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Structure and function of the human body - C2VL004
Title: Struktura a funkce lidského těla
Guaranteed by: Department of Anatomy 3FM CU (12-ANAT)
Faculty: Third Faculty of Medicine
Actual: from 2021
Semester: winter
Points: 43
E-Credits: 43
Examination process: winter s.:
summer s.:
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:100/156, C [HS]
summer s.:122/170, C+Ex [HS]
Capacity: winter:unknown / unknown (unknown)
summer:unknown / unknown (unknown)
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
Key competences:  
State of the course: taught
Language: Czech, English
Teaching methods: full-time
Level:  
Note: deregister from the exam date if a requisite was not fulfilled
Guarantor: doc. MUDr. Miloslav Franěk, Ph.D.
prof. MUDr. Petr Zach, CSc.
Interchangeability : CVSE2P0041
Is pre-requisite for: CPVL007, CPVL140, CPVL008, CPVL028, CPVL029, CPVL085, CPVL087, CPVL088, CVOL0036, CVOL0036II, CVOL0063, CVOL0183, CVOL0184, CVOL0185, CVOL0186, CPVL086, CVOL0062, C3VL002, CVOL0245, CPVL141, CVOL0299, CVOL0244, CPVL072
Is interchangeable with: CVSE2P0041
Schedule   
Annotation -
In this subject students will learn about the normal Structure and Function of the Human Body through 8 courses - 4 in winter, and 4 in summer semester: C1, Locomotion; C2, GastroIntestinal System; C3, Respiration & Blood; C4, Urogenital System; C5, Heart and Circulation; C6, Nervous System; C7, Senses; C8, Endocrine System. Teaching in this subject will be carried out by the following departments: Structure: Department of Anatomy; Department of Histology and Embryology. Function: Department of Physiology; Department of Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology.
Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
Aim of the course -
The aim of the course is to provide students with the foundations of the normal structure and function of the human body. For more information on the syllabus, please refer to Vyuka app and the learning outcomes of each class.
Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
Course completion requirements -
Successful completion of the Final Module Exam (oral). 
Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
Literature -

Structure - Anatomy, Histology & Embryology:

  • Anatomical Terminology 

    • FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology. 2nd Edition. Thieme Medical Publishers, 2011. ISBN 9783131143624

  • Systematic and Macroscopic Anatomy 

    • WASCHKE, J.; BÖCKERS, T. M.; PAULSEN, F. Sobotta: Anatomy Textbook: English Edition with Latin Nomenclature. Munich: Elsevier, 2019. ISBN 9780702067600

    • PAULSEN, F.; WASCHKE, J. Sobotta Atlas of Anatomy, Vol. 1: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. 17th edition. Munich: Elsevier, 2023. ISBN 9780702067655

    • PAULSEN, F.; WASCHKE, J. Sobotta Atlas of Anatomy, Vol. 2: Internal Organs. 17th Edition. Munich: Elsevier, 2023. ISBN 9780702067662

    • PAULSEN, F.; WASCHKE, J. Sobotta Atlas of Anatomy, Vol. 3: Head, Neck and Neuroanatomy. 17th Edition. Munich: Elsevier, 2023. ISBN 9780702067679

    • GRIM, M.; NAŇKA, O.; HELEKAL, I. Atlas anatomie člověka I. - Atlas of Human Anatomy I: Končetiny, stěna trupu - Limbs, Body Wall. Grada, 2014. ISBN 9788024740126

    • GRIM, M.; NAŇKA, O.; HELEKAL, I. Atlas anatomie člověka II. - Atlas of Human Anatomy II: Hlava a krk, vnitřní orgány, neuroanatomie - Head and Neck, Internal Organs, Neuroanatomy. Grada, 2017. ISBN 9788024741567

    • STANDRING, S. (ed.). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 42nd Edition. London: Elsevier, 2021. ISBN 9780702077050

  • Neuroanatomy

    • CROSSMAN, A. R.; NEARY, D. Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated Colour Text. 6th Edition. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2020. ISBN 9780702074622

    • VALENTA, J.; FIALA, P. Central Nervous System: Overview of Anatomy. Karolinum, 2014. ISBN 9788024620671

    • NĚMCOVÁ, V.; MAŠEK, M.; NAŇKA, O. Řezy mozkem: Brain sections. Praha: Galén, 2025. ISBN 9788074927539

    • SNELL, R. S. Clinical Neuroanatomy. 7th Edition. The Point. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. ISBN 9780781794275

    • FELTEN, D. L.; O'BANION, M. K.; MAIDA, M. S. Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience. 4th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2021. ISBN 9780323756549

    • HANSEN, J. T.; KOEPPEN, B. M. Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology. Special Edition, 2002 

  • Topographical Anatomy 

    • ROHEN, J. W.; YOKOCHI, C.; LÜTJEN-DRECOLL, E. Photographic Atlas of Anatomy. 9th Edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2022. ISBN 9781975151560

    • KOS, J.; HEŘT, J. Survey of Topographical Anatomy. Karolinum, 2014. ISBN 9788024628202

    • HUDÁK, R.; KACHLÍK, D.; VOLNÝ, O. Memorix Anatomy: Entire Human Anatomy in English and Latin. 3rd edition. Praha: Triton, 2024. ISBN 9788076842953

    • DRUGA, R.; STINGL, J.; GRIM, M. Regional anatomy. Galén, 2012. ISBN 9788072628797

  • Histology and Microscopic Anatomy 

    • MESCHER, A. L. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas. 17th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2024. ISBN 9781264930395

    • PAWLINA, W. Histology: A Text and Atlas: With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. LWW, 2023. ISBN 9781975181574

    • SLÍPKA, J.; TONAR, Z. Outlines of Histology. Karolinum, 2017. ISBN 9788024637433

  • Embryology 

    • MOORE, Keith L. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 11th Edition. New York: Elsevier, 2020. ISBN 9780323611541

    • SADLER, T. W. Langman's Medical Embryology. 15th Edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2024. ISBN 9781975180010

    • SCHOENWOLF, G. C.;BLEYL S. B.; BRAUER P. R.; FRANCIS-WEST P. H. Larsen's Human Embryology. 6th Edition. Elsevier, 2021. ISBN 9780323696043.

    • SLÍPKA, J.; TONAR, Z. Outlines of Embryology. Karolinum, 2019. ISBN 9788024641812

Function - Physiology:

  • Barrett KE. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology
  • Guyton & Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology
  • Hall JE. Guyton & Hall Physiology Review
  • Berne RM, Levy MN. Physiology
  • Costanzo LS. Physiology
  • Despopoulos A, Silbernagl S. Color Atlas of Physiology

Function - Biochemistry:

  • Pamela C. Champe, Richard A. Harvey: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews - Biochemistry
  • Jan Koolman, Klaus-Heinrich Röhm: Color Atlas of Biochemistry
  • Robert K. Murray: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 26 ed. or higher
Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
Teaching methods -
Forms of teaching in this module include lectures, seminars, practices, conferences, and e-learning excercises to be completed in Moodle.
Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
Requirements to the exam -

The final exam for the Structure and Function of the Human Body will take place during the summer examination period (June-September) in the form of an oral exam covering all four fields: anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, and biochemistry. 


To be eligible to register for the final exam, students must first obtain credits for both the Winter and Summer semesters. These credits are earned by successfully passing all the required tests and meeting all criteria listed below. Specifically, passing any oral exam requires a minimum grade of 3 (or C). At the end of each semester, students have to pass the Combined Test (minimum of 75% altogether, and 50% for each of its parts) or achieve at least 1 point from every Course Test, and a minimum of 13 points across the respective semester. For all other tests, the passing criteria are set by the respective departments and must be met as specified.

