The Skripal Poisoning on Twitter: A Visual Content Analysis of Russian Disinformation from the Russian Embassy in London.

• Název práce v češtině: Otrava Scripalových na Twitteru: analýza vizuálního obsahu ruských dezinformací vytvářených ruským velvyslanectvím v Londýně.
• Název v anglickém jazyce: The Skripal Poisoning on Twitter: A Visual Content Analysis of Russian Disinformation from the Russian Embassy in London.
• Klíčová slova: Ruská dezinformace, otrava Skripalových, Twitter, analýza vizuálního obsahu
• Klíčová slova anglicky: Russian Disinformation, Skripal Poisoning, Twitter, Visual Content Analysis
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2018/2019
• Typ práce: diplomová práce
• Jazyk práce: angličtina
• Ústav: Katedra ruských a východoevropských studií (23-KRVS)
• Vedoucí / školitel: PhDr. Jan Šír, Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 24.11.2019
• Datum zadání: 24.11.2019
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 08.09.2020 10:00
• Místo konání obhajoby: Pekařská 16, JPEK107, 107, Malá učebna, 1.patro
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 29.07.2020
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 08.09.2020
• Oponenti: PhDr. Jan Hornát, Ph.D.

Seznam odborné literatury

Allan, D. (2018) ‘Managed Confrontation: UK Policy Towards Russia After the Salisbury Attack’, Chatham House [online]. Available from: https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/managed-confrontation-uk-policy-towards-russia-after-salisbury-attack# [accessed 16 June 2020].

Andrews, T.M. (2016) ‘Once-comic Pepe the Frog has been declared a hate symbol’, The Washington Post [online]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/28/once-comic-pepe-the-frog-has-been-declared-a-hate-symbol/ [accessed 11 April 2020].

Ardehali, R. (2018) ‘'She wrote that herself!': Language expert rebuffs Russian's claim that Britain forced Yulia Skripal to read out statement after she broke her silence following Salisbury nerve agent attack’, Daily Mail [online]. Available from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5769037/Language-expert-rebuffs-Russian-claims-Yulia-Skripal-held-hostage.html [accessed 15 June 2020].

Asthana, A. Roth, A. Harding, L. and MacAskill, E. (2018) ‘Russian spy poisoning: Theresa May issues ultimatum to Moscow’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/12/russia-highly-likely-to-be-behind-poisoning-of-spy-says-theresa-may [accessed 19 June 2020].

Atlantic Council (2018) ‘#StratCom: Panel III: Dark Forces: Exposing the Kremlin’s Influence Operations’, Atlantic Council [online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bQrfVE1cuk [accessed 03 July 2020].

Bacon, E. (2012) ‘Public political narratives: developing a neglected source through the exploratory case of Russia in the Putin-Medvedev era’, Political Studies, 60:4, pp.768-786.

Barry, E. (2018) ‘Yulia Skripal Describes ‘Extremely Painful’ Recovery From Poisoning”, The New York Times [online]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/23/world/europe/uk-yulia-skripal-poisoning.html [accessed 19 April 2020].

BBC (2017) ‘Syria chemical ‘attack’: Russia faces fury at UN Security Council’, BBC [online]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39500319 [accessed 08 July 2020].

BBC (2018) ‘Russian spy: UK to expel 23 Russian diplomats’, BBC [online]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43402506 [accessed 19 June 2020].

BBC (2018b) ‘Russian Nikolai Glushkov’s London death now a murder inquiry’, BBC [online]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43433552 [accessed 19 June 2020].

BBC (2019) ‘Skripal case: Russian ‘spies’ targeted Swiss chemical weapons lab’, BBC [online]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45522614 [accessed 26 April 2020].

BBC (2019b) ‘Salisbury poisoning: EU sanctions Russian suspects’, BBC [online]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46949162 [accessed 08 May 2020].

BBC (2020) ‘Twitter hides Trump tweet for ‘glorifying violence’’, BBC [online]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52846679 [accessed 18 June 2020].

