SubjectsSubjects(version: 978)
Course, academic year 2025/2026
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Molecular Biology of RNA - MB140P44
Title: Molekulární biologie RNA
Czech title: Molekulární biologie RNA
Guaranteed by: Department of Genetics and Microbiology (31-140)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2022
Semester: winter
E-Credits: 3
Examination process: winter s.:oral
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:2/0, Ex [HT]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Level: specialized
Explanation: změna názvu a semestru výuku od 2022/23
Note: enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: RNDr. Tomáš Mašek, Ph.D.
Teacher(s): RNDr. Tomáš Mašek, Ph.D.
Annotation -
New series of lectures introduces students to selected topics in molecular biology and genetics. The first part of the course
consists of several advanced lectures concerning detailed mechanisms of eukaryotic translation, RNA metabolism and
control of gene expression on the posttrancriptional level. The rest of lectures - some of them held by external speakers - is
an overview of the most important findings in genomics, molecular biology of Eukaryotes and their viruses as well as new
significant techniques in the field. Course aims at teaching the biological and medicine science students at undergraduate
and graduate levels.
Last update: Lichá Irena, RNDr., CSc. (14.05.2009)
Literature -

Recommended literature:

Translational control in biology and medicine (Michael B. Mathews, Nahum Sonenberg, John W.B. Hershey, eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, Monograph 48, CSHL, 2007, ISBN 978-087969767-9

Recent issues of Nature, Science, PNAS, NAR and RNA journal.

Last update: Mašek Tomáš, RNDr., Ph.D. (12.05.2011)
Requirements to the exam -

Exam consists of two parts. First, the short test is needed to pass (6 questions, possibility of more correct answers, at least one correct answer, PhD students can skip this part of the exam). The second part has two questions usually covering broad range of subject matter, notes from lectures are allowed, not downloaded presentations).

Last update: Mašek Tomáš, RNDr., Ph.D. (22.12.2011)
Syllabus -

1. Structure of ribosome, initiation and elongation factors, translation initiation mechanism

2. Translation elongation and termination phases, eukaryotic versus prokaryotic translation, translation in plants

3. Overview of initiation site selection mechanisms, cap-dependent translation, IRES elements, re-initiation, ribosome shunting and hoping, programmed translational frameshifting, control of translation by upstream short ORF, termination codon read-through

4. Signaling to translation initiation and elongation, mTOR, TOP mRNAs, regulation of translation by amino acids, GCN4 paradigm, eIF2 kinases

5. Translational control during stress, heat shock response, interface of mRNA turnover and translation, RNA degradation, NMD, P-bodies, influence of polyadenylation on translation, translation through mRNA localization

6. Viral Translational Strategies and host defense mechanisms, Pikornaviruses, Reoviruses, Adenoviruses, influenza and Poxviruses

7. Translational control of developmental decisions, translation and miRNA, translation regulation in neurons, learning and memory, translational control in cancer development and during apoptosis, translational control in metabolic diseases, therapeutic opportunities in translation

8. Sequencing projects, comparative genomics and its applicability in current biology

9. SELEX and broad application of aptamers

10. 4E- family of initiation factors and control of gene expression

11. Cap structures and synthesis, capping enzymes, different types of mRNA 5´-ends in Eukaryotes, techniques to study capping

12. New advances in high-throughput technologies used in molecular biology, sequencing, microarrays, SAGE, qRT-PCR, etc.

13. Biology of Hepatitis C virus and related Flaviviruses, viral infection and host defense, searching for target for antiviral therapy

Last update: Lichá Irena, RNDr., CSc. (14.05.2009)
Learning outcomes -

Upon successful completion of the course, the student demonstrates achievement of the following learning outcomes, formulated in accordance with the accreditation standards of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic and Charles University:

  • The student defines the fundamental concepts of RNA molecular biology and describes the importance of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. The student explains why translation represents a key regulatory step of gene expression and distinguishes between transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels of regulation.
  • The student lists the major RNA-binding protein domains, identifies their structural and sequence characteristics, and provides examples of RNA-binding proteins with modular domain organization. The student explains the principles of recognition of specific RNA sequence and structural motifs and evaluates the functional significance of RNA-binding protein modularity.
  • The student describes the organization of rRNA genes and the major steps of eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis. The student identifies key endonucleases, snoRNAs, and protein factors involved in pre-rRNA processing and explains the functional compartmentalization of the nucleolus. The student outlines the main stages of pre-40S and pre-60S ribosomal subunit maturation, describes their export from the nucleus, and interprets the significance of ribosome heterogeneity in human physiology and disease.
  • The student describes the composition and structure of the ribosome, distinguishes its functional centers, and explains the mechanical and catalytic principles of translation initiation, elongation, and termination. The student analyzes the mechanisms ensuring decoding accuracy, explains the role of rRNA in peptide bond catalysis, and compares bacterial, eukaryotic, and mitochondrial ribosomes in terms of structure and function.
  • The student defines the tRNA cycle, classifies aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases into major classes, and explains their role in ensuring translation fidelity. The student describes pre-tRNA transcription and maturation, major post-transcriptional base modifications in tRNA, and analyzes the origin, classification, and biological functions of tRNA-derived fragments (tsRNAs).
  • The student distinguishes individual steps of eukaryotic translation initiation, explains the function of initiation factors eIF1, eIF1A, and eIF2, and interprets the significance of open and closed conformations of the small ribosomal subunit. The student compares cap-dependent initiation with IRES-mediated translation and analyzes differences between cellular and viral initiation mechanisms.
  • The student explains mechanisms of translational regulation mediated by the ISR, UPR, and mTOR signaling pathways. The student identifies key regulatory kinases and target proteins of these pathways and evaluates their roles in cellular homeostasis, stress responses, metabolic regulation, and antiviral defense.
  •  The student describes the principles of mRNA localization within the cell, explains mechanisms of mRNA transport to centrosomes and other cellular structures, and interprets the regulatory significance of localized translation. The student provides an overview of experimental methods used to study mRNA localization and evaluates their methodological limitations and potential artifacts.
  • The student defines the concept of RNA regulons, explains principles of coordinated regulation of mRNA groups by RNA-binding proteins, and provides examples of proteins involved in mRNA stabilization or decay.
  • The student describes the formation and function of RNP granules, explains the principle of phase separation, and summarizes mechanisms of RNA surveillance and degradation.
  • The student defines the process of mRNA polyadenylation, distinguishes constitutive and alternative polyadenylation, and analyzes the biological significance of alternative polyadenylation site usage in cellular differentiation, aging, tumorigenesis, and spermatogenesis.
  • The student analyzes scientific literature in the field of RNA molecular biology, interprets experimental data, critically evaluates methodological approaches, and justifies conclusions of published studies. Based on a literature review, the student prepares a scientific presentation, summarizes key findings, formulates original conclusions, and presents results in a clear and professional manner.
Last update: Mašek Tomáš, RNDr., Ph.D. (09.01.2026)
 
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