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Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry 2 - B81138 (Dentistry)
Title: Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry 2
Guaranteed by: Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague (11-00410)
Faculty: First Faculty of Medicine
Actual: from 2025
Semester: winter
Points: 5
E-Credits: 5
Examination process: winter s.:
Hours per week, examination: winter s.:0/4, C+Ex [HT]
Extent per academic year: 60 [hours]
Capacity: unlimited
Min. number of students: unlimited
4EU+: no
Virtual mobility / capacity: no
State of the course: taught
Language: English
Teaching methods: full-time
Explanation: Doc.MUDr. Ivan Malbohan,CSc.,for info see web pages of institute
Additional information: http://ulbld.lf1.cuni.cz/
Note: prefer medical statement
Guarantor: prof. Dr. Ing. Tomáš Navrátil, Ph.D.
Attributes: Teoretický předmět
Zubní lékařství
Pre-requisite : B81129, B81133
Is pre-requisite for: B81154, B81406, B81159, B81157, B83149, B83148, B83145
Annotation -
Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry for dentists will be concentrated on the fundamentals of metabolism related to the most important and most frequent diseases which may be encountered by the dentist (e.g. hemocoagulation disturbances, diabetes etc.). In detail will be discussed especially the digestion processes, defence against infection (inflammation) and metabolism of connective and hard tissues (bone and tooth). The metabolism of calcium and its disturbances will be especially stressed. The biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of oral cavity (salive, dental plaque) will be stressed too.
Last update: Topičová Vladěna (22.09.2007)
Literature - Czech

H. Stephen Stoker: General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston (latest edition).


Pamela C.Champe, Richard A. Harvey and Denise R. Ferrier: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (latest edition)


B. Alberts et al.: Essential Cell Biology, Garland Science Publishing, New York (latest edition).


R.K. Murray, et al.: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill, Inc., USA (latest edition).

Last update: Fialová Lenka, MUDr., CSc. (26.09.2019)
Requirements to the exam

The examination of the subject Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry is oral and consists of
two separate parts:


1. Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry
Student tosses three questions: two from the first category and one from the second
category of questions (see below)

2. Dental materials
Student tosses one question from the third category

EXAM QUESTIONS

First category: Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry

1. Solutions. Solubility of substances and its significance in biology and biochemistry.
2. Important functional groups in structure of biomolecules and their reactivity.
3. Acid-base reactions and their significance in medicine. Most important disorders of
body acid-base balance.
4. Regulation of water and mineral metabolism and its most important disorders.
5. Amino acids – overview, properties, and significance in metabolism.
6. Structure of proteins, chemical bonds and interactions that are involved.
7. Enzymes – classification, mechanism of action, regulation of activity.
8. Biologic oxidation, the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
9. The citric acid cycle – key reactions, significance in metabolism.
10. Lipids, their classification, structure and biological significance. Biomembranes.
11. Fatty acids, their classification, and significance.
12. Biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids and triacylglycerols.
13. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes – origin and significance.
14. Cholesterol, its biosynthesis and excretion.
15. Lipoproteins – overview, metabolism, and significance.
16. Disorders of lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis.
17. Bile acids, their synthesis and role in digestion.
18. Saccharides – structure, classification and biological significance.
19. Digestion of saccharides. Metabolism of glycogen.
20. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
21. Relationships of saccharide metabolism to metabolism of lipids and proteins.
22. Pathobiochemical processes in diabetes mellitus.
23. Proteosynthesis and protein degradation.
24. Degradation of amino acids, transamination, deamination, the urea cycle.
25. Conversion of amino acids to biologically active metabolites.
26. Differences between metabolism in fed state and in fasting, production and utilization of
ketone bodies.
27. Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of purines and pyrimidines.
28. Porphyrins and bile pigments. Metabolism of heme.
29. Structure and biosynthesis of nucleic acids.
30. Transcription and translation.
31. Techniques used in molecular biology.
32. Proteohormones and peptidic hormones – major members and significance.
33. Steroid hormones – biosynthesis, major members, biological significance.
34. Hormones of adrenal medulla – structure, synthesis and effects.
35. Mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones – membrane receptors, second
messengers, molecular switches.
36. Mechanism of action of lipophilic hormones. Signaling to the cell nucleus, potential of
tissue engineering.
37. Blood plasma proteins – significance, major members, methods of estimation.
38. Characteristics of antigens and antibodies.
39. Immunoglobulins – structure, classification, biological significance. The antibody
immune response and its course. Monoclonal antibodies.
40. Immunochemical techniques and their significance in medicine.
41. Jaundice (icterus) and its most common causes.
42. Overview of the main biochemical processes in the liver and their disorders.
43. Biochemical examination of liver.
44. Nutrition and its significance for health.
45. Vitamins, their significance for metabolism and consequences of their deficiencies.
46. Mineral components in the diet and their biological significance.
47. Toxic effects of metals, especially heavy metals, on living organisms.
48. Metabolic alterations caused by ethanol and their consequences.
49. Mechanisms of poison actions.
50. Selected methods used in biochemistry – principle and usage (spectrophotometry,
chromatography and electrophoresis).
51. Biochemical features of tumor growth.
52. Chemical structures of basic antimicrobial substances.


