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Last update: DSVOBOD (10.08.2011)
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Last update: DSVOBOD (10.08.2011)
Knowledge and skills to be acquired: Theoretical and practical knowledge of the gross anatomy of organs and their topographical relations with emphases on clinical applications, knowledge of nomenclature used to describe the human body. |
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Last update: DSVOBOD (10.08.2011)
Recommended Textbooks
Platzer: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy ?
Vol.1 Locomotor System, Thieme 2003
Platzer, Kahle, Leonhardt: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy ?
Vol.2 Internal Organ, Thieme 1993
Kahle, Frotscher: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy ?
Vol.3 Nervous System and Sensory Organs, Thieme 2000
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Snell: Clinical Anatomy by systems, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2007
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Drake R., Vogl W., Mitchell A.: Grays Anatomy fot students. Elsevier 2005
Atlases
Netter: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Icon 2003
or Agur, Dalley: Grant´s Atlas of Anatomy, Williams and Wilkins 2005
or Köpf-Maier: Wolf-Heidegger?s Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol.1+2, Karger 2001
or Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol.1+2, Williams and Wilkins 2000
Grant's Dissector, Williams and Wilkins 1999
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Last update: DSVOBOD (10.08.2011)
Curricular timing: The course is taught during the first and second semester and contains: lectures (90 hrs), practical classes (60 hrs), seminars (30 hrs) and two dissection blocks (together 52 hrs). Total teaching hrs: 232. Attendance to practical lessons and dissections is obligatory, attendance to lectures is recommended.
Content: Gross anatomy of organs and regional anatomy with respect to functional and clinical purposes. Neuroanatomy includes microscopic structure and pathways of the central nervous system.
Lectures: 3 hrs per week in each of semesters according to syllabus. First semester: Anatomical terminology, locomotor apparatus including limbs, basic anatomical concept of vessels and nerves, central lymphatic organs, gastrointestinal system and respiratory system. Second semester: Urogenital system, heart, endocrine system, central and peripheral nervous system, sensory organs, skin. Attendance at lectures is recommended.
Practical classes/seminars: 3 hrs per week in each of semesters according to syllabus. The main purpose is demonstration of organs, clinically relevasnt seminars are given by students themselves. The knowledge of students is evaluated orally and in tests. Attendance is obligatory; first semester is closed by the credit with mark, second semester by credit.
Requirements for successfully passing the Anatomy Course 1) The study of Anatomy 1 is concluded by credit with mark. Anatomy 2, Gross anatomy dissection course 1 and Gross anatomy dissection course 2 are concluded by credits. The whole course of Anatomy is concluded by the final exam. 2) Requirements for receiving the credit a) obligatory attendance (absences must be substituted by taking individual consultation) b) knowledge of the subject evaluated by succesful passing of written and oral tests, activity at seminars. c) Anatomy 1 credit with mark (winter semester) can be obtained following excellent/ very good/ good results from seminars and all tests during winter semester. D marks (failures) from any test can be improved during the last week of semester. Unsuccessful students are classified no credit during the last practical and they are entitled to two re-examinations during winter examination period (written test). In the case of failure in the second re-examination written test, an oral exam follows (see list of questions on web). d) Anatomy 2 credit, Gross anatomy dissection course 1, 2 credits: In case the credit has not been obtained (unsuccessful students of Anatomy 2 are classified no credit during the last practical) the student is entitled to two re-examinations during examination period (written test - Anatomy 2; oral test - dissections) 3) Prerequisites: a) For signing up Anatomy 2 and Gross anatomy dissection courses 2: credit with mark from Anatomy 1 and credit from Gross anatomy dissection course 1. 4) For the admission to the final exam: all 4 credits from Anatomy, both credits from Basic Medical Terminology. 5) The final exam is organized during summer examination period. It consists of three parts: a) written test b) practical part: dissection of selected region and demonstration of selected organs including their X-ray, MR and CT pictures c) theoretical part based on the list of questions. Satisfactory result of written test is prerequisite for the admission to other parts of the exam. The exam can be terminated at any part without even commencing the oral part and evaluates the student ? failed?. This provision will not apply in case of a second re-examination. Satisfactory written test and practical part of the final exam is not necessary to retake in case of re-examination, they are valid during the whole exam period, however at longest for 4 months. 6) Students with Individual Study Plan must the extent and schedule of the subject discuss with the Head of the Departement (Prof. Grim) at the beginning of particular semester. |
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Last update: DSVOBOD (10.08.2011)
Requirements for successfully passing the Anatomy Course
1) The study of Anatomy 1, Anatomic Dissections 1, 2 are concluded by the credit, Anatomy 2 is concluded by credits. Anatomy 2 is concluded by the credit and final exam.
