2005. Kankonsōsai.Kurashi no manaa daihyakka. 冠婚葬祭,暮らしのマナー大百科 (The etiquette and ceremonies. Encyclopedia of lifestyle manners).Nihon Bungeisha.

Matsuyama, Yōko 松山容子, and Setsuko Fuseya 布施谷節子. 1995. "Shichigosan no shūchaku ni mita iseikatsu kōdō七五三の祝着にみた衣生活行動(Acquiring and wearing patterns of gay clothes in Shichigosan)."Kiyō (Bulletin of Otsuma Women University Home Economics) 31: 31-39.

McCracken, Grant. 1988. "Culture and Consumption: A Theoretical Account of the Structure and Movement of the Cultural Meaning of Consumer Goods."The Journal of Consumer Research 13 (1): 71-84.

Mertzel, Mark. 2004. "Woman’s Place in Japan’s Great Depression: Reflections on Moral Economy of Deflation."Journal of Japanese Studies 30 (2): 315-352.

Miller, Daniel. 1987.Material Culture and Mass Consumption. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Mitchell, Jon P. 2006. "Ritual." In Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, eds. Alan Barnard and John Spencer, 490-492. London, New York: Routledge.

Miyata, Noboru宮田登. 1983. Onna no reiryoku to ie no kami女と霊力と家の神(The spiritual power of the woman and the deities of the house). Tokyo: Jinbunshoin.

-----. 2007a. Nihonjin no reiteki sekai日本人の霊的世界 (The spiritual world of the Japanese). Tokyo: Yōsensha.

-----.2007b. Kodomo,rōjin to sei子供, 老人と性 (The children, the aged and the nature). Miyata Noboru Nihon wo kataru shirīzu 12 (Noboru Miyata’s talk about Japan, Series 12). Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

Moeran, Brian, and Lisa Skov.1993. "Cinderella Christmas: Kitsch, Consumerism, and Youth in Japan." In Unwrapping Christmas, ed. Daniel Miller, 105-133. Oxford University Press.

Moeran, Brian.1995."Reading Japanese in Katei Gahō: The Art of Being an Upperclass Woman."In Women, Media, and Consumption in Japan, eds. Lisa Skovand Brian Moeran, 111-142. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press.

Moore, Sally Falk and Barbara G. Myerhoff, eds. 1977a. Secular Ritual. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum and Co.

Moore, Sally Falk, and Barbara G. Myerhoff. 1977b. "Introduction: Secular ritual: Forms and Meanings." In Secular Ritual, eds. Sally Falk Mooreand Barbara S. Myerhoff, 3-24. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum and Co.

Morse, Ronald A. 1993. "Yanagita Kunio and the Modern Japanese Consciousness." In International Perspectives on Yanagita Kunio and Japanese Folklore Studies, eds. J.Victor Koschmann, Keibō Ōiwa, and Shinji Yamashita, 11-28. New York: East Asia Program Cornell University.

Myerhoff, Barbara. 1977. "We Don’t Wrap Herring in a Printed Page." In Secular Ritual, eds. Sally Falk Moore and Barbara S. Myerhoff, 199-225. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum and Co.

Nakae, Katsumi中江克己.2007. Edo no Shitsuke to Kosodate 江戸のしつけと子育て(Child-rearing and child-care in Edo). Tokyo: Shodensha.

Nakai, Seiichi中井精一. 2000. "Seijinshiki成人式 (Coming of age rite)." In Nihonjin to Jinsei Girei, eds.Atsuko Kuraishi, Kazuhiko Komatsu and Noboru Miyata, 116-118. Tokyo: Shōgakukan.

Nakamaki, Hirochika. 1995. "Memorial Monuments and Memorial Services of Japanese Companies." In Ceremony and Ritual in Japan: Religious Practices in an Industrialized Society, eds. Jan van Bremen and Dolores P. Martinez, 146-158. London and New York: Routledge.

Nakamura, Hiroko中村ひろ子. 1989. "Haregi wo kangaeru ハレ着を考える (Thinking about festive dress)."Josei to Keiken 14: 24-28.

Naoe, Kōji直江広治. 1994. "Jūsanmairi十三参り(The rite at thirteen years of age)." In Nihon Fūzokushi Jiten, eds. Nihon Fūzokushi Gakkai, 286-287. Tokyo: Kōbundō.