Beckett, C. (2015) ‘How journalism is turning emotional and what that might mean for news’, LSE Blogs [online]. Available from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/polis/2015/09/10/how-journalism-is-turning-emotional-and-what-that-might-mean-for-news/ [accessed 12 June 2020].

Bedlam, M. (2018) ‘Twitter diplomacy: how Russian embassy trolls UK government’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/15/twitter-diplomacy-how-russian-embassy-trolls-british-government?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other [accessed 11 April 2020].

Bellingcat Investigations Team (2018) ‘Skripal Suspect Boshirov Identified as GRU Colonel Anatoliy Chepiga’, Bellingcat [online]. Available from: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2018/09/26/skripal-suspect-boshirov-identified-gru-colonel-anatoliy-chepiga/ [accessed 10 June 2020].

Bellingcat Investigations Team (2018b) ‘Second Skripal Poisoning Suspect Identified as Dr. Alexander Mishkin’, Bellingcat [online]. Available from: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2018/10/08/second-skripal-poisoning-suspect-identified-as-dr-alexander-mishkin/ [accessed 19 June 2020].

Berry, J.M. and Sobieraj, S. (2013) The outrage industry: Political opinion media and the new incivility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bjola, C. (2015) ‘Introduction: Making sense of digital diplomacy’, in Bjola, C. and Holmes, M. (eds.) Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice. London: Routledge.

Blake, H., Warren, T., Holmes, R., Leopold, J., Bradley, J., Campbell A. (2017) ‘From Russia with Blood. The Kremlin’s Ruthless Assassination Program and Vladimir Putin’s secret War on the West’, BuzzFeed [online]. Available from: https://www.buzzfeed.com/heidiblake/from-russia-with-blood-14-suspected-hits-on-british-soil [accessed 23 February 2020].

Bleiker, R. (2015) ‘Pluralist Methods for Visual Global Politics’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 43/3 pp. 872 – 890.

Bleiker, R. and Hutchison, E. (2020) ‘Visual Politics and Conflict: Emma Hutchison and Roland Bleiker in Discussion with Sebastian Kaempf”, Youtube [online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E10SJdZ-pDQ [accessed 23 May 2020].

Boaden, H. (2011) ‘Value of Journalism Speech given at The BBC College of Journalism and POLIS international conference’, BBC [online]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/speeches/stories/boaden_lse.shtml [accessed 03 May 2020].

Brown, C. (2018) ‘Inside a former Russian spy’s info wars course. Today’s lesson – the nerve agent poisoning in the U.K.’, CBC [online]. Available from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russia-information-wars-skripal-1.4949550 [accessed 28 July 2020].

Brown, C. (2019) ‘Top Russian news host takes aim at Ukrainian Canadians’, CBC [online]. Available from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/top-russian-news-host-takes-aim-atukrainian-canadians-1.4980859 [accessed 19 June 2019]

Brubaker, R. (1995) ‘National minorities, nationalizing states, and external national homelands in the new Europe’, Daedalus p.107-132.

Brunning, A. (2018) ‘What we do (and don’t) know about Novichok Agents’, American Scientist [online]. Available from: https://www.americanscientist.org/article/what-we-do-and-dont-know-about-novichok-agents [accessed 08 July 2020].

Buckley, N. (2017) ‘From Russia with likes; embassy tweets prove a hit for Moscow’, Financial Times [online]. Available from: https://www.ft.com/content/6e9ebc52-4c68-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b [accessed 11 March 2020].

Constantinou, C.M. (2018) ‘Diplomacy’ in Bleiker, R. (ed.) (2018) Visual global politics. London: Routledge, pp. 104-110.

Corner, J. (2007) ‘Mediated politics, promotional culture and the idea of propaganda'’, Media, Culture & Society, 29:4, pp. 669-677.

Crilley, R. (2017) ‘Seeing Syria: The visual politics of the national coalition of Syrian revolution and opposition forces on Facebook’, Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 10:2-3, pp.133-158.

Dawson, A. and Innes, M. (2019) ‘How Russia's Internet Research Agency Built its Disinformation Campaign’, The Political Quarterly, 90:2, pp.245-256.

