Geneze ruské propagandy jako vážné bezpečnostní hrozby 21. století z pohledu NATO a EU
Thesis title in Czech: | Geneze ruské propagandy jako vážné bezpečnostní hrozby 21. století z pohledu NATO a EU |
---|---|
Thesis title in English: | Genesis of Russian propaganda as a serious security threat of the 21st century from the perspective of NATO and EU |
Key words: | Ruská propaganda, dezinformace, manipulace, Kreml, ruská zahraniční politika, NATO, Evropská unie, bezpečnostní hrozba, informační válka, sekuritizace, kritické myšlení, vztahy Západ-Rusko |
English key words: | Russian Propaganda, disinformation, manipulation, the Kremlin, Russia's foreign policy, NATO, European Union, security threat, information warfare, securitization, critical thinking, West-Russia relation |
Academic year of topic announcement: | 2015/2016 |
Thesis type: | diploma thesis |
Thesis language: | čeština |
Department: | Department of Security Studies (23-KBS) |
Supervisor: | Mgr. et Mgr. Tomáš Kučera, Ph.D. |
Author: | hidden![]() |
Date of registration: | 15.06.2016 |
Date of assignment: | 15.06.2016 |
Date and time of defence: | 12.09.2019 00:00 |
Date of electronic submission: | 31.07.2019 |
Date of proceeded defence: | 12.09.2019 |
Opponents: | doc. PhDr. Vít Střítecký, M.Phil., Ph.D. |
URKUND check: | ![]() |
References |
Abrams, Steve: Beyond Propaganda: Soviet Active Measures in Putin's Russia. Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter 2016), pp. 5-31
Aro, Jessikka: The Cyberspace War: Propaganda and Trolling as Warfare Tools. Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies, Volume: 15 issue: 1, page(s): 121-132, June 1, 2016, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1007/s12290-016-0395-5, 17. 5. 2019 Balzacq, Thierry: The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context. European Journal of International Relations, 11 (June 2005), pp. 171-201 BBC News: Propaganda wars in Kosovo and Chechnya. 5 January, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/591916.stm, 28. 7. 2019 Berg, Eiki and Ehin, Piret (Ed.): Identity and Foreign Policy: Baltic-Russian Relations and European Integration. Routledge 2009 Bayat, Nihat: A study on the use of speech acts. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 ( 2013 ), str. 213 – 221 Buzan, Barry: People, States and Fear. An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. Longman (Second Edition) 1991 Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole & Wilde, Jawo de: Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc 1998 Cirimpei, LTC Sergiu: Moldova versus Russian Hybrid Threat: A Question of NationalWill. Hellenic Army Academy, Athens, Greec, 10-06-2016, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1019918.pdf, 30. 6. 2019 Committee on Foreign Relations: THE DEBATE ON NATO ENLARGEMENT. HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTH CONGRESS. U.S. Government, October 7, 1997, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-105shrg46832/html/CHRG-105shrg46832.htm, 2. 7. 2019 Cull, Nicholas J., Culbert, David H. and Welch, David: Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. ABC-CLIO 2003 Emmers, Ralf: Securitization. Contemporary Security Studies, Alan Collins (Ed.), Oxford University Press 2007, pp. 109-125 Ellul, Jacques: Propaganda The Formation Of Men's Attitudes. VINTAGE BOOKS A DIVISION OF RANDOM HOUSE, New York February 1973 EU: ACTION PLAN ON STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION. EaP CSF, Ref. Ares(2015)2608242 - 22/06/2015, http://archive.eap-csf.eu/assets/files/Action%20PLan.pdf, 28. 6. 2019 EU: Council Decision 2011/782/CFSP of 1 December 2011 concerning restrictive measures against Syria and repealing Decision 2011/273/CFSP. EUR-Lex, 1 December 2011, https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1564255823549&uri=CELEX:02011D0782-20120626, 3. 7 .2019 EU: COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 284/2014 of 21 March 2014, EUR-Lex, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32014R0284&qid=1564336940969&from=EN, 4. 7. 2019 EU: European Parliament calls on Russia to withdraw military forces from Ukraine. European Parliament, 13. 3. 2014, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20140312IPR38707/european-parliament-calls-on-russia-to-withdraw-military-forces-from-ukraine, 3. 7. 2019 European Parliament: European Parliament resolution of 13 December 2007 on combating the rise of extremism in Europe OJ C 323E. EUR-Lex, 18.12.2008, https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1564255823549&uri=CELEX:52007IP0623, 2. 7. 2019 European Parliament: European Parliament resolution of 13 June 2013 on the freedom of press and media in the world (2011/2081(INI)). EUR-Lex, 19.2.2016, https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1564255823549&uri=CELEX:52013IP0274, 3. 7. 2019 Giles, Keir: HANDBOOK OF RUSSIAN INFORMATION WARFARE. NATO Defense College “NDC Fellowship Monograph Series” Rome, November 2016 Guilday, Peter: The Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide (1622-1922). The Catholic Historical Review by Catholic University of America Press, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Jan., 1921), pp. 478-494 Jowett, Garth S. & O’Donnell, Victoria: Propaganda and Persuasion (5th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. 2012 Kalenský, Jakub: How the Kremlin Exploits a Crisis. Disinfo Portal, February 1, 2019, https://disinfoportal.org/how-the-kremlin-exploits-a-crisis/, 2. 7. 2019 Kris, Ernst: THE ‘DANGER’ OF PROPAGANDA. American Imago, vol. 2, no. 1, 1941, pp. 3–42 Kundrāte, Dace et al: RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA CONCERNING UKRAINE DURING THE SYRIAN CAMPAIGN: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO ASSESS INFORMATION ACTIVITIES. NATO StratCom COE Riga, November 2016 Lipschutz, Ronnie D. (Ed.): On Security. Columbia University Press 1995 Makhashvili, L.: The Russian Information War and Propaganda Narratives in the European Union and the EU’s Eastern Partnership Countries. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity May 2017, Vol. 7, No. 5, str. 309-313 NATO: Deputy Secretary General: Boosting NATO – EU cooperation has gained new urgency with Ukraine crisis. Panel remarks by NATO Deputy Secretary General Alexander Vershbow at the SDA Conference: Overhauling Transatlantic Security Thinking. 04 Jun. 2014, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_110840.htm?selectedLocale=en, 28. 6. 2019 NATO: Deputy Secretary General: NATO-EU cooperation is more important than ever. 05 Mar. 2015, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_117948.htm?selectedLocale=en, 22. 6. 2019 NATO: The challenges facing NATO Remarks by NATO Deputy Secretary General Alexander Vershbow at the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, London. 02 Sep. 2014, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_112388.htm?selectedLocale=en, 27. 6 .2019. NATO: Interview with James Greene, Head of the NATO Liaison Office (NLO) in Ukraine. 03 Aug. 2004, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_21161.htm?selectedLocale=en, 22. 6. 2019 Nelson, Richard A.: A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States. USA: Greenwood Press 1996 Panfilov, Oleg: Putin and the Press: The Revival of Soviet-style Propaganda. The Foreign Policy Centre in London, June 2005 Pomerantsev, Peter: Nic není pravda a všechno je možné: Surreálné srdce nového Ruska. Dokořán, s.r.o., Praha 2016 Pomerantsev, Peter & Weiss, Michael: The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money. A Special Report presented by The Interpreter, a project of the Institute of Modern Russia. The Institute of Modern Russia, Inc. NY 2014, http://www.interpretermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/The_Menace_of_Unreality_Final.pdf, 29. 5. 2019 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh: America, Europe and the Pacific. Speech by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen at the Marines’ Memorial Club Hotel in San Francisco. NATO, 09 Jul. 2014, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_111659.htm?selectedLocale=en, 22. 6. 2019 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh: A Strong Transatlantic Bond for an Unpredictable World Speech by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen at the Atlantic Council of the United States in Washington. NATO, 07 Jul. 2014, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_111614.htm?selectedLocale=en, 22. 6. 2019 Řehka, Karel: Informační válka, Academia, Praha 2017 Skaskiw, Roman: Nine Lessons of Russian Propaganda. Small Wars Journal, 01/2017, https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/nine-lessons-of-russian-propaganda, 27. 5. 2018 Smoleňová, Ivana: THE PRO-RUSSIAN DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGN IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA. Prague Security Studies Institute (PSSI) JUNE 2015 Scheffer, Jaap de Hoop: Speech by NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer at the Royal United Service Institute (RUSI). NATO 18 Sep. 2008, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_46726.htm?selectedLocale=en, 22. 6. 2019 Stoltenberg, Jens: Address by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at GLOBSEC public event in Košice, Slovakia. NATO, 28 Feb. 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_164133.htm?selectedLocale=en, 22. 6. 2019 Stoltenberg, Jens: Keynote speech by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the opening of the NATO Transformation Seminar. NATO, 25 Mar. 2015, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_118435.htm?selectedLocale=en, 22. 6. 2019 Stoltenberg, Jens: Press conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meetings of NATO Defence Ministers. NATO, 13 Feb. 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_163394.htm, 29. 6. 2019 Sun Tzu: The Art of War. Oxford University Press, London ; New York 1971 Taylor, Philip M.: Munitions of the Mind: A History of Propaganda. Third Edition. Manchester University Press 2003 Thomas, Timothy: Russia’s 21st century information war: Working to undermine and destabilize populations. Defence Strategic Communication (The official journal of the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence), Volume 1, Number 1, Winter 2015, pp. 10-25 Thomson, Oliver: Mass persuasion in history: An historical analysis of the development of propaganda techniques. Edinburgh 1977 Vershbow, Alexander: A new strategic reality in Europe. Speech by NATO Deputy Secretary General Ambassador Alexander Vershