U.S Political Spectrum: How it emerged and flipped?

• Název práce v češtině: Americké politické spektrum: Jeho vznik a převrácení
• Název v anglickém jazyce: U.S Political Spectrum: How it emerged and flipped?
• Klíčová slova: Politické spektrum, geografické základny, obrácení, politické přeskupení, New Deal, hnutí za občanská práva
• Klíčová slova anglicky: Political spectrum, geographic bases, reversal, political realignment, New Deal, Civil Rights movement
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2024/2025
• Typ práce: bakalářská práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Katedra politologie (23-KP)
• Vedoucí / školitel: Mgr. Jakub Franěk, Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 10.03.2025
• Datum zadání: 10.03.2025
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 11.09.2025 09:00
• Místo konání obhajoby: Areál Jinonice, B316, 316, seminární místnost IPS
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 29.07.2025
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 11.09.2025
• Oponenti: PhDr. Jakub Dopieralla
• Konzultanti: doc. PhDr. Mgr. Francis Raška, Ph.D.

Seznam odborné literatury

Sources:
Campbell, J. E. (2006). Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868-2004. Social Science History, 30(3), 359–386. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40267912
Carmines, E. and Stimson, J. A. (1989). Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Dalton, R. J. (2018). Realignment and beyond. In Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830986.003.0010
Gaddie, R. K. (2012). Realignment. In Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381948.013.0013
Key, V. O. (1955). A Theory of Critical Elections. Journal of Politics, 17(1), 3–18.
Miller, G. and Schofield, N. (2003). Activists and Partisan Realignment in the US. American Political Science Review, forthcoming.
Ransom, R. (1989). Conflict and Compromise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schickler, E. (2016). Racial Realignment: The Transformation of American Liberalism, 1932-1965.
Schofield, N. (2002). Quandaries of War and of Union in North America: 1763–1861. Politics and Society, 30(1), 5–49.
Sundquist, J. (1973). Dynamics of the Party System. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Předběžná náplň práce

Topic: U.S Political Spectrum: How it emerged and flipped?

Introduction:
The two-party system in the U.S. has been one of the most renowned and intense political contests worldwide. The Republican Party always fiercely confronts the same rival, the Democratic Party. The political spectrums in the country keep growing more and more hardened, radical and polarized. But in fact they were not used to the current geographic bases. The red-and-blue-states terminology was not popularized before 2000. The partisan stability just became solid and consistent back in early 1990s. There was a great reversal among them, and it took more than a century to almost entirely flipped the whole nation around. The mid 20th century era was the most crucial one, as they underwent the New Deal and civil rights movement, contributed the greatest effort to such a thorough political realignment.

United States entered the reconstruction era after the American civil war. By the white supremacy and voter suppression, Republican Party found it difficult in easing the protests and activities. Moreover, the disagreement and argument leaded debates inside the party, leaded to stinging defeats in the House Elections while Democratic Party frequently took the control of the U.S. House of Representatives up to 1876.

The new Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes reached the Compromise of 1877 later on, withdrawing the Union troops from the South and officially ending the post-war reconstruction period. The North was tired of the South's resistance. Democratic Party was in comprehensive controls among regional governments and both Congress chambers. They largely retained the racial policies favoring the whites through the South. The North and South have kept the distance from each other on the issues of race and maintained the hostility between the North and the South.
Until the Jim Crow Laws in the 1876, it virtually suppressed all rights of blacks, legalized to protect racial segregation in public areas and facilities. The focus of the Republican and Democratic parties shifted race to the economic development. And the Great Migration emerged since 1910s, black people massively moved out of the Deep South region.
Since 1980s, U.S. entered its sixth party system of its history.

Context:
The thesis will be divided into four parts.
The first part will outline the stage of The Great Migration since 1910s, the ideologies of the slavery and how the black immigration influence the politics. Until the crash and depression started in 1929, the Great Depession, the stock market crisis and how it reshuffled the political systems.

The second part will narrate President Franklin D. Roosevelt's ‘’New Deal’’ in the 1930s. After the depression and economic resurgence, there were some traditional iron votes starting to loose. And it led to a major shift of political stances between the two parties.

The third part will record the success of civil rights movement in 1960s which started in 1940s-1950s. When President John F. Kennedy and President Lyndon B. served, the movement reached its peak and achieved many breakthroughs. President Johnson signed the Bill of Rights Act, which speeded up the Southern deviation. Eventually they departed from the Democrats, most them even realigned with the Republicans later.

The final part will conclude with the conservative waves launched by President Reagan in 1980s. It managed to consolidate the people with conservative ideologies to their faction, even they loyally stood with Democrats' camp unequivocally for more than a century.

Arguments: The US nationwide political spectrums realigned due to the social reformations prominently in mid 20th century, transformed established interests and beliefs through the whole nation, rather than other remote causes listed, as well as the contemporary affairs of antagonism.