Danyk, Y., Maliarchuk, T. and Briggs, C. (2017) ‘Hybrid War: High-tech, Information and Cyber Conflicts’, Connections 16:2, pp.5-24.

Darczewska, J. and Żochowski, P. (2015) ‘Russophobia in the Kremlin’s strategy: A weapon of mass destruction’, OSW Centre for Eastern Studies, Point of View 56.

De Vreese, C.H., 2005. ‘News framing: Theory and typology’, Information design journal & document design, 13:1.

DFR Lab, (2019) ‘Disinfo bingo: The 4 Ds of disinformation in the Moscow protests’, medium.com [online]. Avaliable from: https://medium.com/dfrlab/disinfo-bingo-the-4-ds-of-disinformation-in-the-moscow-protests-6624d3d677e6 [accessed 30 March 2020].

Diener, A.C. (2015) ‘Assessing potential Russian irredentism and separatism in Kazakhstan’s northern oblasts’, Eurasian Geography and Economics 56:5, pp.469-492.

Donovan, J. (2020) ‘Big, If True Webinar: Technologies of the Far-Right’, Shorenstein Center [online]. Available from: https://shorensteincenter.org/big-if-true-webinar-technologies-of-the-far-right/ [accessed 18 May 2020].

Duncan, A. (2018) ‘Managed Confrontation: UK Policy Towards Russia After the Salisbury Attack’, Chatham House [online]. [available from] https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2018-10-30-managed-confrontation-uk-russia-salisbury-allan-final.pdf [accessed 23 February 2020].

Eke, S. (2006) ‘Russia law on killing ‘extremists’ abroad’, BBC News [online]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6188658.stm [accessed 23 February 2020].

En.Kremlin.ru. (2018) ‘Meeting with heads of international news agencies’, Kremlin.ru [online]. Available from: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/57557 [accessed 02 July 2020].

Entman, R. M. (1993) ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’, Journal of Communication 43:4, pp. 51-58.

Eslas, U. (2015) ‘Peter Pomerantsev: Russia Uses Flued Ideology to Undermine the EU’, RKK ICDS [online]. Available from: https://icds.ee/peter-pomerantsev-russia-uses-fluid-ideology-to-undermine-the-eu/ [accessed 03 May 2020].

Ewick, P. and Silbey S. S. (1995) ‘Subversive stories and hegemonic tales: Toward a sociology of narrative’, Law and Society Review, 197-226.

Fairclough, N. (1989) Language and Power. New York: Longman Publishing Ltd.

Fairclough, N. (2003) Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. New York: Routledge.

Fallon, C. (2017) ‘What is ‘Whataboutism,’ and why is it suddenly everywhere?’ Huffington Post [online]. Available from: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/what-is-whataboutism_n_59932909e4b00914164043a4 [accessed 05 March 2020].

Galeotti, M. (2019) ‘A Year After the Skripal Poisoning, How Much Has Really Changed?’, The Moscow Times [online]. Available from:
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/03/a-year-after-the-skripal-poisoning-how-much-has-really-changed-a64677 [accessed 24 February 2020].
Giles, K. (2016) ‘The Next Phase of Russian Information Warfare’, NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence 20.

Giles, K. (2019) Moscow rules: What drives Russia to confront the West. London: Chatham House.

Gitlin, T. (2003) The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. California: University of California Press.

Glynn, J. (2013) ‘Twitter is About to Get a Whole Lot More Visual’, Impact [online]. Available from: https://www.impactbnd.com/blog/twitter-is-about-to-get-a-whole-lot-more-visual [accessed 22 June 2020].

Gorenburg, D. (2019) ‘Russian Foreign Policy Narratives’, The Marshall Center [online]. Available from: https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/security-insights/russian-foreign-policy-narratives-0#toc-russophobia [accessed 11 July 2020].

Gordy, E. (2013) Guilt, responsibility and denial: The past at stake in post-Milošević Serbia Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Gov.UK (2016) ‘The Truth about Porton Down’, Gov.uk [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-truth-about-porton-down [accessed 03 May 2020].

