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Processing of tissue samples for histological analysis; basic methods of histological dying; structure and function of human cell and its particular constituents; cell contacts and communication; microscopic and ultramicroscopic structure of tissues and their functional features; application of theoretical knowledge to analysis of preparations. General embryology. Last update: Bucková Ivana (17.09.2014)
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Rules on how to obtain the credit in Histology and General Embryology in academic year 2016/2017
In Prague, February 15, 2018. Doc. MUDr.Tomáš Kučera, Ph.D. Head of the Department
Last update: Kučera Tomáš, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (15.02.2018)
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Recommended Literature
HISTOLOGY - MAIN RESOURCES Mescher, A.L.: Junqueira´s Basic Histology, Lange, 2010 Ross,M.H. - Pawlina,W.: Histology: Text and Atlas , Williams and Wilkins, 2006, 2011 Junqueira,L.C. - Carneiro,J.: Basic Histology: A Text and Atlas, Lange, 2005 Kuehnel,W.: Pocket Atlas of Cytology, Histology and Microscopic Anatomy (Thieme Publishing Group, 2003) - also available at http://uvi.lf1.cuni.cz/en/thieme-electronic-book-library M.Jirkovská, J. Šrajerová, B. Zajícová, L. Kovářová, K. Zuska: Practical Lessons in Histology. Student´s Book. Galén 2014
HISTOLOGY - ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Kierszenbaum A., Tres, L.: Histology and Embryology, 3rd edition, 2011 Ovalle, W.K., Nahirney, P.C.: Netter´s Essentials Histology, Saunders, 2013 Young, B., O’Dowd, G., Woodfoerd, P.: Wheater´s Functional Histology, 6th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 2013 Lowe, J.S., Anderson, P.G.: Stevens and Lowe's Human Histology, 4th ed, Elsevier-Mosby, 2004
EMBRYOLOGY Moore,K.L. - Persaud, P.V.N.: Before We Were Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects, 8th Ed., Saunders Elsevier, 2013 Sadler T.W.: Langman´s Medical Embryology, Lippincot Wiliiams and Wilkins, 2010 Moore,K.L. - Persaud, P.V.N.: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 9th Ed.,Saunders Elsevier, 2013 Schoenwolf G.C. et al.: Larsen’s Human Embryology, Churchill Livingstone, 2009
Information - Oral Histology and Embryology Berkovitz B.K.B., Holland G.R., Moxham B.J.: Oral Anatomy. Histology and Embryology, Mosby 2009 Berkovitz B.K.B., et al.: Master Dentistry Volume 3: Oral Embryology, Churchill Livingstone, 2010 Antonio Nanci: Ten Cate´s Oral Histology. Development, Structure and Function, Mosby, 2008 Last update: Kučera Tomáš, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (19.03.2015)
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Lectures, seminars, practical courses; personal consultations on request Last update: Bucková Ivana (17.09.2014)
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Final exams from Histology and General Embryology (B83006)
in the academic year 2019/2020
Point (1) General conditions
These regulations are in line with Studies and Examination Regulations of Charles University, Rules for Organization of Studies at the First Faculty of Medicine and corresponding Dean’s measures.
Point (2)
Specifying the examination dates
The dates of examination will be announced until May 6, 2020. They will be entered in the SIS. All dates, on which the exam can be taken will be specified. This number of dates will be definitive. There will be terms for in person as well as distance examination. The proportion of terms for both forms of exam will remain the same during the regular exam period and the ratio will be subject to change until the opening of dates in the summer and autumn.
The examination dates will be set in the following periods:
- preterm
- terms in the regular examination period of the summer semester (i.e. from 8.6.2020 to 10.7.2020).
- terms in the summer holidays ( 27. 7. - 31. 7. a 10. 8. - 14. 8. 2020) will be opened after the end of the regular summer exam period
- terms in September (31. 8. - 18. 9. 2020) will be opened after the end of the summer holiday exams.
- No more terms will be added and their capacity will not be increased.
Point (3)
Rules for registration for exams and cancellation
The start of registration for specific examination dates will be entered in SIS, and it will be different in particular blocks of terms. For regular summer semester exam period, the terms will open on 11.5.2020.
