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The course Internal Medicine I consists of 5 weeks of block teaching organized as follows: 2 weeks of cardiology and angiology, 1 week of pneumology, 1 week of gastroenterology and hepatology, and 1 week of diabetology and metabolism. The teaching is organized into lectures, mandatory seminars, and clinical bedside rounds. Attendance at lectures is optional but highly recommended. The schedule for each student group and teaching format is available on SIS (Student Information System) in the attached files or on the notice board outside the secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University (4th floor, Node D). Clinical rounds take place both at the Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and at other cooperating departments (always specified in the schedule) under the guidance of group instructors. For clinical rounds at the Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, students must arrive at the start time at Node C, 4th floor, in the area in front of the elevators. The meeting point for students and instructors at other departments is marked in the schedule. Pneumology teaching (lectures, seminars, and clinical rounds) takes place at the Department of Pneumology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, in the "pneumology block" from Monday to Thursday, 8:00 AM to 12:00 PM. On Friday, the pneumology block is supplemented by 3 hepatology seminars. Cardiology and angiology teaching takes place at the Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, the Department of Cardiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and the Department of Cardiology at IKEM. Students will receive the specific schedule for their group, including the meeting point, well in advance from the Department of Internal Medicine secretariat. For clinical rounds, students need a white coat, a stethoscope, writing utensils, and, if applicable, a face mask or respirator (depending on the current epidemiological situation or health status). A necessary condition for the successful completion of practical training is a knowledge of propedeutics (history taking, performing and interpreting physical examinations). Last update: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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The objectives of the course are: 1. To deepen knowledge and skills in internal propedeutics (i.e., in structured history taking and thorough physical examination), 2. To acquire knowledge of the symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases within the individual subspecialties of internal medicine, 3. To develop critical thinking skills leading to the correct interpretation of clinical data, 4. To understand the principles of differential diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and ethical issues in internal diseases.
Last update: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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The Internal Medicine I block teaching is concluded with a credit. The requirements for awarding the credit are: 1/ Attendance at clinical rounds and seminars. According to the Dean's Measure No. 4/2022, 80% attendance is required, meaning it is possible to miss 4 clinical rounds or seminars over the entire 5 weeks of teaching without needing compensation. Any greater absence must be reported to the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University. Subsequently, the form of compensation will be determined. Compensation for individual clinical rounds is usually resolved through an individual agreement with the instructor. 2/ Elaboration of a model medical record (case history). The student shall submit the model medical record to the respective instructor during the final week (i.e., the 5th week) of the block teaching. The student will prepare the model medical record based on the examination of a specific patient from the department's wards. It is analogous to an internal medicine admission report (including a complete medical history, physical examination, and establishment of a working diagnosis). 3/ Completion of the final written test. This is a multiple-choice test. It contains 36 questions, each with only one correct answer. To successfully pass the test, an 80% success rate is required, i.e., 29 correct answers. The student has 3 attempts to pass the test. In the event of an unsuccessful 3rd attempt, the student will be examined orally. The date of the oral examination will be arranged by the Department of Internal Medicine's pedagogical secretariat. Last update: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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Presentation materials (for lectures and seminars) are available in the Moodle system under the course Internal Medicine I, which also includes links to e-books (ECG and arrhythmology). cuni.cz Presentations for lectures and seminars scheduled on days when classes are not held (due to public holidays, Dean's Day, Rector's Day, etc.) will be sent to students via SIS email.
Core Textbooks (Internal Medicine): Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine. Edited by David RANDALL, John BOOTH and Kate WILES. 11th ed. London: Elsevier, 2025. ISBN 978-0-443-12594-2. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 22nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2025. Two Volume Set ISBN 978-1265979317 Cecil Essentials of Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2021. ISBN 978-0323722711. Cecil Essentials of Medicine, 11th Edition. Date of publication 12/2026. McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine. KnowledgeBridge International, 2025. ISBN 978-8197171536 CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2026 CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2027
ECG: HAMPTON, John R., Joanna HAMPTON a David ADLAM. The ECG Made Easy. 10th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2024. ISBN 978-0-323-93766-5. THALER, Malcolm S. The Only EKG Book You'll Ever Need. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2026. ISBN 978-1-975293-44-4.
Propedeutics & Physical Examination: CHROBÁK, Ladislav, et al. Physical Examination in Internal Medicine. Prague: Grada, 2003. ISBN 978-80-247-0617-7. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 14th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2025. ISBN 978-1975218348. Macleod's Clinical Examination. 15th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2023. ISBN 978-0323847704. THALER, Malcolm S. The Only EKG Book You'll Ever Need. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2026. ISBN 978-1-975293-44-4. Last update: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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The course includes the following teaching methods: lectures, compulsory seminars, and practical exercises. The internship takes place at clinical inpatient facilities according to the student's choice or the recommendation of the subject guarantor. Last update: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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The course concludes with a credit, contingent on successful completion of a final written test. This is a multiple-choice test with 36 questions, each with only one correct answer. To pass the test, a minimum score of 80% (29 correct answers) is required. Students are allowed a total of 3 attempts to pass the test. In the event of an unsuccessful third attempt, the student will be examined orally. The date of the oral examination will be arranged by the pedagogical secretariat of the Department of Internal Medicine.