Greenfield, P. and Bannock, C. (2018) ‘I don’t need any help from the Russian embassy – Yulia Skripal’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/11/i-dont-need-any-help-from-the-russian-embassy-yulia-skripal [accessed 19 June 2020].

Guardian News (2018) ‘Men claiming to be Salisbury novichok attack suspects speak to Russian state TV’, Guardian News [online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNEWMrdSNfc [accessed 19 June 2020].

Gutterman, S. (2020) ‘The Week in Russia: The Coronavirus And Kremlin Control’, Radio Free Europe [online]. Available from: https://www.rferl.org/a/week-in-russia-coronavirus-kremlin-control-putin/30561478.html?fbclid=IwAR0wVew-qXLvQ2iQwZNCHybAPREa0DxIe0q9AwhuVyrB17tdY8MJrneA1b4 [accessed 18 April 2020].

Harcup T. and O’Neill D. (2001) ‘What is News? Galtung and Ruge Revisited’, Journalism Studies, 2:2, pp 261-280

Hansen, L. (2015) ‘How images make world politics: International icons and the case of Abu Ghraib’, Review of International Studies, 41:2, pp.263-288.

Harding, L. (2018) ‘Yulia Skripal: ‘We are so lucky to have survived assassination attempt’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/23/yulia-skripal-we-are-so-lucky-to-have-survived-attempted-assassination [accessed 19 April 2020].
Harding, L. (2019) ‘Nikolai Glushkov’s daughter appeals for witnesses a year after his murder’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/11/nikolai-glushkov-daughter-appeals-witnesses-murder-natalia-glushkova [accessed 08 July 2020].

Holton, K. (2018) ‘Timeline: From Moscow to Salisbury: UK police detail Novichok suspects’ movements’, Reuters.com [online]. Available from: https://in.reuters.com/article/britain-russia-timeline/timeline-from-moscow-to-salisbury-uk-police-detail-novichok-suspects-movements-idINKCN1LL1JN [accessed 19 June 2020].

Horlo, N. (2018) ‘Reasons for emergence and ideological explanation of the irredentist policy’, Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 8:3, p. 4552.

Hrw.org (2013) ‘Syria’s Chemical Weapons: The Russia Factor’, hrw.org [online]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/26/syrias-chemical-weapons-russia-factor [accessed 20 June 2020].

Hutchings, S. and Tolz, V. (2020) ‘COVID-19 Disinformation: Two Short Reports on the Russian Dimension”, Reframing Russia [online]. Available from: https://reframingrussia.com/2020/04/06/covid-19-disinformation-two-short-reports-on-the-russian-dimension/ [accessed 12 April 2020].

Jack, C. (2017) ‘Lexicon of lies: Terms for problematic information” Data & Society, 3.

Janjevic, D. (2018) ‘The curious case of Yulia Skripal’s recorded phone call’, DW.com [online]. Available from: https://www.dw.com/en/the-curious-case-of-yulia-skripals-recorded-phone-call/a-43287554 [accessed 19 June 2020]

Jenks, C. (1995) ‘The centrality of the eye in Western culture’, in C. Jenks (ed.), Visual Culture. London: Routledge. pp. 1-12.

Jones, P.J. and Wardle, C. (2008) ‘No emotion, no sympathy': The visual construction of Maxine Carr’, Crime, Media, Culture, 4:1, pp.53-71.

Joo, J., Li, W., Steen, F.F. and Zhu, S.C. (2014) ‘Visual persuasion: Inferring communicative intents of images’, in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition CVPR2014 pp. 216-223.

Kennedy, H. (2020) ‘Simple data visualisations have become key to communicating about the COVID-19 pandemic, but we know little about their impact’, LSE Blogs [online]. Available from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2020/05/04/simple-data-visualisations-have-become-key-to-communicating-about-the-covid-19-pandemic-but-we-know-little-about-their-impact/ [accessed 13 June 2020].

