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Crystal structure and symmetry - history of crystallography, point, plane and space groups, cells,
symmetry operations, crystal shapes, chemical crystallography, structure databases, structure visualization,
physical crystallography.
Diffraction theory - geometrical principles, reciprocal lattice, interaction of radiation with matter, scattering
on electron, atom and ensemble of atoms, atomic scattering factor, anomalous scattering, structure factor,
temperature factor, dynamic theory of diffraction, wave equation for periodic medium. Comparison of electron,
neutron and X-ray scattering.
Last update: T_KFES (14.05.2014)
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Oral and written examination. Written part consists of solution of simple problem non-requiring long calculation (max. 30 min). Oral part follows and it is usually about 45 min. Last update: Kužel Radomír, prof. RNDr., CSc. (12.05.2022)
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Jens Als-Nielsen, Des McMorrow: Elements of Modern X-Ray Physics, Wiley 2011 Václav Valvoda, Milena Polcarová, Pavel Lukáč: Základy strukturní analýzy. Univerzita Karlova. Praha 1992. I. Kraus: Úvod do strukturní rentgenografie. Academia. Praha 1985.
Další Maureen M. Julian: Foundations of Crystallography with Computer Applications. CRC Press. Taylor and Francis Group. 2015 Boris K. Vainshtein: Modern crystallography. Vol. 1. Fundamentals of crystals. Symmetry, and methods of structural crystallography. (Second enlarged edition.) Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994 Robert E. Newnham: Properties of Materials. Anisotropy. Symmetry. Structure. Oxford University Press. 2005 Marc de Graaf and Michael McHenry: Structure of Materials. An Introduction to Crystallograhy, Diffraction and Symmetry. Cambridge University Press. 2007 Last update: Kužel Radomír, prof. RNDr., CSc. (10.05.2019)
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Požadavky zkoušky odpovídají sylabu předmětu v rozsahu, který byl odpřednášen. Last update: Holý Václav, prof. RNDr., CSc. (06.10.2017)
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I. Crystal structure and symmetry.
1. History of crystallography and structure analysis. Translation periodicity of crystals. Notation of crystallographic directions and planes, elementary cells. Transformations of axes and plane indices. Matrix notation of symmetry operations. Stereographic projections. Groups, multiplication tables. Point groups. Hermann-Mauguin symbols. Bravais lattices.
2. Crystallographic systems. Plane lattice and plane groups.
3. Space groups. Equivalent positions. Wyckoff notation. International tables of crystallography.
4. Crystal shape. Chemical bonding. Chemical crystallogrpahy. Structure types. Examples of basic structure types. Crystallographic databases and software for crystal structure visualization.
5. Influence of crystal symmetry on properties of compounds. Tensors and anisotropy of macroscopic properties. Neumann principle. Voigt principle. Curie principle.
II. Diffraction theory.
1. Geometric principles of diffraction. Reciprocal lattice. Laue conditions. Ewald construction.
2. Interaction of X-rays with matter. Absorption of radiation in material. Plane and spherical wave. Thomson and Compton scattering. Scattering on atom and ensamble of atoms. Atomic scattering factor, anomalous dispersion and absorption. Introduction of structure factor. Electron density and Fourier transformation. Basic atributes of diffraction peaks (position, intensity, width, shape) in kinematic theory of diffraction.
3. Static and dynamic displacements, temperature factor. Coherence length of photon. Crystals of finite dimensions.
4. Dynamic theory of diffraction. Wave equation for periodic medium. Single wave and two wave approximation. Some experimental effects - Pendellösung, Borrmann effect. Wave field in the diffracting crystal.
5. Comparison of scattering by X-rays, neutrons and electrons.
Last update: T_KFES (06.10.2014)
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