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Last update: RNDr. Radka Reifová, Ph.D. (22.09.2013)
are at least 5 students. Evolutionary genetics is a broad field of studies that resulted from the integration of genetics and Darwinian evolution, called the 'modern synthesis'. This field attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the variation within populations into more or less permanent variation between species. It is based on mathematical theory of population genetics founded by R. A. Fisher, S. Wright, and J. B. S. Haldane, T. Dobzhansky and E. Mayr. In the last few years, massive infusion of the molecular data provided us unique possibility to insight into the evolutionary forces shaping the patterns of biodiversity observed in nature. The aim of the course is to introduce the basic principles of inheritance and population genetic theory. The central theme is the neutral theory of molecular evolution. The available molecular data and approaches to their analysis will be described. We will show how these approaches could contribute to the understanding the evolutionary mechanisms. |
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Last update: doc. RNDr. Jakub Prokop, Ph.D. (14.04.2008)
Philip W. Hedrick (2005). Genetics of Populations (Third Edition). Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Dan Graur, Wen-Hsiung Li (2000). Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer Associates Austin Burt and Robert Trivers (2006). Genes in conflicts. Harvard University Press. Evolutionary Genetics: Concepts and Case Studies. C.W. Fox & J.B. Wolf (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006 |
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Last update: RNDr. Radka Reifová, Ph.D. (17.08.2012)
Zkouška je ústní. Zápočet je udělen za přednesení referátu. Kromě přednášek je vhodné si prostudovat články dostupné ze stránky přednášky: http://web.natur.cuni.cz/zoologie/biodiversity/index.php?page=EvolucniGenetika Další informace je možné čerpat z doporučené literatury. |
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Last update: RNDr. Radka Reifová, Ph.D. (22.09.2013)
1. Principles of genetics. Basic genetic terms. Gene, allele, lucus. Interactions between alleles and genes. Definitions of genes (molecular x genetic x evolutionary concepts). Structure of genes. How many genes comprise human genome? Organisation and structure of the genome. What did we learn from the whole genome sequences of various organisms? Importance of the non-coding DNA. Mendel's rules and their exceptions (paramutations, gene conversions, meiotic drive, genomic imprinting). From genotype to phenotype. Ontogenesis. Heritability. Influence of environment. Fenotypic plasticity and genetic canalization. Epigenetics. 2. Gene conflicts. Selfish gene. Weisman barrier and importance of germ line. Conflicts between genes with different ways of inheritance. Meiotic drive. Conflicts between sexes. Transpozons and oher selfish genetic elements. Importance of meiosis and recombination. Horizontal transfer. 3. Introduction to population genetics. Evolution in terms of in terms of changes in allele frequencies. Hardy-Weinberg principle. Mechanisms changing allele frequencies in population. Mutation, migration, selection, drift, evolutionary drives. Genetic linkage. Genetic hitchkiking, selective sweeps, background selection. 4. Mutations. Nucleotide substitutions, transitions/transversions, synonymous/nonsynonymous substitutions. Codon usage bias. Insertions/deletions. Frame shift mutations. Trinucleotide expansions. Differences between mutations in coding regions and regulation regions. Transpositions, inversions, duplications. Mechanisms affecting the frequency of mutations: replication, transcription, recombination, number of cell divisions in germline (male-driven evolution), position in genome (ausosomes/sex chromosomes/mt DNA). Adaptive mutations. Which mutations are the most important for evolution? Comparison of mutations in coding and regulatory regions. Evolution by gene duplications. 5. Neutral theory of molecular evolution. Probability of fixation of new mutation. Average time to fixation of new mutation. Effective population size. Effect of bottleneck. Molecular clocks. Gene genealogies and theory of coalescence. Measures of genetic variation. Mechanisms increasing genetic polymorphism in populations (balancing selection). Mechanism decreasing genetic polymophism in populations (positive selection, hitchhiking). 6. Selection. Pozitive and negative selection. Balancing selection. How to detect selection at molecular level? Distribution of allel frequences (Tajima's D). Comparison of intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence. Relative number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions (Ka/Ks). Linkage disequilibrium test. How many genes in genome are evolving under positive seletion? The rate of adaptive evolution in coding and regulatory regions. Faster evolution of X/Z chromosomes. What did we learn from whole genome population genetic data? 7. Population structure and speciation. Genetic differentiation of populations. Measures of genetic differentiations (Fst), migration, gene flow. Phylogeography. Speciation and reproductive isolation. Gene trees (genealogy) vs species trees (phylogenesis). Monophyly, paraphyly, polyphyly. Ancestral polymorphism and lineage sorting. 8. Evolution of gene expression. How large part of the genome is expressed? Importance of non-coding RNAs. Origin of adaptation by change of gene expression. Methods of measuring gene expression level (EST, SAGE, microarrays, tilling microarrays). Correlation between gene expression level and protein abundance. Analyses of proteins. 9. Functional genetics. How to find which genes are responsible for the particular phenotype? Forward and reverse genetics. Genetic maping and positional cloning of genes. Experimental crossing (backcross, F2 intrecross, recombination inbred strains, consomic strains). Analysis of pedigreeds. Associaon mapping (linkage disequlibrium analysis, haplotype structure of genome). Molecular markers (microsatelites, RFLP, SNP). Bioinformatics. Databases of nucleotide sequences, gene expression data and proteins. |