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Last update: Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. (23.05.2019)
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Last update: Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. (23.05.2019)
Students have to learn specialized microbiology and guidlines for effective anti-microbial therapy. In their written thesis they should provide ability to study in depth from different information sources and comprehensively summarize and explain knowledge obtained. |
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Last update: Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. (23.05.2019)
Lectures Microbiology 2 (3rd year, Winter Term)
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Last update: Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. (15.09.2021)
# MURRAY P.R., ROSENTHAL K.S., PFALLER M.A. eds.: Medical Microbiology fifth edition, Mosby Inc. St. Louis 2006. |
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Last update: Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. (14.09.2018)
A. Lectures |
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Last update: Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. (14.09.2018)
All students should have credit for B80035 Microbiology 1. |
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Last update: Mgr. Kateřina Petříčková, Ph.D. (07.11.2019)
CREDIT requirements
LIST OF EXAMINATION QUESTIONS valid from the winter semester 2019/2020:
I. PRACTICAL PART - 1 question - topics covered by microbiology practicals(cultivation, staining, direct and indirect diagnostic techniques, clinical specimen collection, transport and processing, personnel and environment hygiene, disinfection and sterilisation, basis of aseptic work) II. THEORETICAL PART - 3 questions:
A. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY A1. Bacterial cell structure (bacterial cell wall, superficial structures, spores) A2. Types and end products of bacterial metabolism A3. Growth and proliferation of the bacterial population A4. Genetic information of bacteria and its transfer A5. Biofilms and regulation of bacterial flora A6. Physiological bacterial flora of the human body and its clinical significance A7. Pathogenicity and virulence factors of bacteria; bacterial toxins and superantigens A8. Medically important yeasts and moulds A9. Mycotoxicosis A10. Characteristics of medically important parasites A11. Viruses: Structure, growth cycle, replication strategies, and classification A12. Interactions between viruses and cells: Types of infection, cytopathogenic effects of viruses A13. Genetics of viruses, frequency of mutations, use of attenuated strains, recombination, reassortment A14. Virus and host organism: Types of infection courses. A15. Induction and function of interferons and their use in therapy A16. Viral mechanisms of immune evasion A17. Principles of collection of clinical specimens A18. Principles and mechanisms of specific, non-specific and antitoxic immunity A19. Transmission of infections: ways and mechanisms A20. Principles of vaccination, immunoprophylaxis, passive immunization. Compulsory and on-demand vaccinations; evaluation of vaccination efficiency A21. Diagnosis of bacterial infections A22. Examination of clinical specimens by cultivation A23. Anaerobic bacteria: properties and cultivation A24. Serological examination of clinical specimens A25. Diagnosis of viral infections A26. Diagnosis of parasitic infections A27. Diagnosis of mycotic infections
B. SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B1. Staphylococcus aureus B2. Coagulase negative staphylococci B3. Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae and other β-hemolytic streptococci B4. Viridans streptococci, Streptococcus bovis and other rare streptococci B5. Streptococcus pneumoniae B6. Enterococci B7. Corynebacterium spp and other coryneform gram-positive rods B8. Listeria spp., Erysipelothrix spp. B9. Bacillus spp., Nocardia spp., Rhodococcus spp. B10. Enterobacteriaceae - Escherichia coli B11. Enterobacteriaceae - Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. B12. Yersinia spp. B13. Enterobacteriaceae - Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp. and other facultatively pathogenic species B14. Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas spp. B15. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonades B16. Gram-negative non-fermenting rods: Burkholderia spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. and others B17. Neurotoxic clostridia species B18. Histotoxic clostridia species B19. Gram-positive non-sporulating anaerobes B20. Gram-negative anaerobic rods and cocci B21. Legionella spp. B22. Neisseria spp., Moraxella spp. B23. Genera Francisella, Bartonella, Afipia, Pasteurella, Brucella B24. HACEK group (genera Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella) B25. Haemophilus spp., Bordetella spp. B26. Campylobacter spp., Helicobacter spp. B27. Borrelia spp., Leptospira spp. B28. Treponema spp. and other spirochetes B29. Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. B30. Chlamydia spp. Chlamydophilla spp. B31. Rickettsia spp., Coxiella spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. B32. Classical and atypical mycobacteria B33. Candida spp. - localized and systemic infections B34. Cryptococcus spp. and other (non-Candida) pathogenic yeasts (Saccharomyces spp., Malassezia spp., Trichosporon spp.) B35. Aspergillus spp. B36. Dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp., Epidermophyton spp.) B37. Mucorales (Rhizopus spp., Rhizomucor spp., Absidia spp., Mucor spp.) B38. Dimorphic fungi (Histoplasma spp., Blastomyces spp., Penicillium marneffei, etc) B39. Pneumocystis jirovecii and mycotic infections in AIDS patients B40. Herpes Simplex and Varicella zoster (alpha-herpesviruses) B41. CMV other beta-herpesviruses B42. EBV and KSHV (gamma-herpesviruses) B43. Human papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses B44. Rotaviruses, noroviruses and other agents of viral diarrheas B45. Fecal-orally-transmitted hepatitis viruses B46. Sexually-transmitted hepatitis viruses B47. HIV virus B48. Influenza viruses B49. Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses (Parainfluenza and RS virus) B50. Adenoviruses B51. Enteroviruses (Polio and others) B52. Paramyxoviruses and parvoviruses B53. Rubella Virus B54. Arbovirosis and arbovirus encephalitis B55. Causative agents of viral hemorrhagic fevers B56. Rabies virus B57. Poxviruses B58. Prions B59. African trypanosomes and Trypanosoma cruzi B60. Leishmania spp. B61. Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal amoebae B62. Giardia intestinalis, Balantidium coli and non-pathogenic intestinal protozoa (e.g. Chilomastix mesnili) B63. Trichomonas vaginalis B64. Amphizoic amoebae (Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris) B65. Toxoplasma gondii B66. Malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) B67. Intestinal coccidia B68. Human and animal schistosomes B69. Hepatic, intestinal and pulmonary flukes B70. Tapeworms of the genera Taenia, Diphyllobothrium, Spirometra, and Hymenolepis B71. Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis B72. Strongyloides spp., Ancylostoma spp., Necator spp. B73. Ascarids (roundworms) B74. Filariae B75. Trichinella spp., Trichuris spp. B76. Pinworms, Anisakis spp., Pseudoterranova spp. B77. Lice, fleas, bedbugs and itch mites
C. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY C1. Basic rules for the correct use of antibiotics in community and hospital C2. Basic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics (MIC, MBC distribution of MIC in bacterial population, antibiotic boundary concentration, maximum concentration, maximum dose, AUC/MIC, T above MIC, possibility to increase antibiotic activity - dose, interval) C3. Genetic backgrounds of bacterial antibiotic resistance, conditions preserving the resistance in a bacterial population C4. Antibiotic susceptibility testing: common methods (principles of disc and dilution methods, conditions for reliability of results, limitations, interpretations) C5. Antibiotic susceptibility testing: special methods (detection in fastidious bacteria, slow growing bacteria, and anaerobes; typical examples of poorly verifiable resistance) C6. Bacterial resistance caused by the production of inactivating enzymes: β-lactam antibiotics, hyperproduction of β-lactamases, chromosomal/plasmid β-lactamases, main producers in clinically relevant bacteria, differences in resistance to aminoglycosides in cocci and enterobacteria (associated resistance); interpretation of the results C7. Resistance to macrolides and lincosamides (main causes of resistance, efflux) C8. Main mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics of choice in clinically relevant bacteria (staphylococci, pneumococci, streptococci, haemophili, gonococci, meningococci, E. coli, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., pseudomonads) C9. Inflammation and sepsis C10. Causative agents of epidemiologically significant autochthonous infections C11. Causative agents of the most important infections imported to Europe; assessment of their epidemiological significance C12. Causative agents of highly infectious diseases and prevention of their spread C13. The most significant agents of nosocomial infections C14. Causative agents of the upper respiratory tract infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C15. Causative agents of the ear infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C16. Causative agents of the lower respiratory tract infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C17. Causative agents of the Skin and soft tissue infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C18. Causative agents of the post-surgery infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C19. Causative agents of the eye infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C20. Causative agents of the CNS infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C21. Causative agents of the urinary tract and kidney infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C22. Causative agents of the male genital tract infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C23. Causative agents of the female genital tract infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C24. Causative agents of the heart and blood vessels infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C25. Causative agents of the bloodstream infections and sepsis: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C26. Causative agents of the gastrointestinal infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C27. Causative agents of the intra-abdominal infections (peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscesses and empyemas): Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C28. Causative agents of the bone and joint infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C29. Causative agents of the zoonotic infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C30. Causative agents of the sexually transmitted infections: Methods of identification, appropriate clinical specimens, therapy C31. Mechanisms of antibiotic action, significance and examples of bactericidal effect, possible consequences of narrow/broad-spectrum antibiotics, toxicity C32. Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy (crucial information for initiation of treatment, antibiotic treatment strategies prior to the agent identification) C33. Antibiotic treatment (initial treatment: routes and duration of administrations, and intensity of treatment; targeted treatment - routes and duration of administrations, intensity of treatment; supportive measures: pus drainage, etc.) |
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