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Last update: Jan Kovář (30.06.2022)
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Last update: Jan Kovář (30.06.2022)
Understand the basic physiological functions of organs, organisms and their parts. Regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
To get acquainted with cell physiology, physiological expressions and regulatory mechanisms at the cellular level.
To get acquainted with the physiological differences of functions during the development of an individual.
Learn to respond to the stress. Physiological mechanisms for maintaining the integrity of the organism. |
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Last update: Jan Kovář (30.06.2022)
Successful completion of the course in both semesters and oral exam.
The rules for the Physiology exam
The Physiology exam will be carried out in the personal and online forms. The form of the exam will be marked in SIS for each term. The online exams are exclusively for the students who are outside the Czech Republic now and who can not attend the exam, i.e., mainly foreign students.
Other students can apply for an online exam only because of severe reasons like illness. In such a case, you need to bring the document from your GP. Your request for the online exam will be thoroughly evaluated. Then you will receive email notification whether your application was accepted or rejected. Also, the cancelling of the exam date to which the student has subscribed is allowed only due to severe reasons.
Each student will be notified about the exact time of the exam by email to avoid the risk of a gathering of a high number of persons at the same time.
For the online exam and to select exam questions, we will use a random number generator. The use of supporting materials or any written notes is not allowed for both personal or online exam, respectively. The online exam will be recorded and archived. |
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Last update: Jan Kovář (30.06.2022)
Ward, J. P. T.: Physiology at a glance : Wiley & Blackwell, 2008 (B) Guyton, A. C.: Guyton & Hall textbook of medical physiology : Saunders Elsevier, 2011 (B), (avaible as ebook) |
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Last update: Ing. Marcela Minaříková (26.09.2023)
General physiology
1. Feedback regulation - negative and positive feedback 2. Compartments of body fluids, their composition, measurement and regulation 3. Osmolarity, osmolality, diffusion, osmosis, diffusion flux 4. Forms of transport of substances across the cell membrane 5. Types of ligand-gated receptors, regulation of their action 6. Distribution of ions on the cell membrane, resting membrane potential 7. Action potential, conduction of action potential
Heart and circulation
8. Origin of rhythmicity of cardiac contractions, regulation of heart rate, conduction system 9. Action potential of different parts of the heart, relation to ECG 10. ECG - principle, basic description 11. Comparison of coupling of excitation and contraction of cardiac muscle fibers, skeletal and smooth muscle, relaxation 12. Homeometric and heterometric regulation of cardiac contractility 13. Cardiac cycle (P/V diagram) 14. Heart rate, ejection fraction and cardiac output 15. Relationship between pressure and blood flow, critical closing pressure 16. Turbulent and laminar flow and the effect of hematocrit 17. Capacitance and resistance circulation, principles of blood distribution between capacitance and resistance circulation 18. Blood pressures in different parts of the systemic circulation - influencing factors, importance of vascular compliance and elasticity 19. Mechanisms of systemic blood pressure control - short, medium, long term 20. Mechanisms of blood flow regulation and redistribution between organs 21. Coronary flow, coronary reserve and its importance 22. Circulatory changes during exercise 23. Circulatory, respiratory and other changes at birth 24. Capillary filtration, tissue fluid, lymph, role of the lymphatic system
Blood
25. CO2 transport in blood, Haldane effect, relationship to acid-base balance 26. O2 transport in blood, Hb, influence of PCO2, Bohr effect, types of hypoxia 27. Blood groups, Rh incompatibility of mother and fetus 28. Haemostasis, haemocoagulation, physiological anticoagulant mechanisms, investigated values
Respiration
29. Factors affecting the composition of alveolar air 30. Pulmonary ventilation, tidal volumes, relationship between dead space and effective ventilation 31. Diffusion and perfusion limitation of gas transport in the lung, diffusing capacity of the lung 32. Lung ventilation, respiratory muscles, pressure changes in different parts of the respiratory system during the respiratory cycle 33. Lung and chest compliance (P-V curve) and relationship to work of breathing 34. Airway resistance, regulation of bronchial clearance, static and dynamic work of breathing 35. Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion ratio, causes and consequences of imbalance 36. Pulmonary circulation, differences from systemic circulation 37. Nervous regulation of respiration, defence reflexes 38. Chemical regulation of respiration, chemoreceptors, respiratory hyperbole Kidneys 39. Blood flow through the kidney. Regulation, relation to glomerular filtration rate, measurement 40. Glomerular filtration rate - factors that determine it, mechanisms of regulation 41. Function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and macula densa 42. Tubular transport - transport mechanisms in the proximal tubule, measurements 43. Potassium excretion in the kidney, regulation of calcemia 44. Renal urea excretion and ammonia metabolism in renal tubules 45. Osmotic gradient in the kidney - formation, significance 46. Factors affecting the magnitude of final diuresis 47. Regulation of urine osmolarity, osmoreceptors 48. Role of the kidney in the regulation of acid-base balance 49. Acid-base balance - determining factors, buffers, respiratory and metabolic components, examination 50. Mechanisms of blood pressure control including the role of the kidneys, pressure diuresis vs. tubuloglomerular feedback 51. Micturition - mechanism, management of hypertension