Nelson, John K. 1996. A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine.Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

-----. 1997. "Warden+Virtuoso+Salaryman= Priest: Paradigms within Japanese Shinto for Religious Specialists and Institutions."The Journal of Asian Studies 56 (3): 678-707.

NHK Hōsō Seron chōsasho, eds. 1982. Sengo seronshi. (History of postwar opinion polls.) Hōsō kyokai. Tokyo: Enshinsha.

Nishimura, Takao.2006. "Household debt and consumer education in postwar Japan." In Ambivalent Consumer. Questioning Consumption in East Asia and the West, eds. Sheldon Garon and Patricia L. Laclachlan, 260-280. Cornell University Press.

Nishiyama, Matsunosuke 西山 松之助. 1975. "Edo no machinanushi Saitō Gesshin江戸の町名主斉藤月岑 (Edo’s town lord, Saitō Gesshin)." In Edo Chōnin no Kenkyū江戸町人の研究 4 (Study on the townsmen of Edo, Vol. 4), eds. Matsunosuke Nishiyama et al. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

-----, ed. 1992.Edo Jidai: Seikatsu, bunka. Sōran 江戸時代, 生活, 文化, 総覧 (Edo era. Life and culture. Overview). Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōraisha.

Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1987. The Monkey as Mirror: Symbolic Transformation in Japanese History and Ritual. Princeton: Princeton University.

Okada, Teruko 岡田照子. 1984. "Shussan to makura no shūzoku 出産と枕の習俗(Customs related to birth and pillow)."Josei to Keiken9 (Sept.25): 11-14.

Ōmachi, Tokuzō 大間知篤三. 1976. "Seinenshiki no minzoku 成年式の民俗 (Folklore of coming-of-age rites)." In Chosakushū(Collected writings). Vol. 3. Tokyo: Miraisha.

Ono, Jūrō 小野重郎. 1970. Nōkō girei no kenkyū農耕儀礼の研究(Study of agricultural rites). Tokyo: Kōbundō.

Onozawa, Masaki小野沢正喜.1999. "Tsūka girei 通過儀礼(Rites of passage)." in Nihon Minzoku Daijiten, eds. Ajio Fujita and Yoriko Kanda et al, 118-9. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

Ōtō, Yuki 大藤ゆき. 1968. Jiyarai児やらい(Childrearing). Tokyo: Iwasaki Bijutsusha.

-----. 1983. "Dōsojin to kodomo道祖神と子供 (The Kami of Dōsojin and children)."Josei to Keiken 8: 15-19.

-----. 1989. "Sei to shi no kimono生と死のきもの (Kimono at birth and at death)."Josei to Keiken 14: 1-8.

-----. 1990. Kosodate no minzoku子育ての民俗 (Folklore of child-rearin). Tokoy: Iwata shoin.

-----. 1991. "Seichō to oi 成長と老い (Growth and ageing)."Josei to Keiken 19: 53-56.

Ōtomo, Ichiyū 大友一雄2000. "Kinsei buke shakai no nenjū girei to jinsei girei 近世武家社会の年中儀礼と人生儀礼 (Seasonal and life-cycle rituals of the warrior class in the Early Modern Age)."Rekishi6 (November): 53-59.

Parkin, David. 1992. "Ritual As Spatial Direction and Bodily Division." In Understanding Rituals, ed.Daniel De Coppet, 11-25. London: Routledge.

Peak, Lois. 1993. Learning to Go to School in Japan: The Transition from Home to Preschool Life. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Plath, David W. 1963. "The Japanese Popular Christmas: Coping with Modernity."The Journal of American Folklore76 (32): 309-317.

Pleck, Elizabeth H. 2000. Celebrating the Family. Ethnicity, Consumer Culture, and Family Rituals. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press.

Porcu, Elisabetta. 2012. "Observations on the Blurring of the Religiousand the Secular in a Japanese Urban Setting."Journal of Religion in Japan 1: 83-106.

Priest, Alan. 1936. "Japanese Hair Ornaments."The Metropolitan Art Museum of Art Bulletin 31 (3): 53-56.

