Demand for Non-Residential Parking in Prague

• Název práce v češtině: Poptávka po nerezidentním parkování v Praze
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Demand for Non-Residential Parking in Prague
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2018/2019
• Typ práce: bakalářská práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Institut ekonomických studií (23-IES)
• Vedoucí / školitel: PhDr. Lenka Šťastná, Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 28.05.2019
• Datum zadání: 30.05.2019
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 09.06.2020 09:00
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 06.05.2020
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 09.06.2020
• Oponenti: Mgr. Ing. Matěj Nevrla, Ph.D.

Seznam odborné literatury

Inci, E., 2014, Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, pp. 50-63
Ibeas, Á., Cordera, R., dell’Olio, L., Moura, J., 2011, Modelling Demand in Restricted Parking Zones, Elsevier, pp. 485-498
Ottosson, D., Chen, C., Wang, T., Lin, H., 2013, The Sensitivity of On-street Parking Demand in Response to Price Changes: A Case Study in Seattle, WA, pp. 222-232
Rye, T., Mingardo, G., Hertel, M., Thiemann-Linden, J., Pressl, R., Heinz Posch, K., Carvalho, M., 2015. Good Reasons for Parking Management, PUSH&PULL
SFpark, 2014, Putting Theory into Practice
Pierce, G., Shoup, D., 2013, Getting the Prices Right, Journal of the American Planning Association, pp. 67-81
Hensher, D., King, J., 1999, Parking Demand and Responsiveness to Supply, Pricing and Location in the Sydney Central Business District, Pergamon
van Bemmel-Misrachi, 2015, The Case of Car Parking in Rotterdam
Policies for On-Street Parking Management, San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, 2012
Kelly, J., Clinch, J., 2006, Influence of Varied Parking Tariffs on Parking Occupancy Levels by Trip Purpose, Elsevier, pp. 487-495
Resolution of the Capital City of Prague council about the cancellation of the resolution of the Capital City of Prague council no. 853 from 28.5.2013 about the concept of paid parking zones in the area of the capital city of Prague, (Usnesení Rady HMP ke zrušení usnesení Rady HMP č. 853 ze dne 28.5.2013 ke koncepci zón placeného stání na území hl.m. Prahy) 2014

Předběžná náplň práce

Research question and motivation
In my thesis I am going to analyze the demand for non-residential parking in Prague. This means analyzing areas where everyone can park independently of being a resident or not. Parking is a very important topic of everyday life, with the problem of the rising amount of cars, to find a place for parking a car is paramount. Due to the fact that there is not an infinite amount of parking places, there needs to be some kind of regulation. This regulation takes the form of paid parking. This is also beneficial for the city which profits from it and can then spend these profits on other objectives.

People started paying for parking in 1996. It was the area of the city centre where paid parking was implemented first. As time passed by, there were more and more of these areas. Today there are areas with paid parking almost everywhere except for Prague 9, 10 and some other outer Prague districts. It is very hard to find a parking place sometimes and even if a person is ready to pay for parking she cannot park wherever she wants. This brings us to the concept of parking zones. There are three types of zones in Prague: the blue zones secure a parking place for the residents, non-residents may park there only after paying a fee via a web application and it is time limited. The purple zones guarantee a parking place for residents, non-residents must pay a fee via the application or a parking machine but this time the time limit is 24 hours. The orange zones are used only for short-term parking and everyone must pay a fee either in the parking machine or via the application.

The main goal of the thesis is to find which factors affect the demand for parking in Prague and to create a model of parking demand, similar to the one in Ibeas et al., (2011). Next to price there are many factors affecting the demand such as total number of parking places in the area, day in the week, month, number of schools, firms or shopping centers in the area and others. To analyze the quantity demanded, I will firstly use the number of cars parked in an area and secondly the total time parked as the dependent variable. This is also linked to how the area is busy. Hence I would like to identify which areas are the busiest and try to suggest some recommendations regarding the price of parking in this area.

To get some inspiration and comparison, I will also look at studies from different cities, mainly San Francisco (Shoup and Pierce, 2013), Seattle (Ottosson et al., 2013), Rotterdam (van Bemmel-Misrachi, 2015) and Sydney (Hensher and King, 1999).

Contribution
Due to the fact that there are detailed data on parking only from the year 2017, there is lack of literature that analyzes the demand for parking in Prague and as was mentioned earlier I would like to do a similar study to Ibeas et al., (2011). Thus, my thesis could maybe serve as some useful work for the city of Prague or individual Prague districts. Because the thesis is also going to be comparative, it may be useful to see what other mechanisms are used around the world when it comes to paid parking and may therefore suggest some improvements to the already existing system in Prague. It could also serve as an analysis of what could probably happen in other Prague districts or other cities after introducing paid parking.

Methodology
In my thesis, I am going to describe the system that is used in Prague and also in other cities. To analyse the demand for parking I am going to use data from Golemio Prague City Data and data collected by myself (mostly geographical data such as location of schools and shopping centres). To estimate regressions of these panel data I am going to use the software R. I am going to group the data according to the cadastral areas of Prague. The factors affecting the quantity of parking demanded and also the total time spent on a parking spot might be for example price, number of parking places in the area, total time of parking, number of schools, shopping centres (and therefore parking places for free) and firms, day in the week, month. The goal is to indicate, whether each factor is significant and how it affects the dependent variables. The proposed model will be

No.ofCarsit = β0 + β1Priceit + β2No.ofParkingPlacesit + β3No.ofSchoolsit + β4No.ofFirmsit + β5No.ofShopCentresit + β6Monit + β7Tueit + β8Wedit + β9Thuit + β10Friit + β11Satit + β12Janit + β13Febit + β14Marit + β15Aprit + β16Mayit + β17Juneit + β18Julit + β19Augit + β20Sepit + β21Octit + β22Novit + ai + uit

The second model will be almost the same, only the dependent variable will be different (Total Parking Time). Because I will be dealing with panel data and each area might have an unobserved time invariant characteristic, I will use the fixed effects estimators.

As well as regressions I am also going to report some simple descriptive statistics. I am going to use these figures to indicate which areas are the busiest at what times of the day, days in the week or months.


Outline
Abstract
Introduction
a. Motivation
b. Brief history of paid parking in Prague
c. Prague’s parking zones
d. Paid parking in selected cities
e. Contribution to existing research
f. Results and their interpretation
g. Thesis structure
Literature review
h. Reasons for the need of paid parking
i. Studies on parking regulation
j. Studies on parking demand from other cities
Methodology
k. Description of the data
l. Hypotheses
m. Proposed models
Results
n. Testing and results
o. Interpretation
Conclusion
p. Key findings
q. Recommendations (Evaluate on the effectivity of the system and try to depict what could be done to improve it)

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

Research question and motivation
In my thesis I am going to analyze the demand for non-residential parking in Prague. This means analyzing areas where everyone can park independently of being a resident or not. Parking is a very important topic of everyday life, with the problem of the rising amount of cars, to find a place for parking a car is paramount. Due to the fact that there is not an infinite amount of parking places, there needs to be some kind of regulation. This regulation takes the form of paid parking. This is also beneficial for the city which profits from it and can then spend these profits on other objectives.

People started paying for parking in 1996. It was the area of the city centre where paid parking was implemented first. As time passed by, there were more and more of these areas. Today there are areas with paid parking almost everywhere except for Prague 9, 10 and some other outer Prague districts. It is very hard to find a parking place sometimes and even if a person is ready to pay for parking she cannot park wherever she wants. This brings us to the concept of parking zones. There are three types of zones in Prague: the blue zones secure a parking place for the residents, non-residents may park there only after paying a fee via a web application and it is time limited. The purple zones guarantee a parking place for residents, non-residents must pay a fee via the application or a parking machine but this time the time limit is 24 hours. The orange zones are used only for short-term parking and everyone must pay a fee either in the parking machine or via the application.

The main goal of the thesis is to find which factors affect the demand for parking in Prague and to create a model of parking demand, similar to the one in Ibeas et al., (2011). Next to price there are many factors affecting the demand such as total number of parking places in the area, day in the week, month, number of schools, firms or shopping centers in the area and others. To analyze the quantity demanded, I will firstly use the number of cars parked in an area and secondly the total time parked as the dependent variable. This is also linked to how the area is busy. Hence I would like to identify which areas are the busiest and try to suggest some recommendations regarding the price of parking in this area.

To get some inspiration and comparison, I will also look at studies from different cities, mainly San Francisco (Shoup and Pierce, 2013), Seattle (Ottosson et al., 2013), Rotterdam (van Bemmel-Misrachi, 2015) and Sydney (Hensher and King, 1999).

Contribution
Due to the fact that there are detailed data on parking only from the year 2017, there is lack of literature that analyzes the demand for parking in Prague and as was mentioned earlier I would like to do a similar study to Ibeas et al., (2011). Thus, my thesis could maybe serve as some useful work for the city of Prague or individual Prague districts. Because the thesis is also going to be comparative, it may be useful to see what other mechanisms are used around the world when it comes to paid parking and may therefore suggest some improvements to the already existing system in Prague. It could also serve as an analysis of what could probably happen in other Prague districts or other cities after introducing paid parking.

Methodology
In my thesis, I am going to describe the system that is used in Prague and also in other cities. To analyse the demand for parking I am going to use data from Golemio Prague City Data and data collected by myself (mostly geographical data such as location of schools and shopping centres). To estimate regressions of these panel data I am going to use the software R. I am going to group the data according to the cadastral areas of Prague. The factors affecting the quantity of parking demanded and also the total time spent on a parking spot might be for example price, number of parking places in the area, total time of parking, number of schools, shopping centres (and therefore parking places for free) and firms, day in the week, month. The goal is to indicate, whether each factor is significant and how it affects the dependent variables. The proposed model will be

No.ofCarsit = β0 + β1Priceit + β2No.ofParkingPlacesit + β3No.ofSchoolsit + β4No.ofFirmsit + β5No.ofShopCentresit + β6Monit + β7Tueit + β8Wedit + β9Thuit + β10Friit + β11Satit + β12Janit + β13Febit + β14Marit + β15Aprit + β16Mayit + β17Juneit + β18Julit + β19Augit + β20Sepit + β21Octit + β22Novit + ai + uit

The second model will be almost the same, only the dependent variable will be different (Total Parking Time). Because I will be dealing with panel data and each area might have an unobserved time invariant characteristic, I will use the fixed effects estimators.

As well as regressions I am also going to report some simple descriptive statistics. I am going to use these figures to indicate which areas are the busiest at what times of the day, days in the week or months.


Outline
Abstract
Introduction
a. Motivation
b. Brief history of paid parking in Prague
c. Prague’s parking zones
d. Paid parking in selected cities
e. Contribution to existing research
f. Results and their interpretation
g. Thesis structure
Literature review
h. Reasons for the need of paid parking
i. Studies on parking regulation
j. Studies on parking demand from other cities
Methodology
k. Description of the data
l. Hypotheses
m. Proposed models
Results
n. Testing and results
o. Interpretation
Conclusion
p. Key findings
q. Recommendations (Evaluate on the effectivity of the system and try to depict what could be done to improve it)