A student can only take the exam if registered for the term in SIS. In case of full capacity, the students can be invited via email to come at specific time on the day of exam (because of regulations during COVID-19 pandemic). In case no specific time will be given, students should come at the time announced on SIS.
Registration for an exam is not determined by obtaining the credit but taking the exam is.
Deadlines for registration for particular examination dates and for cancellation will be entered into SIS.
Point (4)
Failure to turn up for examination and apology
The student who fails to turn up for the examination (in person or distance examination) that he/she has registered for is not evaluated and the term is lost. After this fact is entered in SIS, the student can register for another available term on SIS.
The student must apologize within the next 7 days to the principal teacher of the subject in writing or in electronic mail, giving and substantiating the reasons for the apology.
The principal teacher of the subject can require specification of the apology or its reasons if he/she finds the apology insufficient.
The student will be informed whether the apology is accepted or not. The collision with another exam is not an acceptable excuse.
Point (5)
Re-examinations
A student can take an examination in a subject for three times as a maximum, i.e. the student is entitled to two re-examinations, and no extraordinary terms beyond that are allowed. However, if the student does not exploit the above options within the set examination dates, this does not entitled him/her to a special date of examination to be appointed for him/her personally.
No more examination dates (“terms”) will be set.
Further, no examinations can be taken after the end of the second part of the regular examination period in September, or after the last term announced. No extraordinary terms or “Dean’s terms” are allowed.
Point (6)
Rules pertaining to the course of examination from Histology and General Embryology – in person examination
The exam is oral and takes place in person in front of the exam committee consisting of two members. The current epidemiological regulations with respect to COVID-19 pandemics will be observed.
The students will be allocated to different exam committees by the head of the department or the teacher authorized to do so.
Before the start, the student has to prove its identity with the student card on any valid legal document with the photo.
A student will draw one exam question from each of the three major groups of questions as announced on SIS in Requirements (3 questions in total). This is an official start of the exam and after that, it is not possible to leave the exam room without examiner’s permission. The questions drawn constitute a framework for the oral exam. Student has to answer the questions without further delay. Due to simultaneous possibility of in person and distance exam, there will be no time to prepare the answers in written form. Each question is evaluated independently, while students are also expected to demonstrate the overall knowledge of the subject (see Requirements and Syllabus). An integral part of the oral exam is knowledge of basic histological structures, which can be demonstrated by providing drawings, identification of structures on drawings and microscopical images etc.
The student has to be present at the exam without interruption. If a student has to make a break e.g. for health or similar reasons, new questions have to be drawn to replace those, which were not yet completed. During the exam, the dean’s measure no.19/2009 incl. corresponding Amendment no.1 has to be respected.
Point (7)
Rules pertaining to the course of examination from Histology and General Embryology – distance examination
Terms for distance examination are subject to the dean’s measure no.5/2020
These terms are reserved for students, who are unable to take part in person due to COVID-19 pandemics and subsequent measures at the level of individual government policies.
Only those students can register for the distance exam, who until the deadline for registration for the particular term will deliver (via email) to the head of the department a written declaration stating the necessity to take the distance examination.
The only acceptable situations are as follows:
- impossibility to enter the Czech Republic due to restrictions imposed by the Government of the Czech Republic or by the state, where the student is forced to stay until the date of exam
- impossibility to travel to the Czech Republic due to the lack of transport connections (mainly in case of countries without borders with the Czech Republic) at the time of the exam term
- forced quarantine after the arrival to the Czech Republic from abroad, which would collide with the exam term
Students who will not manage to deliver the declaration until deadline for the registration will be erased from the list of students for the particular date. Students will not be urged to deliver declarations. After the late delivery of declaration, it will be possible to register for the nearest available term as long as the conditions remain unchanged. In case of repeated registration (re-take or after excused absence) the declaration has to be delivered again.
The general rules for the distance examination are the same like for in person examination. The course of distance exam is furthermore subject to the dean’s measure no.5/2020.
The distance examination is oral and is comparable to the in person examination.
Student who wants to take part in distance examination has to register for the reserved term - it will be indicated in the notes for the term. By registration to this special term the student also confirms the possibility to use the necessary technical means for this type of exam (hardware, software, internet connection). Technical aspects for this form of exam from Histology and Embryology will be described elsewhere and correspond to the dean’s measure no.5/2020. In addition, students registered for the distance exam will receive instructions one day ahead of the exam term.