Second category: Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of oral cavity
1. Composition of saliva. Protective function of saliva in mouth cavity.
2. Buffers in saliva, their composition and significance.
3. Proteins in saliva.
4. Main components of connective tissue.
5. Collagen and elastin – structure, synthesis and degradation.
6. Chemical composition of tooth and bones.
7. Calcium, its metabolism and biological significance.
8. Hormones that regulate metabolism of calcium.
9. Mineralization of hard tissues, conditions necessary for its development.
10. Osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases. Biochemical markers of bone
remodeling.
11. Biochemistry of blood coagulation.
12. Disorders of blood coagulation. Substances with anticoagulant effects.
13. Inflammatory reaction and associated biochemical processes, significance in dentistry.
14. Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins, significance in dentistry. Complement,
its activation and significance.
15. Pathobiochemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Phagocyte weapons.
16. Dental plaque – characteristics, structure, formation, and consequences of its presence.
17. Biochemical conditions for formation of tooth decay.
18. Biochemical conditions for formation of dental erosion.
19. Role of saccharides in origin of tooth decay. Metabolism of sucrose by oral bacteria.
20. Artificial sweeteners and their significance in dentistry.
21. Significance of fluoride in prevention of tooth decay.
22. Plant substances used in dentistry. Alkaloids.
23. Chemical nature and mechanism of action of the active components in dentifrices.
24. Chemical nature and mechanism of action of the inactive components in dentifrices.

Third category: Dental materials
1. Characteristics of dental metallic materials (metallic bond, crystal structure,
crystallization process).
2. Classification of dental metals and alloys.
3. Dental alloys of noble and base metals.
4. Casting dental alloys (technique, types of investment materials).
5. Dental amalgams.
6. Structure and properties of polymers, usage of polymers in dentistry.
7. Polymerization reactions used in preparation of synthetic polymers as dental materials.
8. Polymethylmethacrylate and copolymers of methylmethacrylate (properties and usage in
dentistry).
9. Classification of composite materials according to filler particle size, their properties.
10. Composition of composite materials.
11. Initiators of photopolymerization and chemical polymerization of composite materials.
12. Classification of adhesive systems, bonding mechanisms.
13. Composition of adhesive systems.
14. Overview of dental cements, classification according to composition and setting
reaction.
15. Zinc phosphate, zinc oxide/polycarboxylate and calcium silicate cements.
16. Salicylate, phenolate and resin cements.
17. Glass ionomer cements, resin-modified glass ionomer cements.
18. Classification of impression materials and their characteristics. Rigid impression
materials.
19. Hydrocolloid impression materials (alginate, agar).
20. Elastomeric impression materials (polyethers, silicones, polysulfides).
21. Casting materials (dental gypsum, epoxides and polyurethanes).
22. Classification, structure, and properties of dental ceramic materials.
23. Feldspathic and leucite ceramics. Fabrication of metal-ceramic dental restorations.
24. Lithium disilicate a zirconium ceramics.
25. Influence of the oral cavity environment on restorative dental materials. 

Last update: Fialová Lenka, MUDr., CSc. (08.10.2025)
Syllabus
Seminars

Structure of nucleic acids. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids.

Transcription and translation.

Blood plasma proteins and their significance. The acute phase proteins. Immunoglobulins.

Immunochemical techniques and their usage in clinical chemistry.

Biochemistry of inflammation.

Methods of molecular biology.

Essentials of cell signaling and its disorders.

Molecular biology and pathobiochemistry of tumor growth.

Saliva: origin, composition, function.

Pathobiochemistry of bones and connective tissues.

Pathobiochemistry of oral cavity. Dental plaque and dental decay.

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Phagocyte weapons.

Antioxidant defence. Dietary antioxidants.

Disorders of porphyrin metabolism. Icterus.

Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of the liver. Significance of liver in metabolism.

Disorders of hemocoagulation and techniques used in their laboratory investigation.

Influence of the oral cavity environment on various dental materials.

Methods of biochemical investigation of diabetes mellitus.

Disorders of lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis.

Methods of biochemical investigation of disorders of lipid metabolism.

