Third-country Young Immigrants’ Transition to Work and Activation Policies in Europe: A comparative case of Austria, Czech Republic, and Finland.

• Název práce v češtině: Přechod do práce a politika aktivizace mladých imigrantů ze třetích zemí v Rakousku, ČR a Finsku.
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Third-country Young Immigrants’ Transition to Work and Activation Policies in Europe: A comparative case of Austria, Czech Republic, and Finland.
• Klíčová slova: Activation measures, Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, government, governance, social protection system, third-country nationals, transition to work, welfare to workfare
• Klíčová slova anglicky: Activation measures, Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, government, governance, social protection system, third-country nationals, transition to work, welfare to workfare
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2017/2018
• Typ práce: disertační práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Katedra veřejné a sociální politiky (23-KVSP)
• Vedoucí / školitel: prof. PhDr. Martin Potůček, CSc., M.Sc.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno a potvrzeno stud. odd.
• Datum přihlášení: 02.11.2017
• Datum zadání: 02.11.2017
• Datum potvrzení stud. oddělením: 02.11.2017
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 16.09.2021 09:30
• Místo konání obhajoby: Voršilská 1/144
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 16.07.2021
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 16.09.2021
• Oponenti: doc. PhDr. Jiří Winkler, Ph.D.

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Předběžná náplň práce

This study is exclusively from a comparative cross-national case-oriented approach with fewer-country comparisons to build an interpretative perspective underlining the scientific aspect of the comparative cases (Lor, 2011: 1-10; Regin, 1987: 2). The qualitative comparative method is the main approach, whereas quantitative instruments supplement secondary data (Ragin, 1987: 69-78). This dissertation is defined by the following scope and limitations.

The first limitation of this study is that this is a cross-country comparative case study. According to Yin (1984), a case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clear. In Yin’s (1984) opinion, a case study involves multifaceted sources of evidence. Thus, the present study is a comparative cross-country study limited to Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic. Hence, there is a “whole-nation bias” (Lijphart, 1975: 166-167) and the arguments for and against the focus on countries.
Secondly, a suitable and exact countries choice is critical (Lor, 2011: 14) to the phenomenon because of the exact country to be selected and generalized the results (Ragin 1987: 15). For instance, as there is little point in comparing entities that are so different that hardly any commonality can be found (Lor 2011: 14)
Thirdly, this study is limited to the socio-political phenomenon in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic. Therefore, the findings of fewer case comparisons are insufficiently generalized to explain the phenomena in countries not included in the study leading to low external validity (Lor, 2011: 14). However, the findings may be generalized to theory in the way social scientist theory-generating findings from one case study to the other (Yin 1984, 94). For instance, in the view of Yin (1984), generalization can take place considering a single case that has been researched to another that has not been researched. This is the case, when a researcher selects only cases where one might expect the findings obtained in a previously conducted study, to enable the researcher to test hypotheses in other studies which may develop into a theory. In this case, the theory that is formulated is to offer a generalization value to other yet to research cases. Theory-based generalization shows the ability of researchers to apply theories in research. Hence, cases under investigation are supposed to have a certain degree of analogy with studied cases.
Fourthly, the other limitation of this study is that the study focuses mainly on governments, public and private employment service agencies in the implementation of work-related activation measures to enable young third-country immigrants’ transition from welfare to all types of works in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic. Thus, irregular, and undocumented non-EU nationals and undocumented third-country immigrants are not part of this study. The study of work-related activation measures and workfare research suggests that most of the studies conducted on the implementation of work-related activation policy measures implementation to Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic are not fusing primarily on the young third-country immigrants. Hence, the findings from those studies may not be applicable to the young third country immigrant study. In this case, this dissertation contributes to the literature on the implementation of work-related activation policy measures implemented to enable young third country immigrant’s participation and social cohesion about the governments and employment-related service agencies.
The fifth limitation of this study is that the data are collected from few public employment services (such as City Councils, Public Employment Service- PES, Municipalities etc.) and few private employment-related service agencies (such as Nongovernmental Organisations- NGOs) in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic. In this case, there are difficulties within the comparison of selected cases (Hantrais, 2009: 54). For example, the national unit’s internal diversity may be greater than the diversity observed when comparing countries with one another limiting the selected employment-related activation policy measures implementation in Austria, Finland and the Czech Republic.
The main challenge of this research is the language background to get access to all the research legislative documents and official authorized employment-related policy reports and in fact, the researcher has limited language skills in both Finnish and Czech languages, which are the official languages in Finland and the Czech Republic. In this vein, the researcher had to sometimes contact native Finns and Czechs to translate some of the legislative documents and authorized policy reports for him. For example, the short demographic survey questionnaire questions will be translated into Finnish by native Finns in Finland during the fieldwork. In addition, some of the secondary data sources of published and unpublished texts information were also in Czech languages and had to be translated as well.

In short, the qualitative “comparative-case strategy” (Lijphart 1971, 1975) of this dissertation is a “case-oriented strategy” (Ragin, 1987) of few countries (Lor, 2011: 8). The main objective is to offer an insight-generating and in-depth study of the selected cases and explore the theoretical and empirical proponents (Lor, 2011: 13). According to Landman (2008), Lor (2011:13) and Ragin (1987: 20), this is to offer a higher level of abstraction to characterize the enabling of young third country immigrants` social cohesion process. In addition, despite fewer case-oriented strategies in this dissertation, Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic offer suitable multidimensional data from different perspectives that support an in-depth analysis to provide a high level of internal validity of the respective cases. In this case, Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic are chosen in this study due to their comparability. As selected entities, they have both shared and non-shared attributes, which makes the cases at the same time “similar” from the perspective of European Union Member states and “comparable” (Lor, 2011: 14). Moreover, to uncover work-related activation measures enabling young third-country immigrants work-related transition from welfare to all types of work, these countries were preferred as the Most Different System Design (MDSD), which represents Mill`s “Method of Difference” (Hantrais 2009: 59-64). In fact, the cases are similar to European Union countries but dissimilar from their respective multi-stakeholders institutional structure and the government, public and private employment service agencies work-related activation governance setting to enable young third-country immigrants` work-related transition from welfare to all types of work, which is the objective of this study.