2) Requirements for receiving the credit
a) obligatory attendance (absences must be substituted by taking individual consultation)
b) knowledge of the subject evaluated by successful passing of written and oral tests, activity at seminars.
c) Credits: in case the credit has not been obtained at the end of a particular semester during the last practical of the semester or at the end of dissection course, the student is entitled to two re-examinations during examination period (written test - Anatomy 1, 2; oral test - Dissections)
3) Prerequisites for the admission to the final exam: credit from Anatomy 1 and Anatomy 2, credit from Anatomic Dissections 1 and 2,
4)The final exam is organized during summer examination period. It consists of three parts:
a) written test
b) practical part: dissection of selected region and demonstration of selected organs including their X-ray, MR and CT pictures
c) theoretical part based on the list of questions.
Satisfactory result of written test is prerequisite for the admission to other parts of the exam. The exam can be terminated at any part without even commencing the oral part and evaluates the student "failed". This provision will not apply in case of a second re-examination, when the exam continues even in case of unsatisfactory result of the written test.
Successfully written test and practical part of the final exam is not necessary to retake in case of re-examination, they are valid during the whole exam period, however at longest for 4 months.
List of questions: Skeleton and its connections, muscles, fascias, osteofascial compartments (30)
Structure and types of bones, bone marrow, innervation and blood supply of bone Ossification, bone age, remodeling and growth of bone
Connection of bones, structures and types of joints, synovial joint
The osseous nasal cavity, relations to neighboring structures
Bony orbit - walls, relation to neighboring structures, passages
Connections of skull, structure and biomechanics of temporomandibular joint
Skull of neonate, its diameters compared to pelvic diameters, growth of skull
Vertebrae, vertebral column, connections, curvatures and motility
Skeleton of thorax, connections and motility of ribs, muscles of inspiration
Bones and joints of hand including X-ray images
Bony pelvis as complex, connections, passages, diameters, planes, sexual differences
Hip joint - structure, movements, congenital luxation, muscles of hip
Knee joint - structure, biomechanics
Talocrural and subtalar joints - structure, movements
Bones and joints of foot including X-ray images, plantar arches and their support
General features of striated muscle, its auxiliary structures, motor end plate, motor unit,
muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, denervation atrophy
Muscles and fascias of the head
Muscles and fascias of the neck (draw transversal section of the neck)
Muscles and fascias of thorax
Muscles of abdominal wall, rectus muscle vagina (draw transversal section of the wall)
Inguinal canal (draw scheme), inguinal hernias
Pelvic floor muscles, ischioanal fossa, pelvic fascias (draw frontal section of pelvis)
Muscles and fascias of back (overview)
Muscles of shoulder girdle, shoulder joint
Muscles and fascias of arm (draw transverse section)
Muscles and fascias of forearm (draw transverse section)
Muscles and fascias of hand (draw transverse section), tendon sheaths, carpal canal
Muscles and fascias of thigh, femoral triangle (draw transverse section and boundaries)
Muscles and fascias of leg (draw transverse section)
Muscles and compartments of foot (draw transverse section)
Gastrointestinal tract (17)
Structure of the teeth, fixation, innervation and blood supply, gingivodental junction
Primary and permanent dentition formula, eruption, types of occlusion
Tongue, soft and hard palate, isthmus of fauces
Salivary glands, their description, syntopy, innervation
Pharynx - description, syntopy, blood supply, innervation, swallowing reflex
Nasal, palatine and lingual tonsills (Waldeyer circle)
Oesophagus - description, syntopy, narrowings, oesopahegal varices
Stomach and lesser sac (omental bursa)
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum - structure, blood supply, innervation, motility, mesentery
Large intestine, structure, vascular supply, innervation, motility
Vermiform appendix - structure, positions, abdominal wall projections
Pancreas - structure, syntopy, surgical approach, Langerhans islets
Liver - segments, syntopy (draw scheme of visceral surface)
Liver - structure, nutritional and portal vascular bed, intrahepatic bile ducts
Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts (draw scheme), hepatoduodenal ligament