Laboratory examination of liver function. Markers of liver damage.

Disorders of nutrition. Obesity, starvation, malnutrition, deficiency of vitamins and minerals.

Importance of correct nutrition for prevention of tooth decay.

Composition of body fluids and its most common disorders.

Disorders of acid-base balance.

Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of neurotransmitters.

Last update: Kolářová Jana (31.01.2020)
Education plan -
Schedule semestral
Educational week Date From - To Education type Theme Teacher Files Note Hodnocení
101.10.202514:30 - 16:00seminarSaliva: origin, composition, function. Pathobiochemistry of bones and connective tissues.doc. MUDr. Ivan Matouš-Malbohan, CSc. 
03.10.202509:15 - 10:45seminarPathobiochemistry of oral cavity. Dental plaque and dental decay.doc. MUDr. Ivan Matouš-Malbohan, CSc. 
208.10.202514:30 - 16:00seminarImportance of individual components in dentifrices. doc. MUDr. Ivan Matouš-Malbohan, CSc. 
10.10.202509:15 - 10:45seminarReactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Antioxidant defence.MUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
315.10.202514:30 - 16:00seminarDisorders of hemocoagulation and techniques used in their laboratory investigation.MUDr. Jan Krtil 
17.10.202509:15 - 16:00seminarDisorders of lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis.RNDr. Marek Vecka, Ph.D. 
422.10.202514:30 - 16:00seminarBlood plasma proteins and their significance. The acute phase proteins. Immunoglobulins.prof. MUDr. Marta Kalousová, Ph.D. 
24.10.202509:15 - 10:45seminarImmunochemical techniques and their usage in clinical chemistry. prof. MUDr. Marta Kalousová, Ph.D. 
24.10.202514:15 - 16:30practical classesSaliva 1MUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
529.10.202514:30 - 16:00seminarBiochemistry of inflammation.prof. MUDr. Marta Kalousová, Ph.D. 
31.10.202509:15 - 10:45seminarMethods of biochemical investigation of diabetes mellitus.MUDr. Miloš Mráz, Ph.D. 
605.11.202514:30 - 16:00seminarComposition of body fluids and its most common disorders.MUDr. Adriana Rybnikářová, Ph.D. 
07.11.202509:15 - 10:45seminarBiochemistry and pathobiochemistry of the liver. Significance of liver in metabolism. MUDr. Jan Krtil 
07.11.202514:15 - 16:30practical classesSaliva 2MUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
712.11.202514:30 - 16:00seminarDisorders of nutrition. Obesity, starvation, malnutrition, deficiency of vitamins and minerals.doc. MUDr. Ivan Matouš-Malbohan, CSc. 
14.11.202509:15 - 10:45seminarDental material science I Inorganic materials: Metals and alloys.prof. Dr. Ing. Tomáš Navrátil, Ph.D. 
14.11.202514:15 - 16:30practical classesRevision test I: PatobiochemistryMUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
819.11.202514:30 - 16:00seminarDental material science II Inorganic materials in dentistry: Amalgams. Toxicology of mercury.prof. Dr. Ing. Tomáš Navrátil, Ph.D. 
21.11.202509:15 - 10:45seminarDental material science III: Polymer materialsMDDr. Antonín Tichý, Ph.D. 
21.11.202514:15 - 16:30practical classesDental materialsMUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
926.11.202514:30 - 16:00seminarDental material science IV: Composite materials, photopolymerizationMDDr. Antonín Tichý, Ph.D. 
28.11.202509:15 - 10:45seminarDental material science V: CementsRNDr. Pavel Bradna, CSc. 
1003.12.202514:30 - 16:00seminarDental material science VI: Impression materialsRNDr. Pavel Bradna, CSc. 
05.12.202509:15 - 10:45seminarDental material science VII: Gypsum products, investment materialsRNDr. Pavel Bradna, CSc. 
1110.12.202514:30 - 16:00seminarDental material science VIII: CeramicsRNDr. Pavel Bradna, CSc. 
12.12.202509:15 - 10:45seminarDental material science IX: Adhesive systemsMDDr. Antonín Tichý, Ph.D. 
1217.12.202514:30 - 16:00seminarConsultation - dental materialsMUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
19.12.202509:15 - 10:45seminarDental material science X:Influence of the oral cavity environment on various dental materials. MDDr. Antonín Tichý, Ph.D. 
19.12.202514:15 - 16:30practical classesRevision test I: Dental materialsMUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
1407.01.202614:30 - 16:00seminarConsultations MUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
09.01.202609:15 - 10:45seminarConsultations MUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
1514.01.202614:30 - 16:00seminarCREDIT MUDr. Jan Pláteník, Ph.D. 
 
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