SubjectsSubjects(version: 978)
Course, academic year 2025/2026
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Methods of phylogenetics - MB120P83
Title: Fylogenetické metody
Czech title: Fylogenetické metody
Guaranteed by: Department of Botany (31-120)
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Actual: from 2020
Semester: summer
E-Credits: 4
Examination process: summer s.:
Hours per week, examination: summer s.:2/1, C+Ex [HT]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech
Explanation: změna názvu od 2020, do 2019 Kladistika a další metody rekonstrukce evoluce
Additional information: http://ibot.sav.sk/usr/Karol/teaching_mat.html
Note: enabled for web enrollment
Guarantor: prof. RNDr. Karol Marhold, DrSc.
Teacher(s): Mgr. Tomáš Fér, Ph.D.
prof. RNDr. Karol Marhold, DrSc.
Nelida Maria Padilla Garcia, Ph.D.
Annotation -
Please note that the lectures are given in Czech language. English version of the course can be requested in advance if there are at least 3 students. Lectures and practicals represent a continuation of the subject Multivariate methods in taxonomy (MB120P126). The aim of the lectures is to provide basic theoretical background of the cladistic approach as well as other methods of phylogeny reconstruction and to illustrate their practical applications. The aim of the practicals is to get students acquainted with the computer programs for the cladistic analyses and other methods of phylogeny reconstruction, especially with PAUP, MrBayes, Modeltest and TNT. Usage of the programs is illustrated by real data sets from botanical applications.
Last update: Marhold Karol, prof. RNDr., DrSc. (10.09.2009)
Literature -

Wiley, E.O., Siegel-Causey, D., Brooks, D.R. & Funk, V.A., 1991: The compleat cladist. A primer of phylogenetic procedures. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Special Publication no. 19. http://www.amnh.org/learn/pd/fish_2/pdf/compleat_cladist.pdf

Forey, P.L., Humphries, C.J., Kitching, I.J., Scotland, R.W., Siebert, D.J. & Williams, D., 1992: Cladistics. A practical course in systematics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Kitching, I.J., Forey, P.L., Humphries, C.J. & Williams, D.M., 1998: Cladistics. The theory and practice of parsimony analysis. Ed. 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Hall B.G. (2001): Phylogenetic trees made easy.

Felsenstein J. (2004): Inferring phylogenies.

Mount D.W. (2004): Bioinformatics. Sequence and genome analysis.

Salemi M. & Vandamme A.-M. (2003): The phylogenetic handbook. A practical approach to DNA and protein phylogeny.

Last update: Fér Tomáš, Mgr., Ph.D. (22.04.2012)
Requirements to the exam -

written test and oral examination

Last update: Marhold Karol, prof. RNDr., DrSc. (03.11.2011)
Syllabus -

Cladistic approach (parsimony analysis):
Monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups; sister groups and outgroup comparison; polarisation of characters; optimisation of characters; cladistic rules; character coding.
Types of parsimony; Hennig's method; Wagner algorithm.
Comparison of trees; consistency and retention indices; tree length.
Methods of building trees; exhaustive search; heuristic analysis and other methods; consensus trees; bootstrap; conventions.
Techniques of parsimony analysis for large data sets.

Alternative methods of evolutionary reconstruction:
Methods based on distances, neighbour-joining method.
Maximum likelihood method, substitution models.
Bayesian inference of phylogeny.

Gene trees vs. species trees.

Last update: Marhold Karol, prof. RNDr., DrSc. (10.02.2026)
Learning outcomes -

After completing the course, students will be able to:

Explain the theoretical foundations of the cladistic approach and its role in modern phylogenetic inference.

Describe principles of parsimony analysis, including character coding, optimisation, and tree evaluation.

Compare major methods of phylogenetic reconstruction, including parsimony, distance-based methods, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference.

Understand the assumptions and properties of different evolutionary models and substitution models.

Explain concepts such as monophyly, paraphyly, polyphyly, sister-group relationships, and outgroup comparison.

Construct and analyse phylogenetic trees using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches.

Prepare and code morphological or molecular datasets for phylogenetic analysis.

Use specialised software (PAUP, MrBayes, Modeltest, TNT) to perform phylogenetic reconstructions

Last update: Marhold Karol, prof. RNDr., DrSc. (10.02.2026)
 
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