Reader, Ian, and George J. Tanabe, Jr. 1998. Practically Religious. Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Report on the Survey on Celebration Costs of the Sanwa Bank Home Consultant Group 1997. 三和銀行ホームコンサルタント調査レポート, October : 30- 36.

Robertson, Jennifer. 1994. Native and Newcomer. Making and Remaking a Japanese City. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rook, Dennis W. 1985. "The Ritual Dimension of Consumer Behavior."Journal of Consumer Research 12 (December): 251- 264.

‘Rōshō Denshō’ 老少伝承(Folklore of the aged and of the young). 1983. In Nihon minzoku kenkyū taikei IV, eds. Kokugakuin Daigaku Nihon Minzoku Taikei Henshū Iinkai. Tokyo: Kokugakuin Daigaku.

Sadamura, Tadashi 定村忠士. 2005 (1985). "Katei Bunka 家庭文化(Family culture)." In Kōdo Seichō to Nihonjin 2. Kateihen. Kazoku no Seikatsu, eds. Kōdo Seichō wo Kangaeru Kai, 225-288. Nihon Editā Skūru.

Sahlins, Marshall. 1972. Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine.

Sakamoto, Ikkō 坂元一光. 1999. "Tsūka girei to hyōshō tekunorojī通過儀礼と表象テクノロジー(Ritesof passage and the technology of the representation)."Kyūshū Daigaku Daigakuin Kyōikugaku Kenkyū Kiyō (Reserach Bulletin Education, Kyushu University)2 (45):191-201.

Sakurai, Tōru桜井秀. 1938. "Shichigosan Shukusetsu Fūzokushikō 七五三祝節風俗思考(Thoughts about the custom and celebration of Shichigosan)."Rekishi Kōron (December): 121-124.

Sano, Junko佐野恂子, Toki Dōke道家とき, and Miyoko Hata旗美代子. 1990. ‘Shichigosan no gyōji to shūchaku nitsuite Part II しちごさんの行事と祝着について(About the custom of Shichigosan and of festive dress Part II).Nihon Ifuku Gakkaishi 34 (1): 8-23.

Sasaki, Michiko 佐々木美智子. 1984. "Ubugami to kegare 産神と穢れ(The birthing deity and impurity)."Josei to Keiken 9 (September 25): 39-41.

Sasama, Yoshihiko笹間良彦. 2001 (1995). Edo seikatsu zukan江戸生活図鑑(An Illustrated Reference Book of Life in Edo). Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobō.

Satō, Yōjin佐藤要人. 1992. "Edo wo utsusu senryū江戸を映す川柳 (Senryū that reflect Edo)."In Edo Jidai. Seikatsu, bunka. Sōran, eds. Matsunosuke Nishiyama et al. 88-95. Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōrai.

Schmidt, Leigh Eric. 1995. Consumer Rites. The Buying and Selling of American Holidays. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Shida, Kiyoshi 1999. "The Shintoist wedding ceremony in Japan: an invented tradition."Media, Culture & Society 21 (2): 195-204.

Shiochi, Etsusaburō 潮地悦三郎. 1986. Jinsei no Shūzoku人生の習俗 (Customs of life). Tokyo: Shoten.

Shively, Donald H. 1964. "Sumptuary regulations and status in early Tokugawa Japan."Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies25 (1964-65): 123-164.

Schnell, Scott. 1999. The Rousing Drum: Ritual Practice in a Japanese Community. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Schnell, Scott, and Hiroyuki Hashimoto. 2003. "Guest Editors’ Introduction: Revitalizing Japanese Folklore."Asian Folklore Studies 62 (2): 185-194.

Segawa, Kiyoko.1963. "Menstrual Taboos Imposed upon Women." In Studies in Japanese Folklore, ed. Richard M. Dorson, 239-250. Bloomington; Indiana University Press.

Shintani, Takanori 新谷尚紀. 1986. Sei to shi no minzokushi生と死の民俗史(Folk history of life and death). Tokyo: Mokujisha.

-----. 1999. "Jinsei girei人生儀礼(Life-cycle rituals)." Nihon Minzoku Daijiten, eds. Ajio Fujita and Yoriko Kanda et al. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

Shintani, Takanori 新谷尚紀, Namihira, Emiko 波平 恵美子, and Yōji Yukawa 湯川 洋司. 2003. Kurashi no naka no minzokugaku 3. Isshō暮らしの中の民俗学3一生(Folklore in everyday life. 3. The life cycle). Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

Shove, Elizabeth, and Frank Trentmannand Richard Wilk, eds. 2009. Time, Consumption and Everyday Life: Practice, Materiality and Culture. Oxford. New York: Berg Publishers.

Shwalb, David W., Shwalb, Barbara J., Hyun, J.-H., Shing-Jen Chen, Kusanagi, E, Satiadarma, M. P., MacKay, R. and Wilkey, B. 2010. "Maternal Beliefs, Images, and Metaphors of Child Development in the United States, Korea, Indonesia and Japan." InResearch and Clinical Center for Child Development. Annual Report, 1-23. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/42959.

Skov, Lisa, and Brian Moeran. 1995a. "Introduction: Hiding in the Light: From Oshin to Yoshimoto Banana." In Women, Media, and Consumption in Japan, eds. Lisa Skov and Brian Moeran, 1-74. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press.

-----, eds. 1995b. Women, Media, and Consumption in Japan. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press.

Smith, Karen C., and Carmi Schooler. 1978. "Women as Mothers in Japan: The Effects of Social Structure and Culture on Values and Behavior."Journal of Marriage and Family40 (3): 613-629.

Smith, Robert J. 1978. Kurusu. The Price of Progress in a Japanese Village 1951-1975. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

-----. 1987. "Gender Inequality in Contemporary Japan."Journal of Japanese Studies13 (1): 1-25.

-----. 1988."Postscript to Ella L. Wiswell: Suye Mura Fifty Years Later."American Ethnology 15: 380-384.

-----. 1994. "Wedding and Funeral Ritual: Analyzing a Moving Target." In Ceremony and Ritual in Japan: Religious Practices in an Industrialized Society, eds. Jan Van Bremen and Dolores P. Martinez, 25-37. London and New York: Routledge.

Smith II, Henry D. 1986. "Tokyo as an Idea: an Exploration of Japanese Urban Thought until 1945."Journal of Japanese Studies12 (1): 45-77.

Sofue, Takeo. 1965. "Childhood Ceremonies in Japan: Regional and Local Variations."Ethnology 4 (2): 148-64.

Sontag, Susan. 1973. On Photography.New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Stausberg, Michael. 2004. "Patterns of Ritual Change among Parsi-Zoroastrian in Recent Time."In The Dynamics of Changing Rituals. The Transformation of Religious Rituals within their Social and Cultural Context, edited by Kreinath Jens, Constance Hartung, and Anette Deschner, 233-242. New York: Peter Lang Publishing

Sugawara, Masako菅原正子. 2000. "Shichigosan no genryū七五三の源流(The origins of Shichigosan)."Nihonrekishi 6: 47-52.

-----. 2007. Chūsei no Buke to Kuge no ‘Ie’ 中世の武家と公家の家(The samurai and the noble family in the Middle Age). Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

Suzuki, Hikaru. 2000. The Price of Death. The Funeral Industry in Contemporary Japan.

Suzuki, Masataka 鈴木正崇.1998. "Tsūka Girei 通過儀礼(Rites of passage)." In Nihon no Minzokugaku. VI. Jikan no Minzoku 4, eds. Mitsuo Akata and Ajio Fukuta. Tokyo: Yūsankaku.

-----. 1999a. "Girei 儀礼(Ritual)." In Nihon Minzoku Daijiten, eds. Ajio Fujita, Yoriko Kanda et al. 510-511. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

-----. 1999b. "Sairei 祭礼 (Festival)." In Nihon Minzoku Daijiten, ed. Ajio Fujita, Yoriko Kanda et al. 682-683. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.

-----. 2000. "Shichigosan 七五三." In Nihonjin to Jinsei Girei, eds. Atsuko Kuraishi, Kazuhiko Komatsu and Noboru Miyata, 62-66. Tokyo: Shōgakukan.

Sýkora, Jan. 2005. "Svet tokugawských obchodniku (The World of Tokugawa Merchants)."In Zapisky o obchodnicich (Some Observation on Merchants), Takafusa Mitsui. Praha: DharmaGaia, 5-46.

Taguchi, Yūko 田口祐子. 2008. "Gendai no yakudoshi ni kansuru ichichōsa 現代の厄年に関する一調査 (Survey on the contemporary yakudoshi)."Shintō Shūkyō (208, 209): 81-104.

-----. 2011. "Gendai no Shichigosan ni kansuru ikkōsatsu現代の七五三に関する一考察 (Inquiry into the state of contemporary Shichigosan)."Josei to Keiken 36: 123-133.

Takeda, Akira 竹田旦. 1994. "Sejinshiki 成人式 (Coming of age rites)." In Nihon Fūzokushi Jiten, eds. Nihon Fūzokushi Gakkai, 348-350. Tokyo: Kōbundō.

Tanida, Etsuji 谷田閲次, and Mitsue Koike, 小池三枝. 1989. Nihon Fukushoku Shi日本服飾史(The history of the Japanese clothing). Tokyo: Kōseikan.

Tipton, Elise K. 2008 (2002). Modern Japan. A Social and Political History. London, New York: Routledge. Nissan Institute.

Tobin, Joseph J. ed. 1992. Re-Made in Japan. Everyday Life and Consumer Taste in a Changing Society. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Trigg, Andrew. B.2001. "Vebler, Bourdieu and Conspicuous Consumption."Journal of Economic Issues35 (1) (March): 1-99.

Tsuboi, Hirofumi坪井洋文. 1976. "Shichi, go, san iwahi しち,ご,さんいはひ (The celebration of 7-5-3)." In Shintō Yōgoshū, eds. Kokugakuin Daigaku Nihon Bunka Kenkyūsho, 166-171. Tokyo: Shintō Bunkakai.

-----. 1995 (1984). "Mura to shakai to tsūka girei ムラと社会と通過儀礼 (Village and society and rites of passage)." In Mura to murabito.Kyōdōtai no seikatsu to girei, eds. Hirofumi Tsuboi et al, 455-506. Vol. 8 of series Nihon minzoku bunka taikei, eds.Various Authors. Tokyo: Shōgakukan.

Tsuru, Rieko 鶴理恵子. 2005. "Hensen no aprōchi to ganzen no mondai, kosodate no hensen wo tōshite 変遷のアプローチと眼前の問題、子育ての変遷を通して(Approaches to change and problems close at hand. Looking into changes in child-rearing practices)."Josei to Keiken 30: 65-78.

Tsurufuji, Shikatada 鶴藤 鹿忠. 2002. Okayama no tsūkagirei岡山の通過儀礼 (Rites of passage of Okayama). Okayama Bunko.

Turner, Victor. 1969. The Ritual Process. Structure and Anti-structure. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.

Yagi, Tōru 八木透, ed. 2001a. Nihon no tsūkagirei日本の通過儀礼(Rites of passage of Japan). Kyoto: Shibunkaku Shuppan.

-----. 2001b. "Nanatsu mae wa kami no uchi 七つ前は神の内(Before seven the child belongs to the gods)." In Nihon no tsūkagirei, ed. Tōru Yagi, 24-31. Kyoto: Shibunkaku Shuppan.

Yamane, Tsuneo, and Hisaya Nonoyama.1967. "Isolation of the Nuclear Family and Kinship Organization in Japan: A hypothetical Approach to the Relationships between the Family and Society."Journal of Marriage and Family 29 (4): 783-796.

Yamashita, Shinji. 1993. "Ritual and ‘Unconscious Tradition’: A Note on About our Ancestors." In International Perspectives on Yanagita Kunio and Japanese Folklore Studies, eds. J. Victor Koschmann, Keibō Ōiwa, and Shinji Yamashita, 55-65. New York: East Asia Program Cornell University.

-----. 2004. "Constructing Selves and Others in Japanese Anthropology: The Case of Micronesia and Southeast Asian Studies." In The Making of Anthropology in East and Southeast Asia, eds. Shinji Yamashita, Joseph Bosco and J.S. Eades, 93-113. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Yamaji, Masanori (Jamadzsi, M.). 1989. Japán- Történelem és hagyományok (Japan – History and Traditions). Budapest.

-----. 2005. "Gyerek a Japán jog- és kultúrtörténetben (Child in Japan’s legal and cultural history)." In Tanulmányok a hatvanéves Wojtilla Gyula tiszteletére, ed. Szabolcs Felföldi. Szeged.