In Prague 6. 5. 2020.
Doc. MUDr. Tomáš Kučera, Ph.D.
Head of the Department
Requested knowledge for final exam of Histology and General Embryology
Cytology and general histology Collection and processing of material for histological evaluation Basic and special staining methods, principles and results Histochemical methods, principles and application Immunohistochemical methods, principles and application Structural organization of the cell, overview of cell components Cell membrane - structure and function Cell surface specializations Membranous cell organelles - structure and function Cell nucleus and non-membranous cell organelles - structure and function Cytoskeleton - structure, function and diagnostic application Structure of intercellular junctions Cell division - mitosis and meiosis Cell cycle and its regulation, cell death – apoptosis Epithelial tissue (classification according to the structure) Epithelial tissue (classification according to the function) Types of secretory cells, classification of glands Smooth muscle tissue Cross-striated skeletal muscle tissue, myofibril Cross-striated cardiac muscle tissue, intercalated disc Connective tissue - general structure and classification Extracellular matrix – structure and function Connective tissue proper – characteristics and classification Cell types of connective tissue proper and their function Cartilage - structure and function, description of the individual types Microscopical structure of the bone tissue, description of the individual types Endochondral and intramembranous ossification Nerve cell - structure, types of neurons, synapse Types of nerve fibers, their sheaths and endings Neuroglia – common features, classification and function Composition of the peripheral blood Preparation and evaluation of the blood smear Erythrocytes, structure and function Leukocytes, classification, structure and function, leukogram Platelets- differentiation, structure and function Hematopoiesis, periods, stem cells, growth factors, structure of the bone marrow
Special histology Structure of the heart, conducting system of the heart General structure and classification of blood vessels Structure of the capillaries, types of arrangement of the capillary bed Structure of the arterial wall Structure of the venous wall Spleen, structure and function Thymus, structure and function Lymph node, structure and function Overview of the immune system Structure and function of the thyroid gland and parathyroid gland Hypophysis, structure and function, hypophyseal portal system Structure and function of the adrenal gland and pancreatic islets Structure of the tongue, overview of the salivary glands of the oral cavity Structure of compound salivary glands Structure of the tooth General structure of the digestive tube, structure of esophagus Mucous layer of the stomach Mucous layer of the small and large intestines Pancreas and gall bladder, biliary ducts Liver Mucous layer of the respiratory tract Structure and function of the larynx and trachea Structure and function of the lung Structure of the kidney, nephron Relationship of nephron and vascular supply of the kidney Excretory urinary passages Skin, general structure, vascular supply and innervation Structure and function of the epidermis Structure of dermis and the subcutaneous tissue Skin appendages Structure and function of the mammary gland Testis, spermatogenesis Epididymis and vas deferens, structure and function Accessory glands of the male reproductive system Structure of the ovary Development of the ovarian follicle, oogenesis Uterus and oviduct Endometrium and menstrual cycle Cervix uteri and vagina, structure and examination General characteristics of CNS and PNS CNS – cyto- and myeloarchitecture of the brain cortex Cerebellum and the spinal cord Peripheral and optic nerve General characteristics of the sensory organs Histological structure of the anterior part of the eye Histological structure of the posterior part of the eye General structure of the inner ear, structure and function of its vestibular part Cochlea and the organ of Corti
General embryology
