The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Different Investment in Children with Dissimilar Sex
| Název práce v češtině: | The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Different Investment in Children with Dissimilar Sex |
|---|---|
| Název v anglickém jazyce: | The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Different Investment in Children with Dissimilar Sex |
| Klíčová slova anglicky: | developing countries, unconditional cash transfers, investment in children, sex of children |
| Akademický rok vypsání: | 2017/2018 |
| Typ práce: | bakalářská práce |
| Jazyk práce: | angličtina |
| Ústav: | Institut ekonomických studií (23-IES) |
| Vedoucí / školitel: | doc. PhDr. Michal Bauer, Ph.D. |
| Řešitel: | skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem |
| Datum přihlášení: | 15.06.2018 |
| Datum zadání: | 15.06.2018 |
| Seznam odborné literatury |
| [1] Johannes Haushofer and Jeremy Shapiro [online] (2016). The short-term impact of unconditional cash transfers to the poor: experimental evidence from Kenya. Available at: https://www.princeton.edu/~joha/publications/Haushofer_Shapiro_UCT_2016.04.25.pdf
[2] Ingrid Woolard, Murray Leibbrandt [online] (2010). The evolution and impact of unconditional cash transfers in South Africa. Available at: http://www.opensaldru.uct.ac.za/handle/11090/66 [3] Thomas M. Crea, Andrew D. Reynolds, Aakanksha Sinha, Jeffrey W. Eaton, Laura A. Robertson, Phyllis Mushati, Lovemore Dumba, Gideon Mavise, J. C. Makoni, Christina M. Schumacher, Constance A. Nyamukapa and Simon Gregson [online] (2015). Effects of cash transfers on Children's health and social protection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Differences in outcomes based on orphan status and household assets Global health. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277341868_Effects_of_cash_transfers_on_Children's_health_and_social_protection_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_Differences_in_outcomes_based_on_orphan_status_and_household_assets_Global_health [4] Jorge M. Agüero, Michael R. Carter and Ingrid Woolard [online] (2007). The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Nutrition: The South African Child Support Grant. Available at: http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper39.pdf [5] Sarah Baird, Craig McIntosh, Berk Özler [online] (2007). Cash or Condition? Evidence from a Randomized Cash Transfer Program. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTLACOFFICEOFCE/Resources/870892-1265238560114/OzlerPaper.pdf [6] Mercy Corps Cash transfer programming. Available at: https://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/CTP1MethodologyGuide.pdf |
| Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce |
| Research question and motivation
In 2013 the percentage of the world’s population living on less than US$1.90 a day was equal to 10.7% and children of a low age are one of the groups most effected by extreme poverty. Around 9 million children under 5 years died in 2008 and the vast majority of these deaths is connected with developing world where extreme poverty is an everyday issue. Hunger, undernourishment, easily preventable diseases and illnesses, and other problems related to poverty are the main causes of such an alarming number. Unconditional cash transfers programs are one of the ways how to face poverty in developing countries and alleviate it. Many researches on potential positive and negative impacts of direct transfers have been conducted already, but in my bachelor thesis I would like to examine some effects of the UCTs which have not been explored yet. Primarily I would focus on the effect of UCTs on boy’s and girl’s health, nutrition, household work and education according to the information that male or female was the recipient and discuss the differences. The additional questions would be related to the change in natality and protection against conception. Furthermore I would examine the factors mentioned above with regard to whether the recipient (or his parent) was owner of the house at the same time or was not and where the data are available I would compare the diversity of responses within one family with regard to whether the answer was provided by a woman or a man. The importance of answering the research question outlined above lies in subsequent possible more efficient use of the financial benefits that are allocated to a particular person’s hands or in the transformation of criteria which conditional cash transfer receivers must meet. The result would be a better allocation of cash transfers due to the improvement of the living conditions of children without discrimination in sex. Contribution The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to extend existing literature about new, yet unresearched impacts of unconditional cash transfers in developing countries. Various studies about unconditional cash transfers have been conducted, but the impact on children was not examined properly. Approximately 68% of the children who suffer from severe malnutrition are girls and in many developing countries, women and girls traditionally eat last and have lower quality food. If the improper nutrition is presented among children, long-term health and economic consequences usually follow and the case of nutrition deprivation among girls who subsequently develop as malnourished women results in an inter-generational cycle of nutrition deprivation. The unfair accessibility of education between genders is presented as well, since bearing and raising children is considered as the main future role of girls and their activities outside the home are restricted. These are the reasons why it important to fight malnutrition and promote education of both genders and close the gender gaps. Women are usually the ones who try to protect the health of their families as a whole, thus it is more probable that women will be more consistent in the development of children of both genders with the same rate. So one of the facts that the hypothesis will suppose is that mothers in developing countries put more weight on children’s wellbeing regardless the sex than fathers do. The hypothesis will also suppose, that men do usually control most of the power in a house since they support the family by financial income which is higher than the women’s income in the majority of cases. This leads to the fact that the role of man is essential, so men are able to influence the decision making in the household more than women can. By providing the unconditional cash transfer to women, women would contribute to the family budget by higher amount of money and their share in household decision making would increase. Potentially, this could lead to a different approach to the upbringing and nutrition of daughters and sons than in a situation when men are the receivers of cash transfer and their importance in the family exceeds the women’s one several times. The results of my work will include information about which family member should receive cash transfer in order to maximize the amount of money invested in children while not making any differences between sexes of children. The potential benefits of UCTs regarding children care will be highlighted and the possibility of improving the design of future cash transfers programs in order to maximize the efficiency for children of both sexes will emerge. Mentioned above will potentially contribute to the improved nutrition, vaccination and education among children in developing countries all over the world, since also other projects provided by governments, international institutions or private sources could take the results into account when applying their projects. Methodology Firstly I would include some general information about cash transfers, unconditional cash transfers, the aggregate impact on poverty levels, the main influence on the lives of recipients and the impact on society and environment at large. This section will be based on already published literature. In the second part I would collect a data from already existing studies which used a randomized control trial for studying the impact of unconditional cash transfers in developing countries and I would apply questions mentioned above using different datasets. I would put together econometric models which would explain the relationships between variables indicating health status of children (e.g. height and weight of child compared to hypothetical standards for each age, days of suffering from hunger per child, days including eating meat or fish per child, doctor’s visits per child and vaccination per child) and education of children (e.g. education expenditure per child, school days missed and income generating activities per child) one by one while taking into account the differences between boys and girls and the recipient of UCT as mentioned in section research questions. All the results obtained would be compared to the control group. To improve the study, I would conduct several various hypothesis tests. After all I would sum up the results in a conclusion and possibly compare the results from different datasets and discussed the differences. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Literature review and general overview 2.1. Description of cash transfers with specialization on unconditional cash transfers 2.2. Already studied effects of UCTs 3. Data description and research questions 4. Data analysis and methodology 5. Results with their interpretations 6. Conclusions 7. Bibliography |