Searching for Styles of National Architecture in Habsburg Central Europe1890-1920. Art Nouveau and Turn-of-the-Century Architecture as Nation-Building

• Název v anglickém jazyce: Searching for Styles of National Architecture in Habsburg Central Europe1890-1920. Art Nouveau and Turn-of-the-Century Architecture as Nation-Building
• Klíčová slova: Národní hnutí a architektura, historismus, architektura ve střední Evropě, secese, rondo-kubismus, národní architektura, lidová architektura, Ödön Lechner, Béla Lajta, Stanislaw Witkiewicz, Jan Kotěra.
• Klíčová slova anglicky: Nation-building and architecture, historicism, architecture in Central Europe. Art Nouveau, national architecture, vernacular architecture, Ödön Lechner, Béla Lajta, Stanislaw Witkiewicz, Jan Kotěra
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2011/2012
• Typ práce: diplomová práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Ústav světových dějin (21-USD)
• Vedoucí / školitel: prof. Dr. phil. Pavel Himl
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno a potvrzeno stud. odd.
• Datum přihlášení: 14.05.2012
• Datum zadání: 14.05.2012
• Schválení administrátorem: zatím neschvalováno
• Datum potvrzení stud. oddělením: 09.10.2012
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 17.06.2013 00:00
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 15.06.2013
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 17.06.2013
• Odevzdaná/finalizovaná: odevzdaná pracovníkem v zastoupení a finalizovaná
• Oponenti: Eric Michaud

Zásady pro vypracování

In this MA thesis my aim is a comparative overview between the national definiteness of Art Nouveau works made in the certain regions of the Habsburg monarchy. The period (the fin-de-siècle), the political frame (the Habsburg monarchy) and the Art Nouveau style which I am interested in are solid. On the other hand I am planning to examine four nations and concomitantly four “regions” of the empire: German (Austrian? in Austria), Hungarian (Hungarian Kingdom), Czech (Lands of the Czech Crown) and Polish (Galicia). The research focuses mainly with architecture, at the same time is related with fine and applied arts as well. During the research I am considering every relevant artistic patterns which are engaged with the national identity in the peak of 19^th century nationalism. Nevertheless, I don’t want to compile a detailed list of nationalist artists, pieces of art or motifs which appeared in these works but a comparison of nationalistic intentions in the art life of the Habsburg Empire.
To my mind, within the frame of a MA thesis the most adequate and probable manner of such overview is a series of comparative case studies. Now I am projecting four of that type of collating. In each I am going to pick one distinct component from the regions and contrasting them with each other. Buildings and pieces of art stand in the aim of the majority of these comparisons. Although the first such chapter is going to deal with texts: theoretical articles, book chapters and manifestos written by leading architects (Otto Wagner, Ödön Lechner, Antonín Balšánek and Stanisław Witkiewicz).
Then I have an intention to confront the theories with their fulfilments. I am considering two times four building with identical function: cultural public buildings (Klagenfurt, Marosvásárhely, Prague, Jarosław) and Exhibition Pavilions of the national Art Nouveau societies (in the de facto national capitals: Vienna, Budapest, Prague, Cracow). Due to their identical designation, the representative significance of their facades and symbolical patterns, their arrangement of the rooms and saloons is remarkably parallel. One could say that the only worthwhile distinction is that they were planned by architects from different nations. Perhaps this distinction will result actual differences but not at the sphere of national or vernacular motifs.
I think it is necessary to clarify that at the beginning of my research I am deeply influenced by the Hungarian aspect of the issue. In Hungary the reception of Art Nouveau style (szecesszió) was attached with an enthusiastic intention of establishing a national (architectural) style. According to this, my hypothesis is that the fashionable art style and the – socially – modish nationalism joined each other everywhere in Habsburg Central Europe. On the other hand I am absolutely not sure that this interconnection was as strong in the other parts of the empire as in Hungary. The narrowest aim of my thesis is to find an adequate answer for this dilemma. The issue of the Austrian identity induce another problem: could we speak about Austrian identity and nationalism at all? If not, the Austrian cases should assist the research as a counterpoint and demonstrate that within the same political frame and artistic influences the nationalism could play a main role and could be irrelevant as well.
To be sure when I am going to work with Czech and Polish sources I will see that the national motifs whether dominated the architecture of these “regions” or appeared only sporadically. The resolution of this question does matter in the concept of the comparison as well: if the previous assumption is right than the comparison will be symmetric and I should destine the same place and attention to all “national architecture”. If it will turn out that actually the national pattern was only a sideman in the case of the Austrian, Czech and Polish Art Nouveau and not a protagonist as in Hungary than my research will certainly shift from a symmetric to an asymmetric comparison which may study that what lacked in the German and Slavic part of the Empire what existed in the Eastern side of the Leitha.