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

This study is exclusively from a comparative cross-national case-oriented approach with fewer-country comparisons to build an interpretative perspective underlining the scientific aspect of the comparative cases (Lor, 2011: 1-10; Regin, 1987: 2). The qualitative comparative method is the main approach, whereas quantitative instruments supplement secondary data (Ragin, 1987: 69-78). This dissertation is defined by the following scope and limitations.

The first limitation of this study is that this is a cross-country comparative case study. According to Yin (1984), a case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clear. In Yin’s (1984) opinion, a case study involves multifaceted sources of evidence. Thus, the present study is a comparative cross-country study limited to Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic. Hence, there is a “whole-nation bias” (Lijphart, 1975: 166-167) and the arguments for and against the focus on countries.
Secondly, a suitable and exact countries choice is critical (Lor, 2011: 14) to the phenomenon because of the exact country to be selected and generalized the results (Ragin 1987: 15). For instance, as there is little point in comparing entities that are so different that hardly any commonality can be found (Lor 2011: 14)
Thirdly, this study is limited to the socio-political phenomenon in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic. Therefore, the findings of fewer case comparisons are insufficiently generalized to explain the phenomena in countries not included in the study leading to low external validity (Lor, 2011: 14). However, the findings may be generalized to theory in the way social scientist theory-generating findings from one case study to the other (Yin 1984, 94). For instance, in the view of Yin (1984), generalization can take place considering a single case that has been researched to another that has not been researched. This is the case, when a researcher selects only cases where one might expect the findings obtained in a previously conducted study, to enable the researcher to test hypotheses in other studies which may develop into a theory. In this case, the theory that is formulated is to offer a generalization value to other yet to research cases. Theory-based generalization shows the ability of researchers to apply theories in research. Hence, cases under investigation are supposed to have a certain degree of analogy with studied cases.
Fourthly, the other limitation of this study is that the study focuses mainly on governments, public and private employment service agencies in the implementation of work-related activation measures to enable young third-country immigrants’ transition from welfare to all types of works in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic. Thus, irregular, and undocumented non-EU nationals and undocumented third-country immigrants are not part of this study. The study of work-related activation measures and workfare research suggests that most of the studies conducted on the implementation of work-related activation policy measures implementation to Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic are not fusing primarily on the young third-country immigrants. Hence, the findings from those studies may not be applicable to the young third country immigrant study. In this case, this dissertation contributes to the literature on the implementation of work-related activation policy measures implemented to enable young third country immigrant’s participation and social cohesion about the governments and employment-related service agencies.
The fifth limitation of this study is that the data are collected from few public employment services (such as City Councils, Public Employment Service- PES, Municipalities etc.) and few private employment-related service agencies (such as Nongovernmental Organisations- NGOs) in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic. In this case, there are difficulties within the comparison of selected cases (Hantrais, 2009: 54). For example, the national unit’s internal diversity may be greater than the diversity observed when comparing countries with one another limiting the selected employment-related activation policy measures implementation in Austria, Finland and the Czech Republic.
The main challenge of this research is the language background to get access to all the research legislative documents and official authorized employment-related policy reports and in fact, the researcher has limited language skills in both Finnish and Czech languages, which are the official languages in Finland and the Czech Republic. In this vein, the researcher had to sometimes contact native Finns and Czechs to translate some of the legislative documents and authorized policy reports for him. For example, the short demographic survey questionnaire questions will be translated into Finnish by native Finns in Finland during the fieldwork. In addition, some of the secondary data sources of published and unpublished texts information were also in Czech languages and had to be translated as well.

In short, the qualitative “comparative-case strategy” (Lijphart 1971, 1975) of this dissertation is a “case-oriented strategy” (Ragin, 1987) of few countries (Lor, 2011: 8). The main objective is to offer an insight-generating and in-depth study of the selected cases and explore the theoretical and empirical proponents (Lor, 2011: 13). According to Landman (2008), Lor (2011:13) and Ragin (1987: 20), this is to offer a higher level of abstraction to characterize the enabling of young third country immigrants` social cohesion process. In addition, despite fewer case-oriented strategies in this dissertation, Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic offer suitable multidimensional data from different perspectives that support an in-depth analysis to provide a high level of internal validity of the respective cases. In this case, Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic are chosen in this study due to their comparability. As selected entities, they have both shared and non-shared attributes, which makes the cases at the same time “similar” from the perspective of European Union Member states and “comparable” (Lor, 2011: 14). Moreover, to uncover work-related activation measures enabling young third-country immigrants work-related transition from welfare to all types of work, these countries were preferred as the Most Different System Design (MDSD), which represents Mill`s “Method of Difference” (Hantrais 2009: 59-64). In fact, the cases are similar to European Union countries but dissimilar from their respective multi-stakeholders institutional structure and the government, public and private employment service agencies work-related activation governance setting to enable young third-country immigrants` work-related transition from welfare to all types of work, which is the objective of this study