SubjectsSubjects(version: 978)
Course, academic year 2025/2026
   
Selected parts of Physics - part II - MFOE018
Title: Další kapitoly z fyziky pro biology
Czech title: Další kapitoly z fyziky pro biology
Guaranteed by: Faculty of Matematics and Physics, CU (31-MFF)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2025
Semester: winter
E-Credits: 5
Examination process: winter s.:
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:4/0, Ex [HT]
Capacity: 80
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Explanation: od 2025/26 nově zařazena prerekvizita
Note: enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: RNDr. Vojtěch Kapsa, CSc.
Teacher(s): Mgr. Anna Fučíková, Ph.D.
RNDr. Vojtěch Kapsa, CSc.
doc. Mgr. Vojtěch Patkóš, Ph.D.
doc. RNDr. Miroslav Pospíšil, Ph.D.
Mgr. Filip Šebesta, Ph.D.
Pre-requisite : {at least one of MS710P73, MS710P77, MS710P52, MS710P56}
Annotation -
Introductory course of physics for students of biology. Basic concepts and laws of physics and their applications to biological systems.
Last update: Kapsa Vojtěch, RNDr., CSc. (05.04.2019)
Literature -

Basic:

D.Halliday, R.Resnick, J.Walker: Fundamentals of Physics, Tenth Edition, Wiley, 2014 (any English edition).

E.Hecht: Optika, překlad 4. vydání, Prometheus, Praha 2015. 

A. Hofmann, S. Clokie (ed.): Wilson and Walker's Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 8. vydání, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2018.

P. N. Prasad: Introduction to Biophotonics, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken 2003.

Advanced:

:R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett, Jr.: Physics for Scientists and Engineers with  Modern Physics, Tenth Edition, Cengage, 2019 (any English edition).

Last update: Kapsa Vojtěch, RNDr., CSc. (11.05.2026)
Requirements to the exam - Czech

Zkouška má formu písemného testu. Požadavky odpovídají sylabu předmětu v rozsahu, který byl prezentován na přednášce.

Last update: Rubešová Jana, RNDr., Ph.D. (25.10.2019)
Syllabus -

Observation of microworld

  1. Microscopy I: history of optics, basic principles of lenses including aberrations and their correction, numerical aperture, resolution of two points

  2. Microscopy II: light polarization, phase contrast, Nomarski – DIC Differential Interference Contrast, Hoffman modulation contrast, histogram, brightness, illumination, illuminance, luminance, laser, confocal microscopy

  3. Microscopy III: principles, limits, sample preparation for SEM, TEM, AFM, piezoelectric effect, super-resolution microscopy.

  4. Luminescence, fluorescence and phosphorescence: wavelength, absorption, luminescence, Jablonski diagram, fluorescence, phosphorescence, radiative and non-radiative transitions, quantum yield, excited state lifetime, fluorescent dyes (DAPI, Alexa, CdSe, etc.), fluorescence spectrometer, advanced spectroscopic methods (FRET, hole burning, micro-spectroscopy, etc.)

  5. Vibrational spectroscopy and Raman: vibrations of a diatomic molecule (mechanical and quantum approximation), molecular vibrations, mesomeric effect, IR and Raman activity of molecules, Fourier transform, FTIR methods including ATR, Raman, SERS

  6. Introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance: spin and magnetic moment of atomic nuclei, atomic nuclei in a magnetic field, Larmor frequency, C and H, analysis of NMR function, several NMR spectra and how to identify which molecule is present, NMR in medicine

  7. Nano/physics: cluster, nanoparticles, Bohr excitation radius, where the boundary between chemistry/quantum physics/standard physics lies, properties of nanoparticles, zeta-potential, how to study nanoparticles

  8. How things work I and II (possibly 9th hour): light sources used in biology, centrifuge and separation methods, gel electrophoresis, HPLC, GPS, phones. Summary of the terms photon, phonon, polaron, exciton.

Analysis of the structure of molecular systems

  1. X-ray diffraction: elements of symmetry, point and space groups, reciprocal lattice, Ewald construction, Bragg condition, Laue diffraction conditions. 
  2. Diffraction on crystals: X-ray sources, continuous radiation - Laue method and monochromatic radiation - rotating crystal method for single-crystal; powder diffraction. Electron density, structure factor, centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric structures.
  3. Molecular simulations: force fields, definition of energy expressions and their types,  long-range interaction constraints for periodic systems, optimization algorithms.
  4. Molecular dynamics: statistical ensembles, thermostats, barostats, analysis of dynamic trajectories.

Quantum mechanical description of the microworld

  1. Microworld, its perception, and probabilistic description.
  2. Wave function, Born's rule.
  3. Operators of physical quantities.
  4. Axiom of measurement.
  5. Schrödinger equation.
  6. Infinitely deep potential well.
  7. Tunneling effect.
  8. Angular momentum.
  9. Hydrogen atom.
  10. Spin, multi-electron atoms.
  11. Principle of chemical bonding.
  12. Linear harmonic oscillator.
  13. Electronic, vibrational, and rotational spectra.

Thermodynamics

  1. Temperature, zero law of thermodynamics, temperature scales and conversions between them, heat and heat capacity, calorimetric equation, work done by a gas, first law of thermodynamics, heat transfer.

  2. Kinetic theory of gases, ideal gas and state equation, pressure and root-mean-square speed, equipartition theorem, molar heat capacity at constant volume and pressure, isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic process.

  3. Entropy, reversible and irreversible processes, second law of thermodynamics, heat engines (Carnot engine, refrigerator, heat pump), statistical view of entropy, third law of thermodynamics.

Last update: Kapsa Vojtěch, RNDr., CSc. (11.05.2026)
Learning outcomes -

Biophysical methods (microscopy, spectroscopy, NMR, X-ray)

Objective: The student will select and justify an appropriate analytical method for studying biological samples.

  • Compare the principle of phase contrast and DIC microscopy; decide which method is more suitable for observing living unstained cells.
  • Describe the Jablonski diagram and explain the difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence on it.
  • Interpret the NMR spectrum of a simple molecule and identify the chemical shift.
  • Discuss the limits of resolution of classical light microscopy and the principles by which super-resolution microscopy overcomes them.
  • Analyze the use of X-ray diffraction to determine the structure of biomolecules (Bragg condition)

Quantum physics and the microworld

Objective: The student will describe the behavior of particles at the atomic level using a probabilistic model.

  • Formulate the Born rule for interpreting the wave function.
  • Explain the significance of the Schrödinger equation for describing the energy states of the hydrogen atom.
  • Discuss the tunneling effect and its role in biological systems or microscopy (AFM/STM).
  • Classify electron, vibrational and rotational spectra according to their energy requirements.

Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

Objective: The student quantifies energy changes in systems and describes their tendency towards equilibrium.

  • Apply the first law of thermodynamics to isothermal and adiabatic processes for an ideal gas.
  • Explain the statistical significance of the second law of thermodynamics and the increase in entropy in isolated systems.
  • Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot heat engine at given bath temperatures.
Last update: Kapsa Vojtěch, RNDr., CSc. (17.04.2026)
 
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