Endocrinology
52. Mechanisms of thermoregulation and its ontogenetic development 53. Adenohypophysis hormones - formation, release, regulation, significance 54. Regulation of the formation, release, transport and tissue action of thyroid hormones. Prenatal and postnatal effects 55. Regulation of calcemia 56. Glucocorticoids, stress response, effects, therapeutic uses 57. Mineralocorticoids and adrenal medulla hormones, mechanisms affecting their release 58. Endocrine function of the pancreas, main effects of insulin in different tissues 59. Important mechanisms of hormonal influence on glycaemia 60. Endocrine function of the testis, its control and the effects of androgens 61. Endocrine function of the ovary, its control, menstrual cycle 62. Pregnancy, placenta, childbirth, lactation GIT 63. Chewing and swallowing (function, neural mechanisms, regulation of saliva production and its function, swallowing reflex) 64. Gastric function (including motility and its regulation, gastric juice production and its regulation) 65. Function of the duodenum (including regulation of gastric emptying and regulation of pancreatic juice and bile secretion, motility, absorption) 66. Exocrine pancreas and its regulation, bile, bile salt circulation 67. Colonic function (motility, intestinal bacteria, resorption), defecation reflex 68. Regulation of food intake (hypothalamus, adipose tissue, leptin, insulin, GLP-1, Ghrelin, peptide YY)
Neurophysiology
69. Synapse - neurotransmitters, postsynaptic potentials, summation 70. Glia and the blood-brain barrier 71. Typology of nerve fibres - differences in the method of conduction 72. Proprioception, muscle tone, gamma system, related brain centers 73. Spinal cord - structure, reflex activity, types of reflexes 74. Sympathetic and parasympathetic 75. Central motor control - cortical areas, pathways 76. Basal ganglia - importance in motor control 77. Cerebellum - function of parts, wiring, mediators 78. Sleep - phases, neurochemical basis, ARAS 79. Memory - divisions and types of memory, mechanisms involved in memory trace formation 80. Speech and basic pathways, lateralization of the cerebral hemispheres 81. Hypothalamus - endocrine and neural control of physiological functions 82. Cerebral circulation and its regulation, intracranial pressure 83. Transmission of the light signal through the optical apparatus of the eye and its transformation into the electrical signal of the retina, receptive field 84. Visual information processing (visual pathway, visual cortex, perception of shape and colour, spatial vision) 85. Hearing - principle of perception formation and processing 86. Somatosensory system (tactile sensation, thermoception and nociception), pain 87. Associative cortical areas (parieto-occipito-temporal, prefrontal, orbitofrontal), and executive functions 88. Vestibular system, nystagmus, posture and balance 89. Olfaction and taste - principle of registration and pathways
Examination methods
90. ECG 91. Measurement of cardiac output 92. Blood pressure measurement 93. Spirometry 94. Dynamic spirometry 95. Plethysmography
96. Measurement of residual volume and diffusing capacity of the lungs 97. Measurement of respiratory system pressures (alveolar, intrapleural, transpulmonary) 98. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (including serum markers) and renal blood flow 99. Examination of tubular function 100. Examination of blood gases, ASTRUP and basic parameters of acid-base balance 101. Measurement of respiratory quotient 102. Blood count examination and interpretation 103. Blood coagulation examination 104. Urinary and diuresis examination 105. Examination of reflexes and muscle tone 106. EEG 107. Evoked potentials (principles of measurement, modalities, interpretation) 108. Visual examination 109. Hearing examination 110. Examination and determination of plasma osmolarity 111. EMG |
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Last update: Jan Kovář (30.06.2022)
1. Heart
1.1. Electrical activity of the heart
Rhythmicity of heartbeats and its origin, regulation of heart rate Action potential (AP) at various parts of the conductive system, the causes of their shape variations, involvement of various ion channels, cardiac pacemaker, timing of the action potential spreading through the conductive heart system, factors affecting heart rate - sympathetic effect, vagal control, receptors, effect. Action potential and its spread through cardiac muscles The shape of the AP myocardial curve, the contributing ion channels, the timing of their action potentiation, the principle of "plateau" and its implication, intercellular propagation, absolute and relative refractory phases, the effect of changes in the composition of the internal environment on AP myocardium. ECG (the recording principle, basic description) Types of connections, registration principle, Einthoven's triangle, principle of recording from leads, heart vector and axis, factors that affect them, basic description of the ECG curve elements - intervals, waves, interpretation.
