Biophysics and Medical Physics - B80003

• Title: Biophysics and Medical Physics
• Guaranteed by: Institute of Biophysics and Informatics First Faculty of Medicine Charles University (11-00170)
• Faculty: First Faculty of Medicine
• Actual: from 2023
• Semester: winter
• Points: 8
• E-Credits: 8
• Examination process: winter s.:
• Hours per week, examination: winter s.:2/4, C+Ex [HT]
• Extent per academic year: 90 [hours]
• Capacity: unlimited
• Min. number of students: unlimited
• 4EU+: no
• Virtual mobility / capacity: no
• State of the course: taught
• Language: English
• Teaching methods: full-time
• Teaching methods: full-time
• Explanation: prof. František Vítek
• Old code: 3
• Guarantor: prof. RNDr. MUDr. Jiří Beneš, CSc.
• Attributes: Lékařství; Teoretický předmět
• Is co-requisite for: B81604, B80380, B83119, B83120
• Is pre-requisite for: B80078, B80098

Annotation

Last update: Vladěna Topičová (03.07.2007)

Structure of atom, molecular biphysics, bioenergetics, thermal technique in medicine, biophysics of electric manifestations and of the effects of electric current, biomechanics, bioacoustics, optics, X-rays, ionizing radiation.

Syllabus

Last update: Jana Kolářová (08.10.2020)

Structure of matter:

Wave properties of particles, quantum properties of waves;

Quantum numbers;

Emission, ionization and excitation;

Structure of electron shells in atoms;

Atomic nucleus;

Binding energy in atomic nucleus;

Potential barrier of atomic nucleus;

Physical principles of mass spectroscopy;

Physical principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, Magnetic resonance-Relaxation, MR spectroscopy, Magnetic resonance-Image Formation, Force interactions.

Molecular biophysics:

International system of units, transformation of units;

Phase states of matter;

State equation of ideal gas;

Kinetic theory of gases, Equipartition theorem, Bernoulli equation, equation of continuity;

Law of Laplace;

Gibbs´s phase rule, phase chart of water;

Liquid crystals;

Water as solvent;

Dispersion systems and their classification;

Properties of colloid particles;

Dialysis, Principle of electrophoresis, electrokinetic potential;

Transport phenomena;

Viscosity and its measurement;

Diffusion, 1. law of Fick;

Surface tension, adsorption;

Colligative properties of solutions;

Osmotic pressure;

Blood pressure measurement, Starling´s hypothesis.

Thermodynamics:

Thermodynamic system, state quantities;

First law of thermodynamics;

Second law of thermodynamics;

Definitions of thermodynamic functions (U, H, S, F, G);

Chemical potential;

Thermoregulation in organisms;

pV diagram;

Measurement of temperature;

Calorimetric measurements;

Specific heat, latent heat.

Physical and physiological acoustics:

Physical properties of acoustic waves;

Acoustic impedance;

Doppler’s effect;

Sound intensity and loudness, units;

Field of hearing;

Weber-Fechner´s law in acoustics;

Ultrasound generators;

Physical principles or diagnostic use of ultrasound.

Audiometry Optics in medicine:

General classification of electromagnetic waves;

Planck´s law, Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien laws;

Lens equation;

Extinction, Lambert-Beer law;

Scattering of light;

Dispersion of light;

Refraction and its use in spectroscopy;

Interference and light reflection;

Refractometry, Polarimetry;

Biophysics of vision;

Eye defects;

Absorption spectral analysis;

Optical properties of colloids;

Principle of laser;

Optical and electron microscopy.

Electricity in medicine:

Coulomb´s law, permittivity;

Intensity of electric field, Electric current, voltage, resistance, impedance and their measurement, units;

Rest membrane potential;

Sodium-Potassium Pump;

Electrochemical potential;

Measurement of el. conductivity in solutions;

Action potential and its detection;

Action potentials of heart muscle and their detection;

Electric current and organism;

Use of electricity in diagnostics;

Use of electricity in therapy.

Use of X-rays in medicine:

Production of X-rays, energy spectra;

Control of the energy and intensity of X-rays;

X-ray apparatus;

X-ray absorption;

X-ray contrast;

Use of X-rays for diagnostic purposes;

X-ray therapy;

Depth dose;

Principle of computed tomography, Roentgen methods, Principle of Computed Tomography;

Reconstruction algorithms;

CT scanners - principle.

Radioactivity and ionising radiation:

Radioactive decay;

alfa, beta and gama radiation;

Radioactive equilibrium;

Physical, biological and effective half-life;

Principles of detection of ionising radiation;

Detectors of ionising radiation;

Scintillation detector;

Geiger-Muller tube;

Accelerators of particles;

Ionisation chamber;

Methods of personal dosimetry;

Units of exposition and absorbed dose of irradiation, Gamma camera, Positron emission tomography, Single photon emission tomography.

Literature

Last update: Jana Kolářová (31.03.2023)

Obligatory:

• Jirák, Daniel Vítek, František. Basics of medical physics. Prague: Charles University, Karolinum Press, 2017, 224 s. ISBN 978-80-246-3810-2.

Teaching methods

Last update: Jana Kolářová (11.10.2021)

The textbook Basics of Medical Physics describes the basics of medical physics and the clinical and experimental methods which a physician can be frequently encountered with. Medical physics is specific in dealing with the application of physical methods on a living organism. Therefore, it represents an interdisciplinary scientific discipline that combines physics and biological sciences.
The presented textbook covers a broad range of topics; it contains eight chapters: Structure of Matter; Molecular Biophysics; Thermodynamics; Biophysics of Electric Phenomena; Acoustics and Physical Principles of Hearing; Optics; X-ray Physics and Medical Application; Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation. The text is supplemented by many figures, which help to facilitate the understanding of the phenomena. Methods, which are explained in the book, are based on the different physical principles. Some of these methods, e.g. using optical magnifying lenses or X-rays, have been known for more than 100 years, while others are more recent such as magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography.
After reading this book, the readers should get a comprehensive overview of the possibilities of using various physical methods in medicine. They should be able to understand to the mentioned physical relations in the broader context.