Requirements for Credits - Winter Semester:

Course 1, Locomotion - 7 weeks:

  1. Bones of the Upper Limb - oral test*
  2. Bones of the Lower Limb - oral test*
  3. Joints of the Limbs - written test**
  4. Axial Skeleton - written test 
  5. Muscles of the Head, Neck, Thorax, Abdomen, Back, and Pelvis - written test
  6. Skull Bones, Topography and Cranial Nerves - oral test*
  7. Winter Dissections - written test + oral practical test

*three attempts with the group teacher, the fourth (last) with the head of the department and/or appointed staff members 
**the first attempt written, the other three oral with the head of the department and/or appointed staff members 

Course 2, Gastrointestinal System – 3 weeks:

  1. Written Course Test 2 - anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, biochemistry.

Course 3, Respiration & Blood – 2 weeks:

  1. Written Course Test 3 - anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, biochemistry.

Course 4, Urogenital System – 3 weeks:

  1. Written Course Test 4 - anatomy, histology, and embryology
  2. Function of Kidneys - oral test - physiology and biochemistry

Winter Examination Period:

  1. Winter Histology Credit Test
    1. Slide test 
    2. Scheme drawing 
  2. Winter Oral Examination of Biochemistry (Course 1, 2 and 3)
  3. Winter Combined Test (if applicable - see "Written and Oral Tests – General Rules")

Other Requirements throughout the semester:

  1. 80% Attendance at practices on anatomy
  2. 80% Attendance at practices on histology and embryology
  3. 80% Attendance at practices on physiology + conferences
  4. Attendance at practical training on biochemistry 
  5. 80% Attendance at practices of winter dissection course 

 

Requirements for Credits - Summer Semester:

Course 5, Heart & Circulation - 3 weeks:

  1. Written Course Test 5 - anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, biochemistry.

Course 6, Nervous System – 7 weeks + Course 7, Senses – 1 week:

  1. Nervous System Anatomy - Oral Test
  2. Nervous System & Senses Physiology - Oral Test
  3. Written Course Test 6+7 - anatomy, histology and embryology, biochemistry.

Course 8, Endocrine System – 4 weeks:

  1. Written Course Test 8 - anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, biochemistry.

Other requirements throughout the semester:

  1. Summer Dissection - 'bell-ringer' test + oral test on a topographical space and organ description* 
  2. Essay/Oral Presentation (physiology)

  3. 80% Attendance at practices on anatomy
  4. 80% Attendance at practices on histology and embryology
  5. 80% Attendance at practices on physiology + conferences
  6. 80% Attendance at practices on summer dissection course 

*two attempts this way, the other two as a complex oral test with the head of the department and/or appointed staff members 

Summer Examination Period:

  1. Practical examination (physiology)
  2. Summer Histology Credit Test
    1. Slide test 
    2. Oral test
  3. Summer Combined Test (if applicable - see "Written and Oral Tests – General Rules")

 

Written and Oral Tests – General Rules:

The following rules are not negotiable and apply to all constituents of the winter and summer semesters.

  • With the exception of Course Tests and Combined Tests, students have four attempts at every test (one regular and three retakes - the first retake can take place during the respective course, the other two during winter and/or summer exam period).
  • Course Tests take place only once a year, at the end of their respective course, on a predetermined date published in the schedule.
  • Students can earn up to 6 points per Course Test according to a table of percentages published in Vyuka. To avoid the Combined Test, students must achieve at least 1 point in every course test, and accumulate at least 13 out of a maximum of 18 points across the three written Course Tests.
  • Students who will not have accumulated at least 13 points, will still be required to pass the Combined Test. This test assesses materials covered in the 3 Course Tests of the semester. These tests are not graded, to pass, students must achieve an overall score of at least 75%, and 50% in each of its parts.
  • Students have three attempts at each Combined Test: one attempt during the respective examination period and two attempts in the summer examination period.
  • Test revisions for course tests, combined tests and the small anatomy tests will follow the internal policy published in Vyuka.
  • During tests, copying, accessing external websites, or using any unauthorized resources is strictly prohibited. Additionally, students are not permitted to have watches, mobile phones, earphones, or any other electronic devices, such as smartwatches or smart glasses, in their test space (seat) during both written and oral tests. Possession of these items, even without use, will lead to the immediate termination of the test and will be promptly reported to the disciplinary committee for appropriate action.

