SubjectsSubjects(version: 978)
Course, academic year 2025/2026
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Biology of mammalian oocytes and early embryos - MB151P122
Title: Biologie savčích oocytů a raných embryí
Czech title: Biologie savčích oocytů a raných embryí
Guaranteed by: Department of Cell Biology (31-151)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2025
Semester: summer
E-Credits: 3
Examination process: summer s.:oral
Hours per week, examination: summer s.:2/0, Ex [HT]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Explanation: Přednáška se bude konat každý pátek od 9:00 do 10:30 v učebně B8 (Viničná 5).
Additional information: https://www.iapg.cas.cz/cs/laboratore/lab-integrity-dna/vyuka/
Note: enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: RNDr. David Drutovič, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): RNDr. David Drutovič, Ph.D.
RNDr. Michaela Vaškovičová, Ph.D.
Annotation -
The aim of this course is to introduce mammalian oocyte and early embryo development, with a focus on chromosome integrity and dynamics, cell cycle regulation, and oocyte quality. The course primarily uses mouse oocytes and early embryos as model systems, but also gives attention to human oocytes. The course covers the normal development of oocytes and early embryos, maintenance of genome integrity, oocyte aging, disruption of meiotic maturation, the origin of aneuploidy and its link to infertility and congenital disorders, and differences between mitosis and meiotic maturation in oocytes. The course is based on recent scientific publications and includes explanations of experimental methods, data analysis, and data interpretation. Students will also learn about approaches to generating genetically modified organisms and live-cell microscopy techniques used in research and clinical practice.

The primary language of the course is Czech; however, the course will be taught in English if requested by at least one student.
Last update: Drutovič David, RNDr., Ph.D. (05.02.2026)
Literature -

The course is based on primary scientific publications and recent review articles. PDF versions of lecture presentations, including references, will be available to students on the Laboratory of DNA Integrity website (https://www.iapg.cas.cz/cs/laboratore/lab-integrity-dna/vyuka/). The access password will be provided during the first lectures.

Last update: Drutovič David, RNDr., Ph.D. (05.02.2026)
Requirements to the exam -

The exam is oral and covers the full range of lecture material.

Last update: Drutovič David, RNDr., Ph.D. (02.02.2026)
Syllabus -

1. Overview of mammalian oocyte and early embryo development

  • definition of basic concepts; comparison of mitosis and meiotic maturation of oocytes; initiation of meiosis; prophase I; meiotic recombination; programmed formation of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair; relationship between meiotic recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I; asymmetric positioning of the meiotic spindle; transition from the oocyte to the early embryo

2. Oogenesis and folliculogenesis

  • primordial germ cells; formation of primary follicles; follicle growth and ovulation; hormonal regulation of folliculogenesis

3. Meiotic resumption

  • Arrest of oocyte in prophase I; role of cAMP in maintaining oocytes in prophase I; regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases; acquisition of oocyte developmental competence; communication between the oocyte and cumulus cells; hormonally regulated meiotic resumption; maintenance of oocytes in prophase I in cell culture

4. Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs)- and chromatin-dependent acentriolar meiotic spindle assembly

  • signaling pathways regulating the assembly of a functional bipolar spindle; relationship to proper chromosome segregation in the context of infertility; centriole loss in mammalian oocytes; MTOCs fragmentation and spindle pole formation; Ran-GTP–importin β signaling in microtubule nucleation around chromosomes

5. Spindle assembly in human oocytes and early embryos

  • comparison of spindle assembly in mouse and human oocytes; spindle instability and spindle pole formation in human oocytes in relation to infertility; alternative pathways of spindle assembly in mammalian oocytes; role of actin; transition from an acentriolar to a centriolar spindle assembly in embryos; separation of maternal and paternal genomes during the first zygotic division and its relationship to spindle assembly in early embryos

6. Segregation of homologous chromosomes, aneuploidy, and their relationship to infertility and developmental defects

  • regulation of meiotic maturation; segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I; spindle assembly checkpoint; regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase APC/C activity; first polar body extrusion

7. Fertilization and early embryonic development

  • ovulation; signaling pathways maintaining oocytes in metaphase II arrest; fertilization as the completion of meiosis II and initiation of early embryonic development; specific features of cell cycle regulation in early embryos; cell cycle length in embryos and its relationship to maintenance of genome integrity.

8. Maternal RNA stability and activation of transcription in early embryos

  • maternal mRNA degradation; activation of zygotic transcription in the context of the cell cycle in mammalian embryos

9. Maintenance of genome integrity in mammalian oocytes and early embryos; oocyte aging

  • DNA damage response; relationship between DNA damage and oocyte and embryo development and infertility; role of maternally expressed factors in DNA repair shortly after fertilization; activation of cell cycle checkpoints; chromosomal aberrations and mosaicism in embryos; effects of anticancer therapies on oocyte genome integrity; meiotic recombination checkpoint.

10. Production of genetically modified mammals

  • direct genome editing in the zygote for the generation of biomedical models; production of oocyte-specific knockouts; gene modifications as tools for studying oogenesis and early embryogenesis; methods for targeted protein degradation.

11. Live-cell microscopy in oocyte and early embryo research

  • basic principles of fluorescence; use of single-photon and multiphoton confocal and light-sheet microscopy; application of fluorogenic probes; use of live-cell microscopy of oocytes and embryos in clinical embryology.

The course is taught with the support of the project reg. number CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/16_015/0002362

Last update: Drutovič David, RNDr., Ph.D. (02.02.2026)
Learning outcomes -

After successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:

1.      Describe the individual stages of oogenesis, including the origin of primordial germ cells, initiation of meiosis, and follicle growth, and explain the basic principles of hormonal regulation of oocyte development.
(Remembering – Understanding)

2.      Explain the molecular mechanisms of meiotic recombination, including the programmed formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks, and clarify their importance for chromosome segregation during meiosis I.
(Understanding)

3.      Analyze the function of the meiotic recombination checkpoint and assess its role in maintaining genome integrity in oocytes.
(Analysis – Evaluation)

4.      Explain the mechanisms of oocyte arrest in prophase I, the role of cAMP, and the importance of communication between the oocyte and cumulus cells in acquiring developmental competence.
(Understanding)

5.      Describe and compare signaling pathways regulating the assembly of the bipolar meiotic spindle in mouse and human oocytes and explain the significance of acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs).
(Understanding – Analysis)

6.      Explain the principles of asymmetric spindle positioning and interpret their significance for first polar body extrusion.
(Understanding – Analysis)

7.      Analyze the mechanisms of homologous chromosome segregation during meiosis I and explain the role of the spindle assembly checkpoint and the regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases APC/C.
(Analysis)

8.      Evaluate the causes of aneuploidy and discuss their relationship to infertility and congenital disorders.
(Evaluation)

9.      Explain the molecular basis of oocyte arrest at metaphase II and describe fertilization as the process that completes meiosis II and initiates early embryonic development.
(Understanding)

10.  Analyze the specific features of cell cycle regulation in early embryos, including maternal mRNA degradation and activation of zygotic transcription.
(Analysis)

11.  Assess the impact of DNA damage on oocyte and embryo development, explain the role of maternally expressed factors in DNA repair, and evaluate the effects of anticancer treatments on oocyte genome integrity.
(Evaluation)

12.  Apply knowledge of genome editing and modern imaging techniques (confocal, multiphoton, and light-sheet microscopy) to the study of oogenesis, early embryogenesis, and in the context of clinical embryology.
(Application – Synthesis) 

Last update: Drutovič David, RNDr., Ph.D. (05.02.2026)
 
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