Development (maturation) of sperm Development (maturation) of oocyte Fertilization and early development of the human embryo Development and implantation of the blastocyst Anomalies of implantation, ectopic pregnancy Development of the amniotic and yolk sacs, chorion Embryonic disc and its differentiation Formation of the germ layers Development of the ectoderm and its differentiation Development of the neuroectoderm and its differentiation Neural crest and its differentiation Development of the mesoderm and its differentiation Development of the axial structures (notogenesis) Development of the notochord and its significance for development of other structures Development of the endoderm and its differentiation Origin and further development of the mesenchyme Early development of the cardiovascular system Primitive blood circulation Development of the facial region, nasal and oral cavity Development of the tooth Development and structure of fetal membranes Development and anomalies of the umbilical cord Structure of the placenta Development and anomalies of the placenta Development of chorionic villi, hemoplacental barrier Growth of the conceptus, development of its shape Childbirth (parturition), signs of the full-term baby Multiple pregnancies, twins and their fetal membranes Summary of causes and manifestations of developmental anomalies Basic conditions of teratogenesis, teratogens, critical periods
LIST OF HISTOLOGICAL SLIDES
HISTOLOGY Tissues: A2 Reticular fibers ( liver, spleen ) silver impregnation A4 Mast cells ( mesentery ), alcian blue, nuclear red A5 Tendon ( dense connective tissue, regular ), HE A6 Adipose tissue, HE A8 Hyaline cartilage, HE A9 Elastic cartilage, HE A10 Elastic cartilage, orcein A11 Fibrocartilage, HE, Masson´s green trichrome A12 Endochondral ossification, HE A14 Intramembranous ossification, HE A15 Haversian compact bone, HE A16 Lamellar spongy bone, HE A17 Smooth muscle, HE A18 Skeletal muscle, HE A19 Skeletal muscle, Heidenhain´s hematoxylin A20 Cardial muscle, HE
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Circulatory system: F1 Heart, ventricular wall, HE, Masson´s trichrome F2 Large elastic artery ( aorta ), cross section, HE, trichrome F3 Large elastic artery ( aorta ), longitudinal section, orcein F4 Small muscular arteries and small veins, HE F5 Small muscular arteries and small veins, Weigert van Gieson, resorcinfuchsin F6 Large vein ( vena cava inferior ), HE, trichrome
Lymphoid system: G1 Lymph node, HE G2 Spleen, HE G3 Spleen, silver impregnation G4 Thymus of the child, HE G5 Thymus of the adult, HE
Endocrine system: E1 Pituitary, HE E2 Thyroid, HE E3 Parathyroid, HE E4 Suprarenal gland, HE E5 Islets of Langerhans, HE
Digestive system: B1 Lip B2 Tooth B3 Tongue, anterior part of the body, trichrome B4 Tongue, root B5 Palatine tonsil B6 Parotid gland B7 Submandibular gland, HE, (alcian blue) B8 Subligual gland, HE, (alcian blue) B9 Pancreas, HE
B10 Esophagus B11 Stomach, cardia B12 Stomach, fundus B13 Stomach, pylorus, (PAS, hematoxylin, orange G) B14 Duodenum B15 Jejunum B16 Large intestine B17 Appendix B18 Liver, HE B19 Liver, Best´s carmin, hematoxylin B20 Gallbladder B21 Anus
Respiratory system: D1 Epiglottis D2 Larynx D3 Trachea D4 Lung
Urinary system: C1 Kidney C2 Kidney, alkaline phosphatase ( azocoupling met, ) C3 Ureter C4 Urinary bladder C5 Urethra, Masson´s trichrome
Male reproductive system: C6 Testis C7 Epididymis C8 Seminal vesicle C9 Spermatic cord C10 Prostate
Female reproductive system: C11 Ovary C12 Ovary, corpus luteum C13 Uterine tube C14 Uterus, body C15 Uterus, cervix C16 Vagina
Skin: H1 Thick skin (palm), HE H2 Thin hairy skin, HE H3 Skin of the axilla, HE H4 Mammary gland , HE H5 Mammary gland during lactation, HE H6 Nipple, HE
Nervous system: L1 Brain, HE L2 Brain, Nissl´s method L3 Cerebellum, HE L4 Cerebellum, Bodian´s impregnation method L5 Spinal cord, HE L6 Choroid plexus, HE L7 Peripheral nerve, longitudinal section, HE, Luxol blue L8 Peripheral nerve, cross section, HE, Luxol blue L9 Sympathetic ganglion, HE L10 Spinal ganglion, HE
Sensory organs: S1 Eye, anterior segment, HE S2 Eye, posterior segment, HE S3 Lacrimal gland, HE S4 Eyelid, HE S5 Olfactory epithelium, nasal mucosa, HE S6 Inner ear, HE S7 Optic nerve, Luxol blue
Embryology: X1 Decidua, HE X2 Chorion, HE X3 Placenta, HE X4 Umbilical cord, HE X5 Development of the tooth
Last update: Kučera Tomáš, doc. MUDr., Ph.D. (05.05.2020)
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