1.2. Mechanical properties of the cardiac action
Comparison of cardiac muscle fiber, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction Involvement of contractile apparatus components, energy consumption, tetanic contraction, relaxation. Comparison of the excitation and contraction coupling in cardiac and skeletal muscles Principles of muscle cell excitation, signal transduction, pathways resulting in the activation of the contractile apparatus, the role of calcium Mechanisms regulating the force of cardiac contraction Homeometric, heterometric, contractility, factors affecting it, influence of calcium concentration, effect of vegetative control, Frank-Starling's law, principle, consequences, preload, afterload, factors affecting them, central venous pressure, their significance for cardiac contraction strength and cardiac output. Cardiac cycle, cardiography, changes of essential points and segments of the curve Systolic and diastolic cycles, causes and consequences of pressure / volume changes, Laplace's law Cardiac minute output Calculation, Fick's principle, dilution method, echocardiographic estimation, its setting, affecting factors, the influence of changes on the heart rate on its systolic and diastolic durations, the relationship between heart work and oxygen consumption Ventricular function measurements Cardiac output, ejection fraction, interpretation, relation to end-diastolic filling, end-systolic pressure and volume, cardiac index, ergometry, influence of the load on the volume of the cardiac output, cardiac work, oxygen consumption and blood pressure
2. Circulation
2.1 General principles
Relationship between pressure and blood flow Measurement methods, factors affecting the pressure and the flow, elasticity, laminar and turbulent flow, determining factors and thier significance, closing pressure, what determines it and its significance for organ perfusion, parallel and series connection and significance for pressure-flow values
2.2. The pressure-flow relationship at different sections of the vascular bed and its regulation
Factors determining blood pressure, its importance, measurement High-pressure and low-pressure system, significance, capacitive and resistant flow, flow rate and its relationship to pressure at different flow intervals and phases of cardiac cycle, measurement of blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, significance, influence of body position, relation to capillary filtration Time factor in blood pressure regulation and involvement of individual regulatory mechanisms Mechanisms of long-term maintenance of blood pressure stability, the importance of the kidneys, RAAS Neuroregulation of blood flow distribution, baroreceptors, baroreflex, resetting. Local regulation of blood flow, autoregulation of blood flow by organs (metabolic, myogenic, vasoconstrictive, vasodilatory factor).