Yanagida, Kunio 柳田國男. 1935. San’iku shūzoku goi産育習俗語彙(Classified glossary of terms related to folk customs of childbirth and child-care). Tokyo.

-----. 1942. Nihon no matsuri日本の祭り(Festivals in Japan).Tokyo: Kōbundō Shobō.

-----. 1946. Senzo no hanashi先祖の話(Essays on the Ancestors). Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō.

-----. 1949. Bunrui jidō goi 分類児童語彙(Classified glossary of infantile words). Tokyo: San-ichi Shōbō.

-----.1957. Japanese Manners and Customs in the Meiji Era. Transl. by Charles Terry. Ōbunsha Tokyo.

-----. 1993. "The Evolution of Japanese Festivals: From Matsurito Sairei." In International Perspectives on Yanagita Kunio and Japanese Folklore Studies, eds. J. Victor Koschmann, Keibō Ōiwa, and Shinji Yamashita, 167-20. New York: East Asia Program Cornell University.

Yasui, Manami安井真奈美. 2000. "Kazu de tadoru jinseigirei数でたどる人生儀礼 (Age rituals through numbers)."Hon no Mado IV: 10-13.

Yoshizumi, Kyōko 善積京子1995a. "Josei no jinsei ga kawatta- Josei no raifusaikuru女性の人生が変わった－女性のライフサイクル (Women’s lives changed – The life-cycle of women)." In Josei no Dētabukku, eds. Teruko Inoue and Yumiko Ehara, 2-3. Tokyo: Yūhikaku.

-----.1995b. "Teikashitsuzukeru gōkei tokushu shusseiritsu – Shōsan shōshi jidai低下し続ける合計特殊出生率―少産少死時代(Declining total fertility rate – The era of few births and few deaths). In Josei noDētabukku, eds. Teruko Inoue and Yumiko Ehar, 4-5. Tokyo: Yūhikaku.

Yoshida, Teigo. 1994 (1990). "The Feminine in Japanese Folk Religion: Polluted or Divine?" In Unwrapping Japan, eds. Eyal Ben-Ari, Brian Moeran and James Valentine, 58-77. Honoluu: Univeristy of Hawaii Press.

Van Bremen, Jan and Dolores P. Martinez, eds. 1995. Ceremony and Ritual in Japan: Religious Practices in an Industrialized Society. London and New York: Routledge.

Van der Port, Mattijs.2006. "Visualizing the Sacred in Bahian Candomblé." American Ethnologist 33 (3): 444-461.

van Gennep, Arnold. 1960. Rites of Passage. London, Routledge and kegan Paul.

Veblen, Thorstein. 1994 (1899).The Theory of the Leisure Class. Introduction by Robert Lekachman. New York: Penguin Books

Vlastos, Stephen. 1986. Peasant Protests and Uprisings in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press.

Vogel, Ezra. 1961. "The Democratization of Family Relations in Japanese Urban Society."Asian survey 1 (June): 18-24.

-----. 1963. Japan’s New Middle Class. Berkeley: University of California

Vogel, H. Suzanne. 1996. "Urban Middle-Class Japanese Family Life, 1958-1996: A Personal and Evolving Perspective." In Japanese Childrearing. Two Generations of Scholarship, eds. David W.Shwalb and Barbara J. Shwalb, 177-200. New York, London: The Guilford Press.

White, Merry and Susan Pollack, eds. 1986. The Cultural Transition: Human Experience and Social Transformation in the Third World and Japan. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

White, Merry. 1987. TheJapanese Educational Challenge: A Commitment to Children. New York: The Free Press.

-----. 1996. "Renewing the New Middle Class: Japan’s Next Families." In Japanese Childrearing. Two Generations of Scholarship, eds. David W.Shwalb and Barbara J. Shwalb, 208-218. New York, London: The Guilford Press.

-----.2002. Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval. London: University of California Press.

-----. 2003. "Families and Their Discontents: Home(sick) in Japan." (Research paper). http://www.childresearch.net/RESOURCE/RESEARCH/2003/MEMBER32.HTM

W.W.N. 1890. "The Symbolism of Backgammon."The Journal of American Folklore3 (10): 208.