Rectum and anal canal, syntopy (draw frontal and sagittal sections), vascular supply,
sphincters and their innervation, mechanism of continence
Peritoneum - parietal and visceral, greater and lesser omentum, recesses of peritoneum
Respiratory system (8)
Nasal cavity, choanae, paranasal sinuses and their syntopy, vascular and nerve supply
Larynx (draw frontal section) - cartilagines, ligaments, joints, muscles, coniotomy (cricothyrotomy)
Larynx - position andsyntopy, vascular and nerve supply, (draw laryngoscopic view of inlet), laryngospasm
Trachea and bronchi , bronchial tree - description (draw scheme), structure, syntopy, tracheotomy
Lungs - description, syntopy, borders and projection onto thoracic wall, vascular
and nerve supply, lymphatics
Lungs - bronchial and alveolar tree, bronchopulmonary segments
Pleura - visceral and parietal, borders of pleura, pleural dome and recesses, pneumothorax
Diaphragm and mechanics of respiration
Urinary and reproductive system (15)
Kidney - description, syntopy, envelopes, fixation (draw scheme)
Structure of kidney - cortex, medulla, vascualr supply, segments
Renal calices, pelvis, ureter - syntopy
Urinary bladder - structure and position, fixation and syntopy in male and female
(draw scheme)
Male and female urethra - description, its course as basis of catheterisation,
filling and voiding internal urethral orifices
Testis and epididymis, scrotum, descent of testis
Vas (ductus) deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles
Prostate - structure, topographic relations, prostatic urethra, ejaculatory ducts
Penis - structure (draw cross-section), vascular and nerve supply, mechanism of errection
Ovary - structure and position, vascular supply, ovarian cycle
Uterine (Fallopian) tube - structure, divisions, position, vascular supply
Uterus - structure, shape and divisions (draw scheme), vascular supply, lymphatics,
endometrial cycle
Uterus - fixation, syntopy, position (draw scheme), its changes during pregnancy,
broad ligament of uterus
Vagina - structure and syntopy (draw uterus and vagina in sagittal section)
External female genital organs, perineum
Heart (7)
Heart - description, chambers, heart wall arrangement (draw section through ventricles)
Cardiac valves-structure and function, cardiac skeleton (draw skeleton scheme)
Conducting system of the heart- structure and function, heart innervation
Coronary arteries, coronarogrpahy, veins and nerves, lymphatics
Heart location and projection, X-ray (draw scheme of radiogram), auscultation heart points
Epicardium and pericardium - structure, syntopy, pericardial reflections around
the roots of the great vessels
Systemic and pulmonary circulation, prenatal circulation
Arteries (9)
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta
Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Arteries of upper extremity
Abdominal aorta, position, topographic relations, parietal and paired visceral branches
Abdominal aorta, unpaired visceral branches and their clinically important anastomoses
External and internal iliac artery
Arteries of lower extremity
Veins (8)
Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, subclavian vein, axillary vein
Internal jugular vein - course and extracaranial tributaries
Cranial veins, sinus durae matris, intracranial tributaries of internal jugular vein
Inferior vena cava - course and tributaries, cavocaval anastomoses
Azygos and hemiazygos veins, vertebral venous plexuses
Iliac veins and their tributaries
Portal vein - tributaries, portocaval (portosystemic) anastomosis and their clinical relevance
Superficial and deep veins of lower and upper extremities, varicose veins
Lymphatic system (8)
Lymph node - structure and functional zones, sentinel lymph node, lymphatic
tissue in organs
Main lymphatic ducts
Thymus - structure, position and syntopy, function
Spleen - structure, position, syntopy, vascular supply
Lymph nodes and collectors of head and neck
Lymph nodes and collectors of thorax
Lymph nodes and collectors of abdomen and pelvis
Lymph nodes and collectors (superficial and deep) of upper and lower limb
Central nervous system - CNS (29)
Spinal cord, roots of spinal nerve, branching of spinal nerve (draw scheme), cauda equina
Spinal cord - structure of gray matter, cross section (draw scheme)
Motor pathways in spinal cord and motor deficiencies in spinal cord lesions
Sensory pathways in spinal cord and sensory loss in spinal cord lesions
Blood supply of spinal cord, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Floor of rhomboid fossa and cranial nerve nuclei (draw scheme)
Reticular formation
Midbrain (mesencephalon) (draw cross section), cranial nerves III., IV., VI.