2.3. Local specifics of blood flow, pressure / flow changes at rest and during exercise
Coronary blood flow Oxygen consumption by the heart muscles at rest and during exercise, coronary reserve, influence of Laplace's law, subepicardial and subendocardial blood flow. Other specific organs blood flow brain (HEB), liver, splanchnicus, kidneys Circulatory changes after birth Circulatory changes during exercise Static, dynamic load, differences 3. Blood and hematogenous gas transport
Transport of gases via the blood, affecting factors Total blood transport capacity and modifying factors, solubility of gases in the liquids, partial pressure, transport in plasma, hemoglobin role in gas transportation and its affecting factors, hemoglobin saturation, Astrup - predictive value, limitations. Hemoglobin dissociation curve Types of hemoglobin and its O2 and CO2 affinity and its affecting factors, consequences. Explanation of the sigmoidal character of the curve, shifts of the dissociation curve, factors causing it, Bohr effect, Halden effect. Blood groups, Rh maternal-fetal incompatibility Antigenic definition of individual types, determination of blood groups, consequences of incompatibility - transfusion, mother / fetus, preventive methods. Hemostasis, hemocoagulation, anticoagulant factors, their interaction, coagulation tests Vasoconstriction and its factors, platelet reaction, hemocoagulation, binding of individual factors, calcium, vitamin K, formation of definitive thrombus, interaction of coagulation and anticoagulation mechanisms within the coagulation cascade, Quick test, APTT, INR, their significance Hematological tests Hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean erythrocyte volume, erythrocyte count, leukocytes, platelets, erythrocyte color intensity, blood count, FW
4. Breathing
4.1. Ventilation and respiratory mechanics
Factors determining the composition of alveolar air, the effect of dead space size Alveolar ventilation versus tidal volume, effective alveolar ventilation, anatomical and functional dead space, partial pressures of gases in the respiratory system, composition of exhaled air during breathing, affecting factors, hypoventilation, hyperventilation, influence on gases partial pressure within alveolar air and blood , calculations. Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation, respiratory muscles, respiratory pattern Barometric, interpleural, alveolar pressure, measurements, their values when breathing is stopped, relation to inspiration and expiration and their changes, its relation to the respiratory rate, inspiratory and expiratory muscles, their activity, management. Factors determining pulmonary compliance and airway resistance, respiratory work Relationship of the volume change versus the pressure change, tissue elasticity and surface tension and their affecting factors, surfactant, lung compliance curve, shape interpretation, airway flow resistance and its indicating factors, regulation of bronchial lumen, static, dynamic work, measurement Examination of lung function Spirometry: TLC, VC, TV, IRV, ERV, RV, FRC, flow-volume curve: FVC, PEF, resting versus forced expiration, plethysmography, lung and airway resistance.
4.2. Blood-alveolar air gas exchange
Causes and consequences of pulmonary ventilation-perfusion mismatch disproportion and their ratio Rahn-Fenn scheme, alveolar dead space, venous admixture, O2 and CO2 partial pressures alveolar and arterial Gas transport across the alveolo-capillary membrane, perfusion and diffusion limitations Diffusion surface, diffusion path, concentration gradient, gases solubility and membrane diffusion, flow rate, diffusion capacity, measurement, A-V difference Functional differences between systemic and pulmonary circulation Pulmonary and systemic bed triggered hypoxic reaction, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, mechanism, consequences for oxygen saturation, circulation
4.3. Respiratory regulation
Mechanisms of chemical regulation Central, peripheral, localization, response to change in O2 and CO2, mechanism, adaptation Neuroregulation of respiration Defensive reflexes of respiration, origin of respiratory rhythm, inspiratory and expiratory neurons, activity, lung receptors, peripheral receptors of the thorax and respiratory muscles, peripheral receptors of the limbs, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain.
4.4. Hypoxia - causes and implications
Types of hypoxia Hypoxic, ischemic, anemic, histotoxic, causes, consequences for oxygen transport to tissues, hemoglobin saturation, arterial and venous pO2 and pCO2, dissociation curve in these designated conditions. Hyperbaria, hypobaria Influence on gas transport, respiratory center reactions, dissociation curve shift, ABR shift, effect on hematocrit, effect on pulmonary perfusion Respiratory quotient
5. Kidneys
5.1. Glomerular function
Renal blood flow. Regulation, relation to glomerular filtration. Flow autoregulation, cortical and medullary flow, differences, significance, blood flow myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback regulation, changes in vas afferens and vas efferens resistance, relation to GF size, influence of RAAS system, ANP, prostaglandins, sympathetic, effective flow Factors determining glomerular filtration Differences in hydrostatic pressures, their causes and consequences, oncotic pressure, permeability of the glomerular membrane and factors influencing it, composition and osmolarity of primary urine, Measurement of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow Clearance, principle, calculation, creatinine, insulin, advantages, disadvantages, cystatin C, flow measurement using the PAH clearance method.