In the case of the asymmetric comparison, it’s worth to glance the Czech and Polish strivings toward a national architectural style related with other artistic styles (Historicist and Avantgarde styles, especially Rondocubism) but not with Art Nouveau. I can suggest that the differences in the artistic nature (the per se styles) of the Central European national styles could be telling about the differences of the concomitant nationalisms and nation building processes.
About the sources: I am definitely sure that in that two years (despite the theoretical writings) I will have time only for secondary sources. Reasonably in first place I am interested in the articles which focus on the relation between Art Nouveau – or in general the art of the fin-de-siècle in Central Europe – and nationalism. Probably I won’t find enough summary and therefore I will have to contrast the Art Historical and Social Historical secondary literature about the period for find responses to my questions.

Seznam odborné literatury

Art Nouveau in general
· Gerhardus, Maly: Symbolism and art nouveau. Sense of impending crisis, refinement of sensibility, and life reborn in beauty, Oxford: Phaidon 1979.
· Greenhalgh, Paul: Art Nouveau 1890-1914, London: V&A Publications 2000.
· Lucan, Jacques: Composition, non-composition. Architecture et théories XIX^e-XX^e siècles, Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes 2009.
Nation-building in Habsburg Central Europe
· Alofsin, Anthony: When Buildings Speak. Architecture as Language in the Habsburg Empire and Its Aftermath, 1867-1933, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 2006.
· Creating the Other. Ethnic Conflict & Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe, ed. Wingfield, Nancy M., New York: Berghahn Books 2003.
· Hobsbawm, Eric: The Age of Empire: 1875–1914, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1987.
· Hroch, Miroslav: “Nemzeti újjászületés – Európai párhuzamokkal,” in: Csehország a Habsburg Monarchiában, 1618–1918. Esszék a cseh történelemről, szerk. Szarka László, Budapest: Gondolat 1989, 83–102.
· Hroch, Miroslav: Comparative studies in modern European history: nation, nationalism, social change, Aldershot: Ashgate 2007.
· Hroch, Miroslav: Social preconditions of national revival in Europe: a comparative analysis of the social composition of patriotic groups among the smaller European nations, Cambridge: University Press 1985.
· Keleti szláv regék és mondák, szerk. Petrovácz István, Budapest: Móra 1989.
· Patočka, Jan: Mi a cseh? Esszék és tanulmányok, Pozsony: Kalligram 1996.
· Schieder, Cf. Theodor: „Typologie und Erscheinungsformen des Nationalstaates in Europa,” in Historische Zeitschrift 202 (1966) 58–81.
· Szyjewski, Andrzej: Slavic Religion, Kraków: WAM 2003.
· Vörös, László: “Methodological and Theoretical Aspects of ‘Social Identities’ Research in Historiography,” in: Frontiers and Identities I. Exploring the Research Area (CLIOHRES), ed. Klusáková, Lud’a – Ellis, Steven G., Pisa: University Press 2006, 27–46.
Arts and urban life in Habsburg Central Europe in general
· Hanák Péter: “Alkotóerő és pluralitás Közép-Európa kultúrájában,” and „Miért fin de siècle?,” in: Budapesti Negyed 22:4 (1998).
· Hanák Péter: “Közép-Európa mint történeti régió az újkorban,” in: Előadások a Történettudományi Intézetben, 3. kötet, Budapest, 1986 14–25.
· Hanák Péter: „Közép-Európa: az imaginárius region,” in: Világosság 8-9 (1989) 561–571.
· Hanák, Péter: The Garden and the Workshop. Essays on the Cultural History of Vienna and Budapest, Princeton: University Press 1998.
· Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska, Stefania – Mizia, Piotr: “»Sztuka«, »Wiener Secession«, »Mánes«. The Central European Art Triangle,” in: Artibus et Historiae 27:53 (2006) 217-259.
· Moravánszky Ákos: Építészet az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchiában 1867–1918, Budapest: Corvina, 1988, 89–165.
· Moravánszky Ákos: Versengő látomások. Esztétikai újítás és társadalmi program az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia építészetében 1867–1918, Budapest: Vince 1998, 95–129, 183–249, 295–321.
· Nyíri Kristóf: A Monarchia szellemi életéről: Filozófiatörténeti tanulmányok, Budapest: Gondolat 1980.
· Sanna, Angela: Art nouveau/Secesja/Secese/Szecesszió, Praha-Warszawa-Budapest: Slovart-Solis-Vince 2009.
· Schwartz, Agatha: Shifting Voices: Feminist Thought and Women's Writing in Fin-de-siècle Austria and Hungary, McGill-Queen's University Press 2008, 3–19.
· The Limits of Loyalty. Imperial Symbolism, Popular Allegiances, and State Patriotism in the Late Habsburg Monarchy, ed. Cole, Laurence – Unowsky, Daniel L., New York: Berghahn Books 2007.
Austria
· Anderson, Mark: “The Ornaments of Writing: Kafka, Loos and the Jugendstil,” in: New German Critique 43 (1988), 125-145.
· Cohen, Gary, “Society and Culture in Prague, Vienna, and Budapest in the late Nineteenth Century,” in: East European Quarterly 20 (1986), 467–484.
· Geehr, Richard S.: Karl Lueger: Mayor of Fin De Siècle Vienna, Wayne State University Press 1990.
· Healy, Maureen: “Becoming Austrian: Women, the State and Citizenship in World War I,” in: Central European History 35:1 (2002), pp. 1–35.
· Johnston, William M.: The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938, University of California Press 1972.
· Maderthaner, Wolfgang – Musner, Lutz: Unruly Masses: The Other Side of Fin-de-siècle Vienna, New York: Berghahn Books 2008, 31-57.
· Partsch, Susanna: Gustav Klimt. Painter of women, Munich: Prestel 1994.
· Pók Lajos: Bécs 1900. Panorámakép a századforduló osztrák-bécsi kultúrájáról, Budapest: Helikon 1989.
· Rethinking Vienna 1900 (Austrian Studies, 3), ed. Beller, Steven, New York: Berghahn Books 2001.
· Schorske, Carl: Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, New York: Knopf 1980.
· Varnedoe, Kirk: Vienna 1900. Art, architecture & design, New York: Museum of Modern Art 1986.
· Vienna 1900. Klimt, Schiele, Moser, Kokoschka, ed. Lemoine, Serge, Paris: Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux 2005.
The Czech Lands
Czech nation-building
· Bradley, J. F. N.: Czech Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century, Boulder, East European Monographs 1984.
· Cibulka, Pavel – Hájek, Jan – Kučera, Martin: „The Definition of Czech National Society during the Period of Liberalism and Nationalism,” in: A history of the Czech Lands, ed. Pánek, Jaroslav – Tůma, Oldřich et alii, Prague: Karolinum 2009.
· Fin de siècle and its legacy, ed. Porter, Roy – Teich, Mikulaš, Cambridge: University Press 1990.
· Hroch, Miroslav: Comparative studies in modern European history: nation, nationalism, social change, Aldershot: Ashgate 2007.
· Hroch, Miroslav: Social preconditions of national revival in Europe: a comparative analysis of the social composition of patriotic groups among the smaller European nations, Cambridge: University Press 1985.
· Kulikowski, Mark: A Bibliography of Slavic Mythology, Columbus: Slavica Publcations 1989.
· Sayer, Derek: “The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780-1920,” in: Past & Present 153 (1996) 164-210.
· The national question in Europe in historical context, ed. Porter, Roy – Teich, Mikulaš, Cambridge: University Press 1993.
Alphonse Mucha
· Alfons Mucha: Czech master of the Belle Epoque [catalogue], ed. Sylvestrová, Marta – Štembera, Petr, Brno: Moravská galerie; Budapest: Szépművészeti Múzeum 2009.
· Alphonse Mucha: The complete Graphic Works, ed. Bridges, Ann, London: Academic Editions 1991.
· Art Nouveau Designs in Color. Alphonse Mucha, Maurice Verneuil, Georges Auriol, New York: Dover Publications 1974.
· Arwas, Victor: Alphonse Mucha. The spirit of Art Nouveau, New Haven: Yale University Press 1998.
· Bade, Patrick: Alphonse Mucha, London: Sirocco 2005.
· Brinton, Christian: Historical paintings of the Slavic nations by Alfons Mucha, New York: Brooklyn Museum 1921.
· Maliva, Josef: Muchova Slovanská epopej. Katalog vystaveného díla, Brno: Krajské středisko státní památkové péče a ochrany přírody v Brně 1968.
· Mucha, Jiří: Alphonse Maria Mucha. His life and art, London: Academy Editions 1989.
· The Art Nouveau Style Book of Alphonse Mucha. "Documents Décoratifs" in Original Color, ed. David M. H. Kern, New York: Dover Publications 1980.
· Wittlich, Petr: Alfons Mucha in the Municipal House, Praha: Obecní dům 2000.
Czech Art Nouveau
· David, Katherine: “Czech Feminists and Nationalism in the Late Habsburg Monarchy: The First in Austria,” in: Journal of Women's History, 3:2 (1991) 26–45.
· David-Fox, Katherine: “Prague-Vienna, Prague-Berlin: The Hidden Geography of Czech Modernism,” in: Slavic Review, 59 (2000) 743–750.
· Doubravová, Jarmila: “Fin de siecle again?,” in: Přednášky z 44. běhu Letní školy slovanských studií, ed. Kuklík, Jan, Praha: Univerzita Karlova 2001 104–111.
· Jan Kotěra 1871-1923. The founder of modern Czech architecture, ed. Šlapeta, Vladimír, Prague: Municipal House – KANT 2001.
· Paces, Cynthia, “The Battle for Public Space on Prague's Old Town Square,” Composing Urban History and the Constitution of Civic Identities, eds. Czaplicka, John J. – Ruble, Blair A. – Crabtree, Lauren, Woodrow Wilson Center Press 2003, 165–191.
· Prague 1900. Poetry and ecstasy, ed. Becker, Edwin– Prahl, Roman– Wittlich, Petr, Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum 1999.
· Pražský hrad za T.G. Masaryka (exh. cat. Paha: Pražský hrad), ed. Kovtun, Jiří – Lukeš, Zdeněk, 1995.
· Quattrocchi, Luca: La sécession a Prague, Paris: Gallimard 1992.
· Sedlák, Jan: Brno secesní. Deset kapitol o architektuře a umění kolem roku 1900, Brno: ERA 2004.
· The Municipal House of the city of Prague, Praha: Municipal House 2001.
· Veselý, Dalibor [rec.]: „Petr Wittlich: Horizonty umĕní. Book on czech Symbolism, Praha, Karolinum, 2010,” in: Umĕní 59:3/4 (2011) 321–324.
· Vitochová, Marie: Prague and Art Nouveau, Prague: V Ráji 1995.
· Wittlich, Petr: Art-Nouveau Prague. Forms of the style, Praha: Karolinum 2007.
· Wittlich, Petr: Jan Preisler 1872-1918, Praha: Obecní dům Praha 2003.
· Wittlich, Petr: Prague fin de siècle, Paris: Flammarion 1992.
· Wittlich, Petr: Sculpture of the Czech Art Nouveau, Praha: Karolinum 2001.
Galicia
· Fin de Siècle. Polish Art 1890-1914, ed. Charazińska, Elźabieta–Kossowski, Łukasz, Warsawa: The National Museum 1996-1997.
· Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska, Stefania: Polish Art Nouveau, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Kluszczynski 1999.
· Prokopovych, Markian: “Lemberg (Lwów, Ľviv), 1772-1918: If Not the Little Vienna of the East, or a National Bastion, What Else?,” in: East Central Europe 36 (2009).
· Prokopovych, Markian: “New Monumentality and Capital Cities. A Discursive Analysis of Berlin, Vienna, Budapest and Prague Around 1900”, in: Urbane Kulturen in Zentraleuropa um 1900, eds. Peter Stachel, Cornelia Szabo-Knotik, Wien: Passagen 2004.
· Prokopovych, Markian: Habsburg Lemberg: Architecture, Public Space and Politics in the Galician Capital, 1772-1914, West Lafayette: Purdue University Press 2009.
Hungary
· A vidék szecessziója (exh. cat. Szolnok: Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeum), szerk. Kárpáti László – Kostyál László – Veres László, 2005.
· Gerle János: Lechner Ödön (Az építészet mesterei) Budapest, Holnap 2003.
· Gyáni, Gábor: Identity and the Urban Experience: Fin-de-siécle Budapest, Boulder: Social Science Monographs 2004
· Horel, Catherine: Histoire de Budapest (Histoire des grandes villes du monde), Paris: Fayard 1999.
· Keserü, Katalin: “The Workshops of Gödöllő: Transformations of a Morrisian Theme,” in: Journal of Design History 1:1 (1988) 1-23.
· Macsai, John: “Architecture as Opposition,” in: Journal of Architectural Education 38 (1985) 8-14.
· Passuth, Krisztina: “Un exemple: la Hongrie. La naissance du modernisme au sein de l'art nouveau,” in: Umění 51 (2003) 495–500.
· Szabadi Judit: “A magyar szecesszió eszmetörténeti vázlata,” in: Ars Hungarica 8:1 (1980) 17–41.
· Szívós, Erika, “Fin-de-Siècle Budapest as a Center of Art,” ECE 33 (2006) 1–2, 141–168.
The Balkans(only as admixture)
● Donia, Robert J., “The Making of Fin de siecle Sarajevo,” in: Sarajevo: A Biography, Michigan: University of Michigan Press 2006, 60–92.
● Kallestrup, Shona: “Romanian 'National Style' and the 1906 Bucharest Jubilee Exhibition,” in: Journal of Design History 15:3 (2002) 147-162.
● Kudela, Jirí–Dimitrijevi´c, Branka–Vacík, Ivo: The architect Karel Parik : a Czech who built the European Sarajevo, Sarajevo: Ambasada Ceske Republike u Bosni i Hercegovini 2007.
Pantelić, Bratislav: “Nationalism and Architecture: The Creation of a National Style in Serbian Architecture and Its Political Implications,” in: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 56 (1997) 16-41.