TOPICS FOR THE FINAL TEST OF THE COURSE INTERNAL MEDICINE I (4th YEAR) (version valid from January 1, 2024)
(valid from October 1st, 2018)
1. Acute heart failure
2. Chronic heart failure and its complex therapy
3. Aortic valvular disorders
4. Mitral valvular disorders
5. Coronary artery disease – acute forms
6. Chronic coronary artery disease – classification, etiology
7. Chronic coronary artery disease – diagnostics, therapy
8. Acute myocardial infarction
9. Complications of myocardial infarction
10. Shock
11. Arterial hypertension
12. Secondary hypertension
13. Pulmonary embolism
14. Congenital heart defects in adults
15. Inflammatory disorders of the heart (myocarditis, pericarditis…)
16. Infective endocarditis
17. Cardiomyopathies
18. Cardiac tamponade
19. Supraventricular arrhythmias
20. Ventricular arrhythmias
21. Atrial fibrillation – symptomatology, diagnosis and therapy
22. Cor pulmonale
23. Circulatory and breathing arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation
24. Disorders of aorta
25. Disorders of brain arteries, stroke
26. Acute and chronic disorders of peripheral arteries
27. Acute and chronic disorders of peripheral veins
28. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus – patophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics
29. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus – patophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics
30. Basic principles of treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
31. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus
32. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
33. Obesity, syndrome of insulin resistance
34. Community-acquired pneumonia
35. Hospital-acquired pneumonia
36. Pulmonary tuberculosis
37. Bronchial asthma – classification, therapy and prevention
38. Acute bronchial asthma
39. Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis
40. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – diagnosis and therapy in a stable patient
41. Acute exacerbation of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
42. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
43. Lung cancer
44. Pleural effusions
45. Pneumothorax
46. Acute and chronic respiratory insufficiency
47. Disturbances of lipid metabolism
48. Atherosclerosis
49. Gastrointestinal bleeding
50. Disorders of esophagus
51. Peptic ulcer disease
52. Tumors of stomach
53. Inflammatory bowel disease
54. Colonic polyps and colorectal cancer
55. Non-neoplasmatic disorders of bowel – diverticulosis, diverticulitis
56. Functional gastrointestinal disorders, coeliac disease
57. Cholelithiasis and its complication
58. Acute and chronic pancreatitis
59. Acute hepatitis
60. Chronic hepatitis
61. Liver cirrhosis
62. Portal hypertension – classification, complication, therapy and prognosis
63. Acute and chronic liver failure
64. Tumors of liver, bile duct, gallbladder and pancreas Last update: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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Syllabus of lectures and seminars of Internal Medicine I
Pulmonology:
1. Emergency in pulmonology
The presentation gives an overview of emergency situations in pneumology, their etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Attention is paid to imaging methods.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
2. Bronchoscopy
Overview of indications, types, complications, and benefits of this important examination.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
3. Acute and chronic respiratory insufficiency
The lecture deals with the definition, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic measures in conditions associated with respiratory insufficiency.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
4. COPD
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, physical examination, functional testing, imaging methods. Therapy and importance of non-smoking.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
5. Dyspnea
The presentation gives an overview of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and treatment of dyspnea. Attention is paid to imaging methods.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
6. Asthma bronchiale
The presentation gives an overview of the definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of bronchial asthma. The latest international guidelines are considered (GINA).