5.2. Tubular function
Measurement of tubular transport, fractional excretion of solutes and water Fractional excretion, tubular resorption, calculations, significance, osmolar fractional excretion, osmolality deficit, osmolar clearance, solute-free water clearance Transport mechanisms and their importance in the proximal tubule Na +, glc, K +, HCO3-, H +, urea, amino acids Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Juxtaglomerular apparatus and macula densa, principle of function, effects of ANG and aldosterone Potassium excretion in the kidneys Localization, importance for maintaining potassium and other factors of the internal environment Renal excretion of urea and ammonia metabolism in renal tubules Correlation of the ABR maintenance Formation of concentrated and diluted urine Osmolarity of tubular fluid during flow through the tubular system, Henle loop function, osmotic startification of the marrow, significance, maintenance principle, influence of aldosterone and ADH on urine volume regulation, principle of action
5.3 Urination Mechanism, control, testing
6. ABR (Acid-Base Regulation)
6.1. Basic factors determining acid-base balance in the body
Acid production in the body, buffers ABR structure Respiratory and metabolic component Values detecting the ABR status Buffer base, base excess, anion gap
6.2. Deviations and regulation of acid-base balance
Acidosis causes, consequences Respiratory, metabolic Alkalosis, causes, consequences Respiratory, metabolic Respiratory compensation The role of the kidneys Urine acidification, principle, localization, acidification tests, titratable acidity, relation to HCO3- transport 7. General physiology
7.1. Thermoregulation and its ontogenetic development
Regulatory functions of the hypothalamus, thyroid hormones, sympathetic nervous system (vasomotor activity of cutaneous vessels, sweat glands, brown fat, uncoupling), tremor. Specificities of thermoregulation in the neonatal period.
7.2. Body fluid compartmentalization, their composition, measurement and regulation
Molarity, osmolarity, electroneutrality. Composition of intracellular and extracellular fluid. Plasma-interstitial fluid gradient differences, Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. Principle of measuring the volume of body fluid compartments by dissolving the indicator. How changes in fluid intake and expenditure affect the distribution of fluids in the body.
7.3. Tissue fluid production, lymphatic circulation, regional peculiarities in tissue fluid production
Fluid passage through the capillary wall, Starling's equation (hydrostatic and oncotic pressure). Description of the lymphatic system and structural peculiarities of lymphatic vessels. The role of the lymphatic system in fat absorption, reabsorption of fluids from the interstitium and removal of large proteins from the interstitial space. Specificities of the pulmonary microcirculation.
7.4. Ion distribution across cell membranes, significance
Forms of transport of substances across the cell membrane Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport, primary active transport. Factors determining the molecular size of diffusion. Carriers, the most important ATPases, symport and antiport. Distribution of ions on the cell membrane, its derive, influence on the setting of membrane tension Ion channels and selective permeability of the cell membrane, electrochemical gradient. Equilibrium potentials for K +, Na + and Cl-, Nernst equation. Resting membrane potential. Action potential, mechanism of origin, factors that influence it Voltage-dependent Na + and K + channel, changes in membrane conductivity for Na + and K +, graph of voltage course during AP (depolarization, threshold value, repolarization to positive values, repolarization, hyperpolarization). Absolute and relative refractory period and AP propagation.
8. Endocrine system
8.1. General principles of hormonal regulation, mechanisms of action of hormones
Negative feedback simple and complex, positive feedback. Number of receptors and their hormone affinity (down-regulation, up-regulation). Membrane receptors associated with second messenger, membrane receptors associated with catalytic activity, steroid and thyroid hormones receptors.
8.2. Pituitary hormones, their importance in individual development
Relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland Relation of adenohypophyseal hormones secretion to the hypothalamic function, connection of hypothalamus and neurohypophysis, overview of neurohypophyseal hormones and their function. Tropical pituitary hormones Overview and their functions, connectivity at the levels of the relevant peripheral gland. Hormones important for growth and development of an individual Growth hormone, prolactin, function, significance.
8.3 Hormonal function of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
Release, transport, activation Regulation of thyroid hormone production and secretion, plasma thyroid hormone binding, T4 activation in target tissues, tissue receptor. The effects of thyroid hormones, including their importance for the development Prenatal and postanatal metabolic, circulatory effects, for the development and functioning of NS. Functions of parathyroid glands in calcium regulation.
8.4. Adrenal hormones
Glucocorticoids, stress response Regulation of glucocorticoid excretion, pulsatile secretion, circadian course. Effects of glucocorticoids and the importance of glucocorticoid secretion under stress Adrenal marrow hormones, reaction to stress Biological consequences of adrenal medulla activation. Target organs and tissues according to receptor subtypes and the nature of individual types of response. The importance of catecholamine secretion in stress.
