Chápání rovnosti ve Spojených státech

• Název práce v češtině: Chápání rovnosti ve Spojených státech
• Název v anglickém jazyce: The percetion of equality in the US
• Klíčová slova: rovnost příležitostí, rovnost výsledků, spravedlivé nerovnosti, spravedlivé rozdělení bohatství, ekonomická nerovnost, Spojené státy
• Klíčová slova anglicky: equality of opportunity, equality of outcomes, fair inequalities, fair distribution of wealth, economic inequality, United States
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2017/2018
• Typ práce: bakalářská práce
• Jazyk práce: čeština
• Ústav: Katedra severoamerických studií (23-KAS)
• Vedoucí / školitel: PhDr. Jan Hornát, Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 25.06.2018
• Datum zadání: 25.06.2018
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 12.06.2019 08:30
• Místo konání obhajoby: Jinonice - U Kříže 8, Praha 5, J2066, Jinonice - místn. č. 2066
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 07.05.2019
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 12.06.2019
• Oponenti: Tomáš Klvaňa, M.A., Ph.D.

Seznam odborné literatury

Arendtová, Hannah, Vita activa neboli O činném životě (Praha: OIKOYMENH, 2007).
Benn, Stanley I., “Egalitarianism and the Equal Consideration of Interests” in Pojman, Louis P. a Westmoreland, Robert, (eds.), Equality: selected readings (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 112-120.
Berkowitz, Edward D., America’s Welfare State: From Roosevelt to Reagan (Baltimore, London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
Black, Allida M., “Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights” OAH Magazine of History 22, č. 2 (duben 2008): 34-37.
Brown, Sherrod a Durbin, Richard, projev v Senátu Spojených států 9. 12. 2013, Congressional Record Vol. 159, č. 173, dostupné z https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2013-12-09/pdf/CREC-2013-12-09-pt1-PgS8540-2.pdf (17. 4. 2019).
Buffett, Warren E., “Stop Coddling the Super-Rich” The New York Times, 14. 8. 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/15/opinion/stop-coddling-the-super-rich.html (13. 4. 2019).
Burtless, Gary a Haskins, Ron, “Inequality, Economic Mobility, and Social Policy” in Schuck, Peter H. a Wilson, James Q., (eds.), Understanding America: Tha Anantomy of an Exceptional Nation (New York: Public Affairs, 2008), 495-538.
Chetty, Raj et al., “Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 19844 (leden 2014), dostupné z http://www.nber.org/papers/w19844 (19. 4. 2019).
Chetty, Raj et al. “Mobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility” NBER, Working Paper 23618 (červenec 2017), dostupné z https://opportunityinsights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/coll_mrc_paper.pdf (19. 4. 2019).
Chetty, Raj et al., “Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective” Opportunity Insights, Working Paper (březen 2018), https://opportunityinsights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/race_paper.pdf (20. 4. 2019).
Corak, Miles, “Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, č. 3 (léto 2013): 79-102.
Credit Suisse Research Institute, Global Wealth Databook 2018, říjen 2018.
Dahrendorf, Ralf, “On the Origin of Inequality among Men” in André Béteille (ed.), Social Inequality: Selected Readings (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1969), 16-44.
Dugan, Andrew, “Most Americans for Raising Minimum Wage” Gallup, 11. 11. 2013, https://news.gallup.com/poll/165794/americans-raising-minimum-wage.aspx?g_source=link_newsv9&g_campaign=item_248870&g_medium=copy (25. 4. 2019).
Dworkin, Ronald, “Justice for Hedgehogs”, přednáška pro Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 6. 12. 2011, dostupné z https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/multimedia/20111206-justice-for-hedgehogs (staženo 8.12. 2018).
Fischer, Sebastian, “Socialism and Welfare: Republicans Bash Europe in Search of Votes” Spiegel, 9. 1. 2012, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/socialism-and-welfare-republicans-bash-europe-in-search-of-votes-a-808044.html (21. 3. 2019).
Fontenot, Kayla, Semega, Jessica a Kollar, Melissa, “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2017” U.S. Census Bureau (září 2018), dostupné z https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.pdf (13. 4. 2019).
Friedman, Milton, Kapitalismus a svoboda (Praha: Liberální institut, 1993).
Gallie, Walter B., “Essentialy Contested Concepts” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56, č. 1 (1956): 167-198.
Gallup Poll, “Americans' Views on Economic Mobility and Economic Inequality in the U.S. (Trends)“, leden 2018, https://news.gallup.com/poll/228980/americans-views-economic-mobility-economic-inequality-trends.aspx (26. 4. 2019).
Gallup Poll, “Gallup Historical Trends: Taxes”, duben 2019, https://news.gallup.com/poll/1714/taxes.aspx (25. 4. 2019).
Galston, William, “A Liberal Defense of Equality of Opportunity” in Pojman, Louis P. a Westmoreland, Robert, (eds.), Equality: selected readings (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 170-179.
Green, S. J. D., “Competitive Equality of Opportunity: A Defense” Ethics 100, č. 1 (říjen 1989): 5-32.
Hayek, F. A., Cesta do otroctví (Praha: Academia, 1990).
Hayek, F. A., Právo, zákonodárství a svoboda (Praha: Academia, 1994).
Hill, Steven, Europe’s Promise: Why the European Way Is the Best Hope in an Insecure Age (University of California Press, 2010).
Hobbes, Thomas, Základy filosofie státu a společnosti: O občanu (Praha: Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění, 1909).
Huntington, Samuel P., Who are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