Kerbaj, R. (2018) ‘Salisbury spy poisoning: Taxpayers foot bill for Sergei Skripal’s contaminated home’, The Times [online]. Available from: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/salisbury-spy-poisoning-taxpayers-foot-bill-for-sergei-skripals-contaminated-home-rf6stt79l [accessed 02 July 2020].
Khosravinik, M. (2010) ‘The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in British newspapers: A critical discourse analysis’, Journal of language and Politics, 9:1, pp.1-28.

Kress, G.R. and Van Leeuwen, T. (1996) Reading images: The grammar of visual design. London: Routledge.

Laclau, E. (1996) Emancipation(s), London: Verso.

Luhn, A. (2017) ‘Russian embassy’s Twitter account vents barbs against west’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/11/russian-embassys-twitter-account-vents-barbs-against-west [assessed 11 April 2020].

MacAskill, E. (2018) ‘Russia should ‘go away and shut up’, says UK defence secretary’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/15/russia-ripping-up-the-international-rule-book-says-defence-secretary [accessed 24 February 2020].

Manor, I. (2016) ‘Are we there yet: Have MFAs realized the potential of digital diplomacy? Results from a cross-national comparison’, Diplomacy and Foreign Policy pp. 1-110.

Manor, I. and Crilley, R., (2018) ‘Visually framing the Gaza War of 2014: The Israel ministry of foreign affairs on Twitter’, Media, War & Conflict, 11:4, pp.369-391.

McCahill, E. and Aspinall, A. (2018) ‘Novichok victims Sergei and Yulia Skripal 'held against will at UK research lab'’, The Mirror [online]. Available from: https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/novichok-victims-sergei-yulia-skripal-13713851 [accessed 28 April 2020].

Miskimmon, A., O'loughlin, B. and Roselle, L. (2013). Strategic narratives: Communication power and the new world order. New York: Routledge.

Mitchell, W.J.T. (2005) What do pictures want? The lives and loves of images. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Morris, S. and Crerar, P. (2018) ‘Porton Down experts unable to verify precise source of novichok’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/03/porton-down-experts-unable-to-verify-precise-source-of-novichok [accessed 25 February 2020].

Mudde, C. and Kaltwasser, C.R. (2013) ‘Populism’, The Oxford handbook of political ideologies [online]. Available from: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199585977-e-026?print=pdf [accessed 02 July 2020].

Murray, M. (2015) ‘Narrative psychology”, in Smith, J. (ed.) Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods, Los Angeles: Sage Publication, pp.85-107.
Nielsen, K. and Paabo, H. (2015) ‘How Russian Soft Power Fails in Estonia: Or, Why the Russophone Minorities Remain Quiescent’, Journal on Baltic Security 1:2, pp.125-157.

Nimmo, B. (2015) ‘Anatomy of an Info-War: How Russia’s Propaganda Machine Works, and How to Counter it’, Stopfake.org [online]. Available from: https://www.stopfake.org/en/anatomy-of-an-info-war-how-russia-s-propaganda-machine-works-and-how-to-counter-it/ [accessed 29 February 2020].

Oates, S. and Gray, J. (2019) ‘# Kremlin: Using Hashtags to Analyze Russian Disinformation Strategy and Dissemination on Twitter’, SSRN.

Oates, S. and Steiner, S. (2017) ‘Projecting Power: Understanding Russian Strategic Narrative’, Russian Analytical Digest (RAD) 229 pp. 2-5.

Ofcom.org.uk (2019) ‘Ofcom fines RT £200,000’, Ofcom.org.uk [online]. Available from: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/media/media-releases/2019/ofcom-fines-rt [accessed 18 June 2020].

Paul, C. and Matthews, M. (2016) ‘The Russian “Firehose of Falsehood” Propaganda Model’, Rand Corporation pp. 2-7.

Pierce, K. (2018) ‘Speech: Evidence of Russia’s Involvement in Salisbury Attack’, Gov.uk [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/you-dont-recruit-an-arsonist-to-put-out-a-fire-you-especially-dont-do-that-when-the-fire-is-one-they-caused [accessed 15 June 2020].

Politico.eu (2020) ‘As corona casualties mount, Putin keeps a low profile’, politico.eu [online]. Available from: https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-russia-vladimir-putin-keeps-low-profile/ [accessed 12 May 2020].