8.5. Endocrine function of the pancreas, regulation of glycemia (growth hormone, corticoids…)
Regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. Mechanism of insulin action in target cells, main effects of insulin. Glucagon - regulation of secretion and effects. Pancreatic somatostatin. General overview of glycemic control.
8.6. Endocrine function of the gonads
Endocrine function of the testes regulation of GnRH, FSH and LH secretion in men. Effects of androgens. Endocrine function of the ovaries, menstrual cycle Regulation of ovarian function (GnRH, FSH and LH), negative and positive feedback. Phases of the menstrual cycle and levels of LH, FSH, 17β-estradiol and progesterone. Effects of estrogens and progesterone on the target tissues. Hormonal changes in pregnancy, placenta, childbirth Events in the early phase of pregnancy (fertilization, implantation, HCG secretion). Overview of hormones in pregnancy. Synthesis of progesterone and estriol during pregnancy. The role of hormones in childbirth (oxytocin, prostaglandins, fetal cortisol and the estrogen / progesterone ratio). Regulation of milk secretion and ejection 9. GIT
9.1. General GIT functions
GIT motility and its control (general principles) Slow and fast waves, enteric NS, autonomic and hormonal control of motilities, inhibitory and excitatory GI neurotransmitters (noradrenalin, acetylcholine, CCK, VIP, histamine, somatostatin), effectors, GIT reflexes Secretion and function of regulatory substances Paracrine hormones (somatostatin, histamine, pepsin), neurocrine (Ach, VIP, subst P…); gastrointestinal; (gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP)
9.2 Functional specifics of individual sections of the GIT
Oral cavity and esophagus Chewing and swallowing (function, nervous mechanisms), motility, regulation of saliva production and their function; significance of saliva secretion volume Stomach Main functions (storage, mixing, propulsion), chyme, regulation and importance of gastric secretion (HCL, mucus, enzymes, hormones); gastric emptying mechanism Digestion of chyme in the small intestine Motility, absorption and postabsorption phases, mechanism and regulation of intestinal juice secretion Exocrine pancreas, liver, gallbladder Hormonal control of pancreatic secretion, bile output, bile salt circulation The main function of the large intestine Propulsion, haustration, defecation, function of intestinal bacteria, resorption of ions, vitamins, water, calcium, iron.
9.3. Systems and substances affecting food intake
Influence of hypothalamus, adipose tissue, leptin, insulin, GLP-1, Ghrelin, peptide YY
10. Nervous system
10.1. General neurophysiology
Synapsis Neurotransmission (presynaptic part), postsynaptic receptors and potentials (ionotropic and metabotropic r.), EPSP and IPSP, neurotransmitters (overview, receptors, synthesis, reuptake), learning (synaptic scales, LTP, LTD) Neuron, glial cell Specifics of the function of individual parts of nerve cells, types of nerve fibers, the relationship between their thickness and myelination to the rate of signal transmission, glia function
10.2. Senses
Vision Retinal circuits, photoreceptors, receptive fields Hearing Mechanics, frequency coding, potassium circulation Vestibular system Function, nystagmus Smell Odorant effect, circuits in the olfactory bulb Taste The effect of five different tastes on receptor cells Somatosensory system Touch, pain, muscle elongation, tendon strain Visceral system Baroreceptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors
10.3. Spinal cord and ANS
Reflex activity of the spinal cord Postural, defensive, monosynaptic, polysynaptic connections, crossed reflexes, reflex arc, gamma loop ANS Sympathetic, parasympathetic, effect on various organs
10.4. Brain
Brainstem centers Cerebellum Functions of its three main components (vermis, flocculus, hemispheres), involvement of mediators Hypothalamus Nerve functions, endocrine functions Basal ganglia Circuits involvement, expected role (behavior control, planning, skills learning) Cerebral cortex Primary cortical areas (sensory areas, motor cortex), higher order cortical areas (secondary, associative, premotor, frontal) Involvement of brain structures in the motor control Sleep Phases, sleep cycle, neurochemical nature of sleep and awakening, ARAS Memory Structures and mechanisms involved in memory track storage, short-term memory - long-term, declarative - non-declarative
10.5. Nervous system tests
EEG Principle, waves, meaning Evoked potentials |