To gain a good theoretical knowledge in following fileds of medical physiology: regulation of body functions, haematology, immunology, general neurophysiology (transport of ions across cell membrane, resting membrane and action potential), myology, central nervous system (spinal cord reflexes, control of posture and movement, the autonomic nervous system, function of single parts of CNS, sleep and wakefulness, higher nervous functions), cardiovascular system, and respiration. To gain basal practical skill in haematological laboratory examination and in physical examination of the cardiovascular system. Using computer simulation to demonstrate basic electro-physiological principles. To learn how to gain scientific information.
To gain a good theoretical knowledge in following fields of medical physiology: endocrine system, reproductive and hormonal functions of gonads, gastrointestinal system, energy metabolism, intermediary metabolism, problems in human nutrition, body temperature regulation, renal physiology, physiology of senses. To gain basal practical skills in recording and analysis of the human ECG, measurement of blood pressure, physical examination of the respiratory system, spirometry, examination of digestive function of saliva, measurement of the basal metabolic rate in human and small laboratory animals, performing and analysis of the oral glucose tolerance test, testing of renal functions, and investigation of sense functions.
Requirements to the exam
Last update: Ivana Altmannová (14.09.2015)
Credit:
Credit will be given to the students, who fulfil the attendance requirements and have passed the examinations in each of the individual physiology system in that semester. Students are required to attend all practical classes, absence due to illness has to be supported with a doctor,s cerficate. The number of legitimated absences may not exceed 15 % of all practical classes. If more than 15 % laboratory class per term are missed the position will be reviewed by the chair of the physiology department. At the end of laboratory classes in each system, a seminar will be held during which the students will be tested on that system. The test will be in the form of a multiple choice questionnaire. If the student fails this test, there is an opportunity to take an oral test on the same material. To obtain a credit the students have to pass each of the systems tests achieving at least grade 3 or less.
Examination:
Practical examination:
In the final laboratory class of the summer semester students will undertake a practical laboratory examination. For admission to the practical examination student must have credit in both winter and summer term. The timing of the practical examination is fiscal and only in very exceptional circumstances and with the permission of the Chair of Physiology, can an alternative date be set for an individual student/s.Absence on the practical examination due to illness has to be supported with a doctor's certificate. The alternate date is also for students who don´t pass any test and thus they cannot receive a credit. These students are obliged to correct the test(s) until the date of alternate practical class.
When attending the laboratory examination the student must produce the records and data from all the practical classes. Students select a question that will be one of the practical classes that the student has undertaken during the entire physiology course. In addition to this practical techniques student will be expected to demonstrate or understand of the background information which formed part of the original laboratory practical exercise. If the student fails this practical laboratory exercise no reset is available and the "fail" will be recorded. In the overall grade awarded in the final examinations, a fail recorded in the practical will be taken into account and could results in failing the course as a whole.
Final examination:
For admission to final examination students must receive credits in both winter and summer term, complete practical examination and sign up for final examination. The final examination begins at 7 a.m. The examination comprises an introductory written test, then oral exam follows. Re-examinations comprise only the oral part. Use of electronic devices (cell phones, tablets, notebooks etc.), unauthorized materials or communication with other students is strictly prohibited. After selecting final exam question it is not allowed to leave the room and when necessary an escort will be provided. In case of failure to comply with these rules, students will be classified "failed".
Syllabus
Last update: Ivana Altmannová (14.09.2015)
Lectures
Prof. Dr. Zuzana Červinková, M.D., Ph.D.
Prof. Dr. Milan Holeček, M.D., D.Sc.
Assoc. Prof. Halka Lotková, M.D., Ph.D.
Otto Kučera, M.D., Ph.D.
Introduction to physiology. Functional organization of human body and control of the internal environment. Regulation of body functions. (Červinková 1)
Body fluid compartments. Composition of body fluids, measurement of body fluid volumes. (Červinková 1)
Function of blood. Red blood cells (composition, metabolism, and function). Hematocrit. Hemoglobin, reactions of hemoglobin. Hemolysis, abnormal red cell fragility. (Červinková 1)
White blood cells. General characteristics of leukocytes. (Červinková 1)
Regulation of red blood cell production - the role of erythropoietin. Essential substances requied for erythropoiesis. Destruction of red blood cells. Regulation of white blood cell production. (Červinková 1)
Plasma. Plasma proteins. Serum. Regulation of acid-base balance. Function of acid-base buffers. (Červinková 1)
Hemostasis. Physical and chemical characteristics of platelets. (Červinková 1)
Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms for initiating clotting. Anticlotting mechanisms. Anticoagulant drugs. (Červinková 1)
Transport of ions and molecules across cell membrane. (Červinková 1)
Immunology - introduction. Classification of immune mechanisms (nonspecific defense mechanisms, specific immune mechanisms - humoral and cell-mediated). (Holeček 1)
Interactions between nonspecific and specific immune mechanisms. Ontogenesis of immunity. Vaccination and passive immunity. Inflammation, allergy, autoimmunity. (Holeček 2)
Characters of stimulus. Threshold for initiation of action potential. All-or-nothing principle. Chronaxie. Propagation of action potential. Recording membrane potential and action potentials. Nerve degeneration and regeneration. Properties of mixed nerves. Compound action potentials. Nerve fiber types and function. (Červinková 1)