Reframingrussia.com (n.d.) ‘Reframing Russia: From Cold War to ‘Information war’’, Reframingrussia.com [online]. Available from: https://reframingrussia.com/ [accessed 03 July 2020].

Robinson, O. (2018) ‘How Putin’s Russia turned humour into a weapon’, The BBC [online]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46567364 [accessed 19 April 2020].

Robinson, N. and Miltner, K.M. (2018) ‘Sergei Skripal attack: Russian Embassy is fuelling tensions with some very undiplomatic tweets’, The Conversation [online]. Available from: http://theconversation.com/sergei-skripal-attack-russian-embassy-is-fuelling-tensions-with-some-very-undiplomatic-tweets-93407 [accessed 11 April 2020].

Rose, G. (2016) Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials. London: Sage.

Roth, A. (2018) ‘Vladimir Putin calls Sergei Skripal a scumbag and a traitor’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/03/vladimir-putin-calls-sergei-skripal-a-scumbag-and-traitor [accessed 19 April 2020].

Rusemb.org.uk: The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (n.d.) ‘Diplomacy online”, rusemb.org [online]. Available from: https://www.rusemb.org.uk/ [accessed 02 July 2020].

Pomerantsev, P. (2014) Nothing is True and Everything is Possible: Adventures in Modern Russia. New York: Perseus Books Group.

Pomerantsev, P. (2015) ‘The Kremlin’s Information War’, Journal of Democracy 26:4, pp. 40-50.

Ramsay, G. and Robertshaw, S. (2019) ‘Weaponising news RT, Sputnik and targeted disinformation’, King's College London: The Policy Institute, Center for the Study of Media, Communication, and Power [online]. Available from: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/weaponising-news.pdf [accessed 19 June 2020].

RFE/RL (2018) ‘Swiss Confirm Russians Tried To Hack Lab Analyzing Skripal Samples’, RadioFreeLiberty [online]. Available from: https://www.rferl.org/a/swiss-confirm-russians-tried-to-hack-lab-analyzing-skripal-samples/29491589.html [accessed 26 April 2020].

RFE/RL (2019) ‘'Scare B'n'B': Local Council Looks To Keep Skripal House From Becoming Tourist Trap’, RFE/RL [online]. Available from: https://www.rferl.org/a/scare-bnb-local-council-looks-to-keep-skripal-house-from-becoming-tourist-trap/29990562.html [accessed 26 April 2020].

RSF (2016) ‘Xinhua: the world’s biggest propaganda agency’, Reporters without Borders [online]. Available from: https://rsf.org/en/reports/xinhua-worlds-biggest-propaganda-agency [accessed 02 July 2020].

RT (2018) ‘Cover-up? Twitter reacts to report that UK government will buy Skripal’s house’, RT.com [online]. Available from: https://www.rt.com/uk/430733-uk-taxpayers-skripal-house [accessed 13 July 2020].

Rusemb.org.uk/fnapr/6570, (2018) ‘Embassy Press Officer’s reply to a median question concerning reports that UK government will buy Sergei Skripal and Nick Bailey’s houses’, Rusemb.org [online]. Available from: https://rusemb.org.uk/fnapr/6576 [accessed 03 July 2020].

Rusemb.org.uk/fnapr/6576, (2018) ‘Embassy Press Officer’s reply a media question concerning The Sun article on the poisoning of the Skripals’, Rusemb.org [online]. Available from: https://rusemb.org.uk/fnapr/6576 [accessed 03 July 2020].

Russian Embassy in London Twitter Account (n.d.) Russian Embassy, UK, https://twitter.com/RussianEmbassy (as of 28 July 2020).
Seidenberg, S. (2017) ‘Lies and Libel: Fake news lacks straightforward cure’, ABA Journal [online]. Available from: http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/fake_news_libel_law [accessed 27 February 2020].

Seo, H. & Ebrahim, H. (2016) ‘Visual propaganda on Facebook: A comparative analysis of Syrian conflict’, Media, War & Conflict, 9:3, 227-251.