Cerebellum - structure, subdivision and functional organization
Afferent and efferent connections of cerebellum and their function
Diencephalon - structure, subdivision and functional organization
Thalamus - nuclei, connections and functional organization
Hypothalamus - subdivisions, connections and function
Hypophysis, hypothalamohypophyseal system
Basal ganglia, their circuits and function, parkinsonism
Main functional areas of cerebral cortex
Ventricular system of brain (draw scheme), circulation of liquor
Association and commissural fibers of hemisphere, internal capsule (draw scheme of tracts in internal capsule)
Brain vessels and meninges
Corticospinal (pyramidal) and corticonuclear tract
Lemniscal system (dorsal column tract), proprioceptive and tactile sensation
Anterolateral system of sensitive spinal tracts - (spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts), pain pathways
Auditory and vestibular pathway
Visual pathway and visual cortical areas
Olfactory and gustatory pathway, olfactory nerve
Limbic system
Neurotransmitters in the CNS and main brain chemical systems
Peripheral nervous system - PNS (20)
General structure of the spinal nerve, perineurium, vertebromedullar topography, segmental innervation, radicular areas, dermatomes
Cervical plexus, supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus
Infraclavicularis portion of brachial plexus (draw scheme)
Radial and axillary nerve, paralysis of them
Median and ulnar nerve, paralysis of them
Skin and motor innervation of head and neck
Overview of muscular and skin innervation of upper limb
Lumbar plexus and its branches
Sacral plexus and its branches
Sciatic nerve, paralysis of common peroneal nerve
Overview of muscular and skin innervation of lower limb
First and second branch of trigeminal nerve
Third branch of trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve, Bell´s palsy
Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
Accessory and hypoglossal nerves
General structure of autonomic nervous system
Cranial and sacral parasympathetic system
Cervical and thoracic sympathetic system
Abdominal and pelvic sympathetic system, prevertebral plexuses and ganglia
Sensory organs, skin, endocrine glands (13)
Eyball (draw sagittal section), cornea, sclera and vitreous body
Choroidea, iris, cilliary body, eyball chambers, circulation of aqueous humor, glaucoma
Retina (draw schema of eye fundus), detachment of retina; lens, accommodation, cataract
Blood supply and innervation of eyeball, corneal reflex, pupillary light reflex
Eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus
Extraocular muscles, soft tissue in orbit
External acustic meatus and tympanic membrane (draw otoscopic view), paracentesis
Tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, auditory tube
Bony and membrane labyrinths (draw cross section of bony cochlea and cochlear duct) vestibulocochlear nerve, nystagmus
Skin - epidermis and dermis, hair, nails, glands, sensory endings
Mamma - description and structure, blood supply and innervation, lymphatics
Thyroid and parathyroid glands - structure, function, topography, blood supply
Suprarenal gland - structure, topography (draw schema), function, blood supply, paraganglias
Regional Anatomy (27)
Layers of scalp,superficial regions of the face
Infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal space
External and internal cranial base - openings for vessels and nerves
Submandibular triangle, carotid triangle (draw scheme)
Lateral neck region, scalenic fissure
Axilla - boundaries, content
Anterior and posterior regions of arm (draw transverse section)
Cubital fossa, elbow joint
Topographic anatomy of the hand and fingers
Gluteal region, supra- and infrapiriform foramens
Anterior thigh region, vascular and muscular lacuna, iliopectineal fossa, femoral triangle (draw schema), femoral hernias
Popliteal fossa, adductor canal
Regions of lower leg (draw transverse section)
Retromalleolar regions
Topography of foot (draw transverse section)
Mediastinum - division, borders (draw transverse section)
Topography of chest wall, surface projections of heart, lungs and pleura
Topography of abdominal wall, blood supply, innervation and surface projections of abdominal organs
Inguinal region, inguinal canal, hernias (draw schema of inguinal canal)
Topography of supramesocolic part of peritoneal cavity (draw transverse section through lesser sac)
Topography of duodenum and pancreas (draw schema)
Topography of inframesocolic part of peritoneal cavity
Retroperitoneal space, topography of its organs and main vessels and nerves
Topographic anatomy of male pelvis (draw sagittal section), importance of rectal exam
Topographic anatomy of the female pelvis (draw sagittal section)
Perineal region (draw schema), ischioanal fossa (draw frontal section of pelvis)
Topography of spinal canal (draw transverse section), anatomic backgrounds of spinal tap (lumbar puncture) and epidural anesthesia
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