Isaacs, Julia B., Sawhill, Isabel V. a Haskins, Ron, “Getting Ahead or Losing Ground: Economic Mobility in America” The Brookings Institution/Economic Mobility Project (únor 2008), dostupné z https://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2008/pewempgettingaheadfull2pdf.pdf (19. 4. 2019).
Johnson, Lyndon B., State of the Union Address, 8. 1. 1964, projev dostupný z https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/lbj1964stateoftheunion.htm (9. 4. 2019).
Joseph, Lawrence B., “Some Ways of Thinking about Equality of Opportunity” The Western Political Quarterly 33, č. 3 (září 1980): 393-400.
Judt, Tony, Zle se vede zemi (Praha: Rybka Publishers, 2011).
Keynes, John Maynard, Obecná teorie zaměstnanosti, úroku a peněz (Praha: Československá akademie věd, 1963).
Kiley, Jocelyn, “In polarized era, fewer Americans hold a mix of conservative and liberal views“ Pew Research Center, 23. 10. 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/23/in-polarized-era-fewer-americans-hold-a-mix-of-conservative-and-liberal-views/ (20. 4. 2019).
Kingston, Paul W., a Holian, Laura M., “Inequality” in Alberto Martinelli (ed.), Transatlantic Divide: Comparing American and European Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 57-74.
Kraus, Franz, “The Historical Development of Income Inequality in Western Europe and the United States” in Flora, Peter a Heidenheimer, Arnold J., (eds.), The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick, London: Transaction Publishers, 1984), 187-236.
Kroll, Louisa a Dolan, Kerry A., “Billionaires: The Richest People in the World” Forbes, 5. 3. 2019, https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/#37d60ed4251c (13. 4. 2019).
Kudrle, Robert T. a Marmor, Theodore R., “The Development of Welfare States in North America” in Flora, Peter a Heidenheimer, Arnold J., (eds.), The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick, London: Transaction Publishers, 1984), 81-121.
Kull, Steven et al, “Americans on Federal Poverty Programs” University of Maryland (květen 2017), http://www.publicconsultation.org/federal-budget/americans-support-greater-federal-efforts-to-reduce-poverty/?utm_source=link_newsv9&utm_campaign=item_248870&utm_medium=copy (25. 4. 2019).
Locke, John, Druhé pojednání o vládě (Praha: Nakladatelství Svoboda, 1992).
Lucas, J. R., “Against Equality” in Pojman, Louis P. a Westmoreland, Robert, (eds.), Equality: selected readings (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 104-112.
Newport, Frank, “Government’s Role in Controlling Incomes” Gallup, 17. 4. 2019, https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/248870/government-role-controlling-incomes.aspx (25. 4. 2019).
Newport, Frank, “Majority in U.S. Satisfied With Opportunity to Get Ahead“ Gallup, 7. 3. 2018, https://news.gallup.com/poll/228914/majority-satisfied-opportunity-ahead.aspx (25. 4. 2019).
Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974).
Nozick, Robert, “Justice does Not Imply Equality“ in Pojman, Louis P. a Westmoreland, Robert, (eds.), Equality: selected readings (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 102-104.
OECD, A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility, (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2018), dostupné z https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en (21. 3. 2019).
OECD, Divide We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2011), https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264119536-en (19. 4. 2019).
OECD, Educational Opportunity for All: Overcoming Inequality throughout the Life Course (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2017), dostupné z https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264287457-en (19. 4. 2019).
OECD, “Income Inequality (indicator)”, 2019, dostupné z https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm#indicator-chart (12. 4. 2019).
OECD, “Poor Children in Rich Countries: Why We Need Policy Action” (říjen 2018), dostupné z https://www.oecd.org/els/family/Poor-children-in-rich-countries-Policy-brief-2018.pdf (13. 4. 2019).
OECD, “Poverty Rate (indicator)” (2019), dostupné z https://data.oecd.org/inequality/poverty-rate.htm (13. 4. 2019).
OECD, “The Squeezed Middle Class – How does the United States compare?“, 10. 4. 2019, dostupné z http://www.oecd.org/unitedstates/Middle-class-2019-United-States.pdf (12. 4. 2019).
OECD, “United States – Country Note – Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators” (září 2014), dostupné z http://www.oecd.org/unitedstates/United%20States-EAG2014-Country-Note.pdf (19.4. 2019).
Oppenheim, Felix E., “Egalitarianism as a Descriptive Concept” American Philosophical Quarterly 7, č. 2 (duben 1970): 143-152.
Pew Research Center, “Growing Partisan Divide Over Fairness of the Nation’s Tax System”, 4. 4. 2019, https://www.people-press.org/2019/04/04/growing-partisan-divide-over-fairness-of-the-nations-tax-system/ (20. 4. 2019).
Pew Research Center, “Majorities Say Government Does Too Little for Older People, the Poor and the Middle Class” (leden 2018), https://www.people-press.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2018/01/01-30-18-groups-release.pdf (26. 4. 2019).
Pew Research Center, “Wide Gender Gap, Growing Educational Divide in Voters’ Party Identification”, 20. 3. 2018, https://www.people-press.org/2018/03/20/1-trends-in-party-affiliation-among-demographic-groups/ (20. 4. 2019).
Pew Research Center, “The Partisan Divide on Political Values Grows Even Wider” (říjen 2017): 50, https://www.people-press.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/10/10-05-2017-Political-landscape-release-updt..pdf (25. 4. 2019).
