Opakovatelnost a personalita v testech exploračního chování

• Thesis title in Czech: Opakovatelnost a personalita v testech exploračního chování
• Thesis title in English: Repeatability and personality in tests of exploratory behaviour
• Key words: opakovatelnost, personalita, explorace, neofobie, open field test, hole board test
• English key words: repeatability, personality, exploration, neophobia, open field test, hole board test
• Academic year of topic announcement: 2013/2014
• Thesis type: diploma thesis
• Thesis language: čeština
• Department: Department of Zoology (31-170)
• Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Daniel Frynta, Ph.D.
• Author: hidden - assigned by the advisor
• Date of registration: 07.11.2013
• Date of assignment: 20.12.2013
• Date of electronic submission: 13.08.2015
• Date of proceeded defence: 15.09.2015
• Opponents: prof. RNDr. František Sedláček, CSc.
• Advisors: RNDr. Eva Landová, Ph.D.

Preliminary scope of work

Personalita a jí příbuzné jevy jsou již po mnoho let velmi zkoumaným tématem (Gosling & John 1999; Sih et al. 2004; Carere & Eens 2005; Réale et al. 2007)⁠. Cílem diplomové práce je prozkoumat personalitu u hlodavců rodu Rattus a zaměřit se zejména na opakovatelnost chování souvisejících s personalitou. Opakovatelnost je veličina, která může vyjadřovat konzistenci chování v čase (Lessells & Boag 1987; Boake 1989; Nakagawa & Schielzeth 2010)⁠, což je jeden z požadavků na personalitu (Carere & Eens 2005)⁠. Pokud test není opakovatelný, pak by neměl být používán k měření personality.
V lidské psychologii se mluví o pěti základních osách personality, tzv. Five Factor Model (Gosling & John 1999)⁠ a zdá se, že u zvířat se může také objevovat pět základních os chování: reakce na nové stimuly nebo situace, explorace, socialita (neagresivní interakce s jedinci stejného druhu), agrese a aktivita (Gosling 2001)⁠. Na základě tohoto modelu bylo vybráno několik testů, které odráží těchto pět os.
Jako test explorace bude použit open field test s nucenou explorací, jeden z nejrozšířenějších testů personality. Zvíře bude po nějakou dobu umístěno do neznámého prostředí a bude sledováno jeho chování (Hughes 1997)⁠. Je možné použít také hole-board test, kdy je zvíře umístěno do boxu s otvory v podlaze a je zaznamenáván především zájem o tyto otvory. Tento test je vhodný pro odlišení explorace od aktivity (File 2001)a může tak měřit obojí.
Pro testování reakce na nové stimuly bude použit novel object test, během kterého bude do domovského prostředí zvířete vložen neznámý předmět. Zvíře bude k přiblížení k předmětu motivováno odměnou, aby se odlišil strach z neznámého předmětu od nedostatku zájmu o nový stimulus. Při opakování testu bude použit pokaždé jiný předmět, aby se zabránilo habituaci (Herborn et al. 2010)⁠.
Všechny testy budou opakovány osmkrát s odstupem 1 den mezi 1. a 2. opakováním, minimálně 4 dny mezi 2. a 3. opakováním, opět 1 den mezi 3. a 4. opakováním. Po intervalu alespoň 4 týdny bude série zopakována . Díky tomu budou výsledky zahrnovat i opakovatelnost v krátkém a střednědobém časovém intervalu.

Boake, C. R. B. 1989. Repeatability: Its role in evolutionary studies of mating behavior. Evolutionary Ecology, 3, 173–182.
Carere, C. & Eens, M. 2005. Unravelling animal personalities: how and why individuals consistently differ. Behaviour, 142, 1155–1163.
Carere, C., Drent, P. J., Privitera, L., Koolhaas, J. M. & Groothuis, T. G. G. 2005. Personalities in great tits, Parus major: stability and consistency. Animal Behaviour, 70, 795–805.
File, S. E. 2001. Factors controlling measures of anxiety and responses to novelty in the mouse. Behavioural brain research, 125, 151–7.
Gosling, S. 2001. From mice to men: what can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological bulletin, 127, 45–86.
Gosling, S. D. & John, O. P. 1999. Personality Dimensions in Nonhuman Animals: A Cross-Species Review. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 69–75.
Herborn, K. a., Macleod, R., Miles, W. T. S., Schofield, A. N. B., Alexander, L. & Arnold, K. E. 2010. Personality in captivity reflects personality in the wild. Animal Behaviour, 79, 835–843.
Hughes, R. N. 1997. Intrinsic exploration in animals : motives and measurement. Behavioural processes, 41, 213–226.
Lessells, C. & Boag, P. 1987. Unrepeatable repeatabilities: a common mistake. The Auk, 104, 116–121.
Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. 2010. Repeatability for Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: a practical guide for biologists. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 85, 935–56.
Réale, D., Reader, S. M., Sol, D., McDougall, P. T. & Dingemanse, N. J. 2007. Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 82, 291–318.
Sih, A., Bell, A., Johnson, J. & Ziemba, R. 2004. Behavioral syndromes: An Integrative Overview. The Quarterly review of biology, 79, 241–277.

Preliminary scope of work in English

Personality and related phenomena have been in the centre of attention for many years (Gosling & John 1999; Sih et al. 2004; Carere et al. 2005; Réale et al. 2007). The aim of this thesis is to explore the personality in rodents (genus Rattus) with focus on the repeatability of personality-related behaviour. Repeatability is a measure used to express the consistency of behaviour in time (Lessells & Boag 1987; Boake 1989; Nakagawa & Schielzeth 2010) – one of the key elements of personality (Carere & Eens 2005). If the test is not repeatable, it should not be used as a measure of personality.
Human psychology describes five dimensions of personality, called the Five Factor Model or „Big Five“ Model (Gosling & John 1999) and it seems that animals have five dimensions of personality as well: reaction to new stimuli or situations, exploration, sociability (non-aggressive interactions with the members of the same species), aggression and activity (Gosling 2001). Based on these models, the tests reflecting these dimensions were chosen.
The open field test with forced exploration, one of the most common personality tests, was chosen as a test of exploratory behaviour. The animal will be placed in an unfamiliar environment and its behaviour will be observed (Hughes 1997). It is also possible to use the hole-board test, where the animal is placed in a box with holes in the floor and the observer focuses especially on the animal's interest in these holes. This test is very good for distinguishing exploration and activity (File 2001) and therefore can be used to measure both traits.
The novel object test can be used to measure the reaction to new stimuli. An unknown object will be placed in the animal's home cage. The animal will be motivated to approach the object with food, so we can distinguish the fear of the unknown object and the lack of interest in the new stimulus. In the repeated trials a different object will be used to avoid habituation (Herborn et al. 2010).
All the test will be repeated 8 times, with the interval of 1 day between trial 1 and 2, at least 4 days between trials 2 and 3, and again 1 day between trials 3 and 4. After the interval of 4 weeks the whole series of test will be repeated. This will allow to calculate the repeatability in short-term and medium-term intervals.

Boake, C. R. B. 1989. Repeatability: Its role in evolutionary studies of mating behavior. Evolutionary Ecology, 3, 173–182.
Carere, C. & Eens, M. 2005. Unravelling animal personalities: how and why individuals consistently differ. Behaviour, 142, 1155–1163.
Carere, C., Drent, P. J., Privitera, L., Koolhaas, J. M. & Groothuis, T. G. G. 2005. Personalities in great tits, Parus major: stability and consistency. Animal Behaviour, 70, 795–805.
File, S. E. 2001. Factors controlling measures of anxiety and responses to novelty in the mouse. Behavioural brain research, 125, 151–7.
Gosling, S. 2001. From mice to men: what can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological bulletin, 127, 45–86.
Gosling, S. D. & John, O. P. 1999. Personality Dimensions in Nonhuman Animals: A Cross-Species Review. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 69–75.
Herborn, K. a., Macleod, R., Miles, W. T. S., Schofield, A. N. B., Alexander, L. & Arnold, K. E. 2010. Personality in captivity reflects personality in the wild. Animal Behaviour, 79, 835–843.
Hughes, R. N. 1997. Intrinsic exploration in animals : motives and measurement. Behavioural processes, 41, 213–226.
Lessells, C. & Boag, P. 1987. Unrepeatable repeatabilities: a common mistake. The Auk, 104, 116–121.
Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. 2010. Repeatability for Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: a practical guide for biologists. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 85, 935–56.
Réale, D., Reader, S. M., Sol, D., McDougall, P. T. & Dingemanse, N. J. 2007. Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 82, 291–318.
Sih, A., Bell, A., Johnson, J. & Ziemba, R. 2004. Behavioral syndromes: An Integrative Overview. The Quarterly review of biology, 79, 241–277.