Platová diskriminácia v najlepších európskych futbalových ligách

• Název práce v jazyce práce (slovenština): Platová diskriminácia v najlepších európskych futbalových ligách
• Název práce v češtině: Platová diskriminace v předních evropských fotbalových ligách
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Wage Discrimination in Top European Soccer Leagues
• Klíčová slova: diskriminácia, platy, futbal, rasizmus
• Klíčová slova anglicky: discrimination, wages, football, racism
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2018/2019
• Typ práce: bakalářská práce
• Jazyk práce: slovenština
• Ústav: Institut ekonomických studií (23-IES)
• Vedoucí / školitel: PhDr. Radek Janhuba, M.A., Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 23.05.2019
• Datum zadání: 23.05.2019
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 10.06.2020 09:00
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 02.05.2020
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 10.06.2020
• Oponenti: Mgr. Jindřich Matoušek, Ph.D.

Seznam odborné literatury

AUTOR, D. “Lecture Note: The Economics of Discrimination I.“ [online]. MIT Economics, 2009 (May 7, 2019). Available at: https://economics.mit.edu/files/4095

TORRE, E. D., A. GIANGRECO, W. LEGEAIS and J. VAKKAYIL. “Do Italians Really Do It Better? Evidence of Migrant Pay Disparities in the Top Italian Football League.“ [online]. The Journal of The European Academy of Management, 2018 (April 27, 2019). Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/emre.12136

BLAHA, J. “An Empirical Investigation of Wage Discrimination in Professional Football“ [online]. 2017 (April 27, 2019) Available at: https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/zzp/detail/185515/37905196/?q=%7B%22______searchform___search%22%3A%22American+Football%22%2C%22______searchform___butsearch%22%3A%22Search%22%2C%22______facetform___facets___workType%22%3A%5B%22BP%22%5D%2C%22______facetform___facets___faculty%22%3A%5B%2211230%22%5D%2C%22PNzzpSearchListbasic%22%3A1%7D&lang=en

POLI, R., L. RAVENEL and R. BESSON. “Foreign players in football teams“ [online]. CIES Football Observatory, 2016 (May 7, 2019). Available at: http://www.football-observatory.com/IMG/pdf/mr12_eng.pdf

WOOLDRIDGE, J. M. Introductory Econometrics: A modern approach. 2009. ISBN 978-0-324-58548-3.

“Nationality of Football Players.“ Transfermarket: Football Transfers [online]. [cit. 2019-04-27]. Available at: https://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/premier-league/gastarbeiterdetail/wettbewerb/GB1/saison_id/2018/land_id/184

“Discrimination, Wage, By occupation.“ International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Encyclopedia.com (May 7, 2019). Available at: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/discrimination-wage-occupation

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

Research question and motivation
The main research question I intend to study is the presence of wage discrimination in top European soccer leagues. Existing research studies mostly concentrate on a single league and their conclusions contain the presence of discrimination. On the basis of their conclusions, I assume that discrimination will be also present also when focusing on multiple leagues.

Wage discrimination is an aspect of getting different wages on the basis of race, ethnicity, which are not related to productivity (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008). It leads to substantial losses over time and harms the football player’s individuality. Therefore, it could be hard for the players to make it to the top. Discrimination might be part of the individual maximizing behavior (Autor, 2009) or may be present for other reasons. The social and cultural ones are the most often. Out of discrimination, different abilities and skills are the most common causes of different wages (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008). Therefore, in my thesis, I intend to study if different wages in the field of soccer are really related to skills. If they are not, the discrimination will be present.

Wage Discrimination in American Major League Soccer research concludes that the wage discrimination is aimed against Hispanic and African American soccer players (Blaha, 2017). In 2016 in the USA there were 48.5 % foreign soccer players and it was considered to be the league with the greatest diversity in the world. Comparing to Europe, the percentage of foreign players was 47.7. But the most of the European countries were missing a lot of data for creating researches aimed at discrimination. The fact that more data became available provides an opportunity to conduct research in European settings. As an example, in 2018 Torre et al. found the evidence that complex discrimination exists in Italian League. My interest will not cover just a single league, but I would like to analyse the presence of discrimination in more leagues.

My thesis would address the top football leagues in Europe. In addition to the main research question whether racial discrimination is present in the top European soccer leagues, I would like to analyse whether discrimination varies for players playing at different positions.

Contribution
Existing research studies mostly concentrate on a single league or the existing researches do not focus on Europe. Blaha (2017) suggests that in Major League Soccer in the lower part of the wage distribution, the wage discrimination is present and aimed against Hispanic and African American players. In the field of the European soccer, Top Italian League’s research indicates that regarding the influence of the player’s origin on the performance-pay relationship, complex discriminations exist in Italian League (Torre, 2017).

By testing if wage is directly related to productivity or if wage is influenced by race, my thesis tries to answer the question if there is a presence of wage discrimination in soccer field in Europe. By focusing on multiple leagues at the same time, the results of my thesis can contribute to a better understanding of the wage discrimination in European Soccer Leagues.

Methodology
To conduct my research, I will use data from capology (the salary cap database) about the salaries of individual players in particular leagues and I will match them with the player’s performance during the season. To reveal my research question, I will construct and run appropriate OLS model. (Ordinary Least Squares) OLS Estimation is a method for estimating the parameters of a multiple linear regression model (Wooldridge, 2009). If the data for more seasons are available, Pooled Cross Sections will be used to estimate the model with aspects which could affect the income of a soccer player. Pooled Cross Section is a data configuration where independent cross sections, usually collected at different point in time, are combined to produce a single data set (Wooldridge, 2009).

Outline
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Top European Soccer Leagues
4. Dataset Construction
5. Methodology and Model Construction
6. Results
7. Conclusion