Smelik, A. M. (2006) ‘Fashion and visual culture’, Radboud Repository [online]. Available from: https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/42133/42133.pdf [accessed 23 April 2020].

Smith, M. (2017) ‘How left or right-wing are the UK’s newspapers?’, YouGov [online]. Available from: https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/03/07/how-left-or-right-wing-are-uks-newspapers [accessed 12 June 2020].

Smour, A. and Holden, M. (2018) ‘UK’s May says ‘highly likely’ Russia behind nerve attack on spy’, Reuters [online]. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-russia/uks-may-says-highly-likely-russia-behind-nerve-attack-on-spy-idUSKCN1GO0MS [accessed 19 April 2020].

Sputniknews.com (2018) ‘Some states siding with London on Skripal Case Question UK’s reasoning – Kremlin’, Sputniknews.com [online]. Available from: https://sputniknews.com/world/201803281062982603-russia-skripal-uk/ [accessed 18 June 2020].

Stanage, B. (2009) ‘Boris Johnson’s big adventure’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/sep/15/boris-johnson-london-new-york [accessed 29 May 2020].

Stewart, H. Walker, P. and Borger, J. (20198) ‘Russia threatens retaliation after Britain expels 23 diplomats’, The Guardian [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/14/may-expels-23-russian-diplomats-response-spy-poisoning [accessed 19 June 2020].

Swissinfo.ch (2018) ‘Swiss lab stays silent on Lavrov poison claims’, Swissinfo.ch [online]. Available from: https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/skripal-case_swiss-lab-stays-silent-on-lavrov-poison-claims/44049568 [accessed 26 April 2020].

Szostek, J. (2017) ‘Defence and promotion of desired state identity in Russia’s strategic narrative’, Geopolitics, 22:3, pp.571-593.

Szostek, J. (2018) ‘Nothing is true? The credibility of news and conflicting narratives during ‘Information War’ in Ukraine’, The international journal of press/politics, 23:1, pp.116-135.

Tang, W. and Iyengar, S. (eds.) (2013) Political Communication in China: Convergence Or Divergence Between the Media and Political System? London: Routledge.
Tapsfield, J. (2018) ‘‘They are trolling us!’ Fury as Russian embassy tweets joke about POIROT after nerve agent outrage that left people fighting for their lives’, Mail Online [online]. Available from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5515159/Fury-Russian-embassy-jokes-POIROT-Salisbury-outrage.html [accessed 28 May 2020].

Taylor, A. (2017) ‘How the Russian Embassy in London uses Twitter to undermine the West’, The Washington Post [online]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/04/12/how-the-russian-embassy-in-london-uses-twitter-to-undermine-the-west/ [accessed 11 April 2020].

Thomas, T. (2015). ‘Russia’s 21st century information war: working to undermine and destabilize populations’, Defence Strategic Communications, 1:1, pp.10-25.

UCL (2018) ‘Sseesing Salisbury’, UCL [online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hODdxvLsb8&t=8s [accessed 02 July 2020].

Ukraine Crisis Center (2018) ‘Image of European Countries on Russian TV’, Ukraine Crisis Media Center [online]. Available from: https://uacrisis.org/en/image-of-european-countries-on-russian-tv [accessed 22 June 2020].

Van Dijk, T.A. (1991) Racism and the Press. London: Routledge.

Van Leeuwen, T. (1996) ‘The Representation of Social Actors’, In Caldas-Coulthard, C.R and Coulthard, M. (eds.) Text and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis. London, Routledge 32-69.

Venkatesh, V., Podoshen, J.S., Wallin, J., Rabah, J. and Glass, D. (2018) ‘Promoting extreme violence: visual and narrative analysis of select ultraviolent terror propaganda videos produced by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in 2015 and 2016’, Terrorism and Political Violence, pp.1-23.

Vice News (2014) ‘Return to the MH17 Crash Site: Russian Roulette (Dispatch 87) ’, Vice News [online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYEH6Tfzouo [accessed 29 February 2020].

Wardle, C. and Derakhshan, H. (2017) ‘Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking’, Council of Europe. Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe.

Wiltshire Police Federation (2019) ‘Sergei Skripal's home is declared safe enough for him to sell following a huge clean-up operation 18 months after Novichok was smeared across his letterbox’, Wiltshire Police Federation [online]. Available from: https://www.polfed.org/wiltshire/news/2019/sergei-skripals-home-is-declared-safe-enough-for-him-to-sell-following-a-huge-clean-up-operation-18-months-after-novichok-was-smeared-across-his-letterbox/ [accessed 26 April 2020].

Wilson, A. (2011) ‘” Political technology”: why is it alive and flourishing in the former USSR?’, Open Democracy [online]. Available from: https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andrew-wilson/political-technology-why-is-it-alive-and-flourishing-in-former-ussr [accessed 4 January 2019].

Wilson, A. (2015) ‘Four Types of Russian Propaganda’, stopfake.org [online]. Available from: https://www.stopfake.org/en/andrew-wilson-four-types-of-russian-propaganda/ [accessed 02 July 2020].

Wodak, R. and Meyer, M. (2009) ‘Critical discourse analysis: History, agenda, theory and methodology’, Methods of critical discourse analysis, 2, pp.1-33.

Yablokov, I. and Chatterje-Doody, P. (2020) ‘How Russian Media Targeting International Audiences Spread Conspiracy Theories’, Centre for Democratic Integrity [online]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PesSECxrchE&fbclid=IwAR0XZahhFx1t3Z51uoDNPSHewbKI_MziINOiUmvGx9QWVjHzzP8tvEUKl3o [16 June 2020].

Yamane, D. (2000) ‘Narrative and Religious Experience’, Sociology of religion, 61/2, 171-189.

Předběžná náplň práce

Tento článek zkoumá tweetové vizuálizace vytvářené ruským velvyslanectvím v Londýně v souvislosti s otravou Skripalem v Salisbury ve Velké Británii dne 4. března 2018. Otravu Skripalem lze považovat za významnou událost ve vztahu mezi Velkou Británií a Ruskem, jelikož míra ruská dezinformace se výrazně zvýšila v případě souvisejících událostí vnímaných jako klíčových z hlediska bezpečnosti, čímž se ruské velvyslanectví v Londýně stále více dostávalo do sporu ohledně těchto kontroverzních obsahů. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je proto dekonstruovat tweety produkované ruským velvyslanectvím v Londýně ohledně otravy Skripalem, a to formou případové studie, která uvede událost do širšího kontextu ruských strategických narativů a dezinformací. Tweety ruského velvyslanectví v Londýně byly shromážděny za období od 4. do 28. září 2018 a vizuálně rozděleny do reprezentací aktérů, událostí a médií. Jako koncept byl použit Bleikerův (2015) rámec pro vizuální analýzu obsahu, konkrétně prostřednictvím dílčích kompozičních, sémiotických a diskurzivních analýz. Tato dekonstrukce vizuálních konfliktních rámců vytvoří pro domácí britské mediální prostředí možnost lepšího pochopení základních stavebních kamenů ruské, státem organizované dezinformace.

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

This paper explores the visual content of the Russian Embassy in London in connection to the Skripal poisoning in Salisbury, UK on March 4, 2018. Considering the Skripal poisoning as a significant event in the relationship between the UK and Russia, that Russian disinformation increases substantially surrounding events perceived as key to security, and that the Russian Embassy in London is increasingly coming under investigation for controversial content, the aim of this paper is to deconstruct the tweets made by the Russian Embassy in London using the Skripal poisoning as a case study. This paper also situates this event within the broader context of Russian strategic narratives and disinformation. Tweets made by the Russian Embassy in London were collected between March 4th and Sept. 28th, 2018 and categorized visually into representations of actors, events, and message. Bleiker’s (2015) visual content analysis framework was used, specifically through compositional, semiotic and discursive analyses. Through this deconstruction of visual conflict framing, it is hoped that a better understanding of the building blocks of Russian state disinformation can be ascertained within the UK domestic media environment.