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
7. Interstitial lung diseases
The lecture deals with the definition, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic measures in interstitial pulmonary processes, as disease model is discussed sarcoidosis in detail. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - the presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Attention is paid to imaging methods.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
8. Hemoptysis
The presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and treatment of hemoptysis. Attention is paid to imaging methods.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
9. Pneumonias
The presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of community acquired and hospital acquired pneumonia and pneumonia in immunocompromised host. Attention is paid to imaging methods.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
10. Pleural effusion
The presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of pleural effusion. Attention is paid to imaging methods.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
11. Tuberculosis
The presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis. Attention is paid to new methods of diagnosis of latent tuberculosis, vaccination, and other measures of control of tuberculosis.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation, microbiology of tbc
12. Lung cancer
The presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer. Attention is paid to imaging methods and prevention of this disease.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of lungs and ventilation
Gastroenterology:
1. Examination methods in gastroenterology and hematology
History, common complaints. Physical examination. Ultrasound, X-ray, CT, and MR imaging. Endoscopic and biochemical methods.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Peptic ulcer of stomach and duodenum. Tumors of stomach. The presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, and stomach tumors. Attention is paid to imaging methods and prevention of this disease.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract
3. Inflammatory bowel disease
The presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Attention is paid to imaging methods.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract
4. Intestinal polyps, cancer of large intestine and rectum
The presentation gives an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of intestinal polyps and cancer. Attention is paid to imaging methods, screening and prevention of this disease.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract
5. Gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic pancreatitis
Acute bleeding to the gastrointestinal tract, main clinical symptoms, differences in clinical symptomatology dependent on etiology of the bleeding. Importance of circulation stabilization, endoscopy methods for examination and treatment. Chronic pancreatitis - definition, pathogenesis, etiology. Risk factors, clinical presentation, physical examination, lab results and imaging methods. Treatment.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract
6. Cholelithiasis and its complications
Definition: Cholecystolithiasis - biliary stones in the gallbladder, choledocholithiasis - biliary stones in the common bile duct and hepatic duct. Incidence, etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory results, imaging methods, therapy.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of hepatobiliary area
7. Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver
Definition, etiology, and pathophysiology. Viral, autoimmune, and other chronic hepatitis. Diagnosis, imaging methods, treatment, and complications of this disease. Liver cirrhosis - etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, lab, and imaging methods. Treatment and complications.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of liver
8. Portal hypertension, hepatic failure
Definition, anatomy, and pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Etiology, diagnostics, clinical presentation, complications, and therapy. Definition and incidence of liver failure, etiology and pathophysiology, complications, diagnosis, and treatment.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of liver
9. Differential diagnosis of jaundice
Review of basic types of icterus, (prehepatic, hepatic, posthepatic), clinical presentation, lab results, imaging methods. Case reports.
Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of liver
10. Differential diagnosis of fever states
Pathophysiological of temperature, types of temperature, diagnostic methods. Febrile states by etiology: infection, tumors, systematic disease. Sub febrile states, invasive methods as febrile source.
Required knowledge: physiological and pathophysiological knowledge of thermoregulation
11. Disturbances of GI tract passage. Required knowledge: anatomy, physiology of gastrointestinal tract
Diabetology a metabolism:
1. Diabetes mellitus part I
Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic. Classification and differential diagnostics of diabetes.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism
2. Diabetes mellitus part II
Chronic diabetes complication. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism
3. Acute complication of diabetes. Differential diagnosis of hypoglycemia. Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism
4. Treatment of diabetes mellitus
Treatment with oral antidiabetic agents and insulin treatment. Differences in treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes. Diet and physical exercise.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism
5. Nutritional disorders (obesity, cachexia)
Definition, measurement, classification of obesity. Examination of an obese patient (history, specifics in obesity), function and distribution of adipose tissue, complication of obesity. Therapy (behavior modification, diet, exercise, psychotherapy, drugs, surgery). Definition, etiology of malnutrition, diagnostic and types, laboratory parameters, complications. Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism
6. Disorders of lipid metabolism
Dyslipidemia - risks and classification. Goals for treatment, recommended targets for dyslipidemia treatment. Lab results. Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism
7. Atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism
Cardiology:
1. Acute coronary syndromes
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, examination, diagnostics, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
2. Atherosclerosis and chronic coronary heart disease
Introductory lecture to clinical aspects of coronary heart disease (CHD) defining clinical forms of CHD. It defines principles of coronary circulation in a heathy individual, as well as normal functions of endothelium. Endothelial dysfunction is presented in relation to atherogenesis together with main risk factors of CHD. Of clinical forms of CHD, effort angina pectoris and silent ischemia are presented (clinical symptomatology, examinations, non-invasive and invasive treatment).
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
3. Valvular heart disease
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
4. Arrhythmias
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
5. Congestive heart failure
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
6. Cor pulmonale, pulmonary embolism
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
7. Hypertension
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
8. Shock
Presentation composed of two parts. The general one defines symptoms and signs of shock, diagnostic principles, as well as general therapeutic possibilities. The second part presents cardiogenic shock in myocardial infarction, in pulmonary embolism and in cardiac tamponade. Oligemic shock is presented mainly in connections important for internal medicine. Distributary shock, septic and anaphylactic shock are presented.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
9. Cardiomyopathies
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
10. Myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
11. Differential diagnosis of chest pains
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
12. Differential diagnosis of syncope. Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation.
13. Differential diagnosis of dyspnea. Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
14. Basic ECG records
Clinical presentation, basic ECG records of most important dysrhythmias.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
15. Disorders of limb arteries and veins
Etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors of arterial and venous disease of peripheral vessels. Clinical presentation, imaging methods, treatment.
Required knowledge: physiology and pathophysiology of circulation
Head supervisor of teaching of Internal Medicine I is:
prof. MUDr. Radan Keil, Ph.D.
Responsible person: doc. Iva Hoffmanová, Ph.D., tel. 22443 4067 Last update: Hoffmanová Iva, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (16.07.2026)
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