More information on the points system for Course Tests and the general exam requirements can be found in Vyuka under the folders “General Information & Rules" and "Tests and Final Exam”.

 

Students with special needs and time extensions:

  • Students are obliged to inform the testing team about their special needs sufficient amount of time before the first test.
  • Total possible time extension is set to a half of the time dedicated to a test. From this amount, the individual extension and total testing time will be determined for each student.

Students with an ISP (Individual Study Plan):

  • Students with ISP who have already gathered the credits for one of the semesters in their previous year of studies, will have these credits recognized for the new academic year, without the need to retake any of the required tests in that semester.
  • ISP students who have not completed one of the course tests in the previous academic year, will be required to pass the combined test of the respective semester, or collect 13 points in the 3 course tests.
  • Recognition of all other tests/requirements will be dealt with based on individual cases by the head(s) of the subject/departments.

 

Final Exam – Structure and Function of the Human Body:

  • To register for the exam, students must fulfill all the aforementioned criteria (i.e. obtain credits for both the Winter and Summer semesters). Registration takes place in SIS, and all students must sign up to take the exam.
  • Students have 3 attempts at the exam. Once registered for an attempt, students must attend. If a student fails to attend without a prior excuse, they will lose that attempt.
  • During the final exam, copying, accessing the internet, or using any unauthorized resources is strictly prohibited. Additionally, students are not permitted to have watches, mobile phones, earphones, or any other electronic devices, such as smartwatches or smart glasses, in their test space (seat) during both the preparation time and the oral exam. Possession of these items, even without use, will lead to the immediate termination of the test and will be promptly reported to the disciplinary committee for appropriate action.
  • The exam is an oral exam covering all taught fields (anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, and biochemistry). Students are expected to independently present their knowledge and answer questions on two topics that they will randomly select by blindly picking 1 question/topic from each of the following sets:
  1. Bone
  2. Joint
  3. Skeletal muscle and its function
  4. Neuromuscular plate
  5. Plasma and hemostasis
  6. Red blood cells
  7. White blood cells and immunity
  8. Proteins
  9. Lipids
  10. Carbohydrates
  11. Liver
  12. Bile
  13. Oral cavity, peritoneum and vitamins
  14. Ventilation
  15. Diffusion and perfusion in lungs
  16. Acid-base balance
  17. Production and composition of urine
  18. Excretion of urine
  19. Hemodynamics, the heart as a pump
  20. Electric activity of heart
  21. Arteries
  22. Veins
  23. Lymph

----------------------------------------------------

  1. Spinal cord and reflexes
  2. Brain stem
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Diencephalon and basal ganglia
  5. Cerebral cortex
  6. Motor systems
  7. Sensory systems
  8. Behavior, emotions, learning and memory
  9. Autonomic nervous system
  10. Wakefulness and sleep
  11. Touch and proprioception
  12. Vision
  13. Hearing and balance
  14. Taste and smell
  15. Pain
  16. Endocrine regulation
  17. Hypothalamic-hypophysial system
  18. Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
  19. Suprarenal gland
  20. Male genital organs
  21. Female genital organs
  22. Pregnancy, parturition and lactation
  23. Thermoregulation

 

Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
Syllabus -
For more information on the syllabus, please refer to Vyuka app (https://vyuka.lf3.cuni.cz) and the learning outcomes of each class.
Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
Entry requirements -
Successfully completed Module Cellular Basis of Medicine (SIS code CVSE1M0001 or C1VL001).
Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
Registration requirements -
Successfully completed Module Cellular Basis of Medicine (SIS code CVSE1M0001 or C1VL001).
Last update: Křemen Jan, MUDr. (25.09.2025)
 
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