Pew Research Center,“The Public, the Political System and American Democracy” (duben 2018), https://www.people-press.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2018/04/4-26-2018-Democracy-release-1.pdf (26. 4. 2019).
Piketty, Thomas a Saez, Emmanuel, “Income and Wage Inequality in the United States, 1913-2002” in Atkinson, A. B., a Piketty, T. (eds.), Top Incomes over the Twentieth Century: A Contrast Between Continental European and English-Speaking Countries (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 141-225.
Piketty, Thomas, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014).
Piketty, Thomas, The Economics of Inequality (Cambridge, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2015).
Pojman, Louis P. a Westmoreland, Robert, “Introduction: The Nature and Value of Equality” in Pojman, Louis P. a Westmoreland, Robert, (eds.), Equality: selected readings (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 1-14.
Pontusson, Jonas, Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe vs. Liberal America (Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press, 2005).
Rawls, John, Teorie spravedlnosti (Praha: Victoria Publishing, 1995).
Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971).
Rodgers, Daniel T., Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998).
Roemer, John E., a Trannoy, Alain, “Equality of Opportunity: Theory and Measurement” Journal of Economic Literature 54, č. 4 (prosinec 2016): 1288-1332.
Roosevelt, Franklin D., Annual Message to Congress, 1941, projev dostupný z https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=70&page=transcript (25. 2. 2019).
Roosevelt, Franklin D., State of the Union Message to Congress, 11. 1. 1944, projev dostupný z http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/address_text.html (6. 4. 2019).
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, O původu nerovnosti mezi lidmi (Praha: Nakladatelství Svoboda, 1949).
Sawhill, Isabel V. a Pulliam, Christopher, “Americans want the wealthy and corporations to pay more taxes, but are elected officials listening?” Brookings, 14. 3. 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/03/14/americans-want-the-wealthy-and-corporations-to-pay-more-taxes-but-are-elected-officials-listening/ (25. 4. 2019).
Schaar, John H., “Equality of Opportunity, and Beyond” in Pojman, Louis P. a Westmoreland, Robert, (eds.), Equality: selected readings (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 137-147.
Smeeding, Timothy M., “Gates, Gaps, and Intergenerational Mobility: The Importance of an Even Start“ in Kirsch, Irwin a Braun, Henry, (eds.), The Dynamics of Opportunity in America (Cham: Springer, 2016), 255-295.
Snyder, Timothy a Judt, Tony, Intelektuál ve dvacátém století: Rozhovor Timothyho Snydera s Tony Judtem (Praha: Prostor, 2013).
Snyder, Timothy, “One Road to Unfreedom or Many?” (přednáška na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy v Praze, 22. 11. 2018).
Snyder, Timothy, The Road To Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America (London: The Bodley Head, 2018).
Stiglitz, Joseph E., “Of the 1 %, by the 1 %, for the 1 %” Vanity Fair, 31. 3. 2011, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105 (12. 4. 2019).
Stiglitz, Joseph E., The Price of Inequality (New York: Norton & Company, 2013).
Stjernø, Steinar, “Social democratic values in the European welfare states” in Oorschot, Wim van, Opielka, Michael a Pfau-Effinger, Birgit, (eds.), Culture and Welfare State (Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008), 50-70.
Sunstein, Cass R., “Why Does the American Constitution Lack Social and Economic Guarantees?“ in Ignatieff, Michael, (ed.), American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 90-110.
Svahn, John A. a Ross, Mary, “Social Security Amendments of 1983: Legislative History and Summary of Provisions” Social Security Bulletin 46, č. 7 (červenec 1983): 3-48.
Temkin, Larry S., “Inequality” Philosophy & Public Affairs 15, č. 2 (jaro 1986): 99-121.
Thomas, D. A. Lloyd, Locke on Government (London, New York: Routledge, 1995).
The World Bank, “Data Bank: World Development Indicators”, dostupné z https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI&country=# (12. 4. 2019).
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Resolution 217A(III), United Nations (10. 12. 1948), https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/217(III) (6. 4. 2019).
Verba, Sidney a Orren, Gary R., “The Meaning of Equality in America” Political Science Quarterly 100, č. 3 (podzim 1985): 369-387.
Vlastos, Gregory, “Justice and Equality” in Pojman, Louis P. a Westmoreland, Robert, (eds.), Equality: selected readings (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 120-133.
Westen, Peter, “The Concept of Equal Opportunity” Ethics 95, č. 4 (červenec 1985): 837-850.
Williams, Bernard A. O., “The Idea of Equality” in Bernard A. O. Williams, Problems of the self: philosophical papers 1956-1972 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 230-249.
Winters, Jeffrey A., Oligarchy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Winters, Jeffrey A., rozhovor vedl Petr Šourek, Reflexe: Historie/Filozofie!, Český rozhlas Vltava, 1. 9. 2018.
Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
World Ineqality Database, “Top 1 % national income share”, dostupné z https://wid.world/world/#sptinc_p99p100_z/FR;DE;CN;ZA;GB;WO;RU/last/eu/k/p/yearly/s/false/2.277/30/curve/false/country (12. 4. 2019).
World Inequality Database, “USA: Income Inequality”, dostupné z https://wid.world/country/usa/ (10. 4. 2019).

Předběžná náplň práce

Práce analyzuje chápání rovnosti ve Spojených státech a zasazuje jej do kontextu současné velké ekonomické nerovnosti. Charakteristickým rysem tohoto chápání je důraz na rovnost příležitostí. Podle této ideje je Amerika zemí rovných příležitostí k úspěchu, který se neodvíjí od rodinného bohatství, ale od tvrdé práce a talentu. Tento koncept bývá dáván do opozice vůči tzv. rovnosti výsledků, podle které by mělo být bohatství ve společnosti více rovnoměrně rozděleno, a která je tradičně vnímána jako cizí americkým hodnotám. Jenže právě velká ekonomická nerovnost, která v Americe dosáhla ještě větší míry než v ostatních rozvinutých zemích, má prokazatelně negativní dopady na všeobecnou možnost slušné rovnosti příležitostí. Cílem této práce je proto ověřit tezi, že v kontextu současné velké a zvětšující se ekonomické nerovnosti se musí tyto nepříznivé dopady na reálný stav rovnosti příležitostí projevit také na samotném chápání rovnosti u Američanů. Tato práce uzavírá na základě analýzy rozsáhlého souboru průzkumů veřejného mínění, že k určité proměně zde dochází. Důraz na rovnost příležitostí zůstává pro americké chápání rovnosti nadále klíčový, zjištění této práce ale narušují představu, že větší rovnost výsledků je něco pro Američany zcela cizího a nežádoucího. Práce proto dochází k závěru, že ve Spojených státech, kde jsou i podstatně velké rozdíly v platech vnímány jako spravedlivé, už ekonomická nerovnost překročila v očích většiny Američanů i tuto vysoko nastavenou úroveň legitimity a začíná být zřejmé, že rovnost příležitostí a větší rovnost výsledků vůči sobě nestojí zcela v opozici, ale jsou vzájemně propojeny.

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

This thesis analyses the perception of equality in the United States in the context of today’s high economic inequality. The main characteristic feature of this perception is the emphasis on the equality of opportunity. According to this ideal, America is the land of equal opportunity to achieve success, which depends on hard work and talent, not on family wealth. This concept is often considered as the opposite of the so-called equality of outcomes, which demands more even distribution of wealth, and which is usually perceived as foreign to American values. However, the large economic inequality, which is even much higher in America than in other advanced countries, has provably negative impacts on the general possibility of fair equal opportunity. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to verify the assumption that in the context of today’s high and rising economic inequality, these negative impacts on the real state of equal opportunity must also find expression in the actual American perception of equality. Based on the analysis of an extensive set of public opinion surveys, it concludes that a certain change in the perception takes place. The emphasis on the equality of opportunity is still crucial, but the findings of the thesis do not support the notion that larger equality of outcomes is absolutely foreign and unwanted in America. It argues that the current economic inequality in the United States, where even large income disparities are perceived as fair, is in the eyes of a majority of Americans beyond this level of legitimacy. It is now becoming more evident that equality of opportunity and equality of outcomes are not in opposition to each other, but are interconnected.