Synaptic transmission. Excitatory and inhbitory postsynaptic potentials. Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation. (Červinková 1)
Summation and occlusion. Classification of neurotransmitters. (Červinková 1)
Contraction of skeletal muscle. Neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. Energy source and metabolism of muscle contraction. Heat production in muscle. Excitation - contraction coupling. Muscle fatigue. (Červinková 2)
Spinal cord reflexes - proprioceptive stretch and tendon reflexes, exteroceptive reflexes, the role of muscle spindle and of gamma system, reciprocal innervation, flexor and extensor reflexes, and the crossed extensor reflex. (Holeček 2)
Control of posture and movement - motor functions of spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, descendent part of reticular formation and brain cortex. (Holeček 2)
The autonomic nervous system - general organization, transmitters, basic characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic functions, receptor substances of the effector organs - cholinergisc and adrenergic receptors. (Holeček 1)
Contraction and excitation of smooth muscle. Neuromuscular junctions of smooth muscle. Neural and hormonal control of smooth muscle contraction. (Červinková 1)
Regulation of visceral function - the role of spinal cord, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and limbic system in control of vegetative functions (vital centers, vomiting, hugner, thirst, sexual reactions, body temperature). Relation of hypothalamus to pituitary gland. (Červinková 1)
Higher nervous functions, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, dynamic stereotype, learning memory, second signal system, physiology of language, hemispheric dominance, frontal lobes, experimental neurosis, types of higher nervous activity. (Lotková 2)
Sleep and wakefulness. (Červinková 1)
The reticular activating system, spontaneous and evoked electric brain activity (EEG and evoked potentials). (Holeček 2)
Action potential in cardiac muscle. Electrical and mechanical properties of cardiac muscle. Prepotential. (Červinková 2)
The specialized excitatory and conductive system of the heart. Origin and spread of cardiac excitation. Contraction of cardiac muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling. (Červinková 1)
The heart as a pump. The cardiac cycle. The main hemodynamic events associated with the cardiac cycle. Heart sounds. Electrocardiogram. Bipolar and unipolar leads. Cardiac vector. Arrythmias. (Červinková 2)
Cardiac output -method of measurement. Factors controlling cardiac output. Coronary blood flow. Oxygen consumption of the heart. (Červinková 2)
Dynamics of blood flow. Flow, pressure, and resistance. Laminar and turbulent flow. Poiseuille-Hagen formula. Critical closing pressure. Law of Laplace. (Kučera 2)
Arterial and arteriolar circulation. Arterial pressure. Capillary circulation. Lymphatic circulation and interstitial fluid volume. Venous circulation, venous return. (Červinková 1)
Local and systemic cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms. Cardiac innervation. The reflex mechanisms for maintaining normal arterial pressure. (Červinková 1)
Circulation through special regions (cerebral circulation, splanchnic circulation, circulation of the skin, placental and fetal circulation). (Červinková 2)
Introduction to respiration (anatomy of the lungs, properties of gases). (Holeček 1)
Pulmonary ventilation (inspiration and expiration, intrapleural pressure, intraalveolar pressure, dead space, surface tension in alveoli, resistance to airflow, effects of gravity, work of breathing). (Holeček 1)
The external manifestations of pulmonary ventilation (respiratory movements, breath sounds). The pulmonary volumes and capacities, forced expiratory vital capacity. (Holeček 2)
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane, pulmonary circulation. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues. (Holeček 1)
Control of pulmonary ventilation. hypoxia, hypercapnia, oxygen therapy, effect of increased barometric pressure. (Holeček 2)
Practical courses & seminars
Lecturers
Prof. Dr. Zuzana Červinková, M.D., Ph.D.
Prof. Dr. Milan Holeček, M.D., D.Sc.
Assoc. Prof. Michaela Adamcová, M.D., Ph.D.
Assoc. Prof. Halka Lotková, M.D., Ph.D.
Otto Kučera, M.D., Ph.D.
Renáta Ferenčíková, M.D., Ph.D.
Václav Šafka, M.D., Ph.D.
David Rychtrmoc, M.D.
Vojtěch Mezera, M.D.
Alena Moravcová, Dr.
Ondřej Sobotka, M.D.
Seminars
10 Test (MCQ) and seminar - hematology.
12 Test (MCQ) and seminar - immunology.
16 Test (MCQ) and seminar - general neurophysiology and myology.
20 Test (MCQ) and seminar - central nervous system.
Practical courses
Introduction to practical laboratories. Rules of safety work in laboratories. Rules of blood handling and blood sampling. Counting of red blood cells.
Packed cell volume (PCV - Hematocrit). Specific gravity of blood.
Measurement of hemoglobin concentration. Reaction of hemoglobin.
Hemolysis. Testing of fragility of red blood cells. Red blood cells sedimentation. Wet preparation of human,s blood and poikilothermic animal,s blood. Calculation of red blood cell indices.
Counting of white blood cells. Preparation and staining of blood smear for differential count.
Counting of platelets. Investigation of capillary resistance. Investigation of bleeding time.
Determination of clotting time (Lee-White), APTT, prothrombin time.
How to gain a scientific information (Held in Medical Library).
Testing for blood group and Rh factor.
Classification of white blood cells (differential count).
Computer simulation of action potential (PC program "AXONLAB").
Computer modelling of neuromuscular transmission (PC program "CONDUCT"). Mechanical properties of muscle - recording of single twich, summation, superposition, and tetanus (videofilm).
Basic of neurological examination - proprioceptive and exteroceptive reflexes.
Recording and analysis of the human ECG - part I.
Recording and analysis of the human ECG - part II.
Physical examination of cardiovascular system. Determination of arterial blood pressure.
Simulation of cardiovascular function - PC programme CorVascSim.
Ethical problems connected with animal experimentation in biomedical research and education.
Harvard step test.
CREDIT.
Literature
Last update: Ivana Altmannová (14.09.2015)
Compulsory literature
W. F. Ganong Review of Medical Physiology. 19th ed., Appleton & Lange, 1999. ISBN 0-8385-8252-4
Z. Cervinkova et al. A Manual in Laboratory Studies in Physiology (obtained at the 1st practical class)
Recommended literature
1. A. C. Guyton, J. E. Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, 2011
