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Please note, the lectures are given in Czech language only. This course aims to give a comprehensive view of nonvascular plants. Systematic botany and its goal, working methods; division of the plant kingdom, taxonomic rank, botanical nomenclature. Current opinions on the classic concept of the plant kingdom; recent concept of Protista (or Protoctista) group and the kingdoms Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, and Fungi. The general principles for classification of nonvascular plants, general features in the structure of the thalli of the different divisions of blue-green algae, algae, and fungi. Thallus of bryophytes. Nonvascular plants in the light of the new concept of kingdoms. Divisions of algae, fungi, and bryophytes - morphological and cytological characteristics, asexual and sexual reproduction, evolution, life cycle, occurrence in nature, economic and biological importance, classification: systematic approach. Important representatives, focusing on the area of Central Europe. Views on the phylogeny of different divisions: phylogenetic origin, vascular plants links.
Last update: Prášil Karel, prom. biol., CSc. (14.10.2013)
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Lee R.E. (1999): Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Nash III. (2008): Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press, Second edition, Cambridge Smith A. J. E, & Smith R.(1980): The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Last update: Neustupa Jiří, prof. RNDr., Ph.D. (05.04.2019)
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Requirements to the exam a) Positive assessment from the practical exercises is awarded on the basis of the sufficient participation on the lessons and passing the test. The test is based on the presentation of 15 objects (living thalli, herbarium specimens, etc.) and their taxonomic and functional identification. Each object accounts for three points, i.e. in total 45 points; 0 to 29 points - failed, 30 to 45 points - passed. b) Final oral examination of the curriculum. Last update: Štefánek Michal, Mgr. (25.04.2014)
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A. Introduction Historical outline of the conception of individual kingdoms: present conception of the group Protista (Protoctista, resp.) and kingdoms Protozoa, Chromista, Fungi and Plantae. Non-vascular - vascular plants versus lower - higher plants. Aims and methods of systematic botany; scientific names of plants, International Code of the Botanical Nomenclature - main principles and rules; taxonomic categories. Sexual and asexual reproduction of non-vascular plants, alternation of nuclear phases, generation changes, life cycles. Procaryotic - eucaryotic cell, compartimentation. General principles of the classification of non-vascular plants; general relations of the structure of thallus of algae and fungi. Thallus of bryophytes.
B. Bacteria (Bacteria) 1. Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryota, Cyanophyta, inkl. Prochlorophyta) - blue-green algae: Structure of the cell (cell wall, chromatoplasma, centroplasma, assimilation pigments etc.); reproduction; occurrence (wide spectrum, adaptability); importance; system and representatives.
C. (Protozoa) 2. Acrasiomycota (Acrasida, Acrasiogymnomycota) - cellular slime moulds: Characterisation; reproduction; representatives. 3. Euglenophyta (Euglenozoa) - euglenids: Position in the system; structure of the cell (nucleus, ampula etc.); reproduction; occurrence and importance; system and representatives. 4. Chlorarachniophyta: Uniqueness of the genus Chlorarachnion. Characterisation. 5. Plasmodiophoromycota (Plasmodiophorida): Characterisation, life cycle; occurrence and importance; representatives. 6. Myxomycota (Gymnomycota, Mycetozoa) - slime moulds: Characterisation (amoeboid cells, cell-wall etc.); reproduction and life cycle; occurrence and importance; phylogenetic relations; outline of the system and representatives. 7. Dinophyta (Dinozoa, Dinoflagellata) - dinoflagellates: Position in the system; structure of the cell (valva, dinokaryon etc.); problematic of organisation stages; reproduction; occurrence in the nature and importance; system and representatives.
D. Chromista 8. Cryptophyta: Characterisation; reproduction; occurrence; representatives. 9. Ochrophyta (Chromophyta, Heterocontophyta, Ochrista): Heterogenity of the group, common cytological and biochemical characters, separation. Individual classes - structure of the cell and characterisation of thallus types; reproduction, life cycles; occurrence and importance for a man; outline of system and representatives. 10. Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta): Characterisation, specificity of the group; reproduction; occurrence and importance; representatives. 11. Labyrinthulomycota (Labyrinthulata): Characterisation, phylogenetic relations; reproduction; occurrence; representatives. 12. Oomycota (Peronosporomycota): Structure of thallus; reproduction, life cycle (diplonts); occurrence and importance (parasits); system and representatives. Transition from the water environment to the dry land and accompanied adaptations. 13. Hyphochytriomycota: Characterisation; reproduction; representatives.
E. Mushrooms (Fungi) 14. Chytridiomycota: Connection with other divisions; characterisation and ultrastructure; reproduction and life cycles (here also oogamy); occurrence and importance; system and representatives. 15. Microsporidiomycota (Microsporidia): Problematic of the inclusion to the mushrooms; characterisation; reproduction; occurrence and importance; important representatives. 16. Zygomycota: Characterisation, reproduction types (gametangiogamy); life cycle; occurrence and importance; system and representatives. 17. Ascomycota: The largest group of mushrooms; characterisation (Morphology, cytology); types of reproduction (dikaryotisation, evolution and types of ascomata), life cycles; occurrence and importance (mycotoxins); classification and representatives. Anamorph and teleomorph. Recent trends in the taxonomy of the group. 18. Basidiomycota: The most popular group of mushrooms; characterisation (Morphology, cytology); reproduction (somatogamy), types of basiodiomata; occurrence and importance (collecting of mushrooms, intoxications); system and representatives. Recent trends in the taxonomy of the group. Deuteromycetes (Fungi imperfecti) - problematic of the group, recent approach. Lichenes (lichens) - biologic, not systematic group; photobiont, mycobiont, lichenism; types of thallus and their structure; asexual reproduction; position in the system; importance (monitoring of the environment etc.).
F. Plants (Plantae) 19. Rhodophyta - red algae: Structure of the cell and thallus; reproduction (absence of the flagellate stages, complicate oogamy) - phylogenetic relationship and position; life cycles; occurrence (marine + freshwater); importance for a man (food, phytocoloids etc.); system and important representatives. 20. Glaucophyta (Glaucocystophyta): Symbiotic origin of plastids. Characterisation; reproduction; representatives. 21. Chlorophyta and 22. Streptophyta - green algae: Heterogenity of the group in the ultrastructure etc., criteria of the recent classification (position of flagella and configuration of the basal bodies, cell walls, cell division and formation of the septum etc.). Characterisation of individual classes - structure of the cells; reproduction and life cycles; occurrence and importance; system and representatives. Evolution line to the higher plants. 23. Anthocerotophyta - hornworts: Characterisation (common characters with both following divisions, differential characters); representatives. 24. Marchantiophyta (Hepaticae) - liverworts: Characterisation (recduced protonema, thallose and leafy thallus, gametangia, structure of sporophytes - elaters etc.); system and representatives. 25. Bryophyta (Musci) - mosses: Characterisation (leafy thallus, conducting systems, structure of the sporophyte etc.); system and representatives.
Phylogenetic origin of individual groups of non-vascular plants; phylogeny of bryophytes in the connection with the phylogeny of the other groups of higher plants.
Literature: Kalina T. (1997): Systém a vývoj sinic a řas. - Praha (ed. Karolinum). Váňa J. (1998): Systém a vývoj hub a houbových organismů. - Praha (ed. Karolinum) Last update: Prášil Karel, prom. biol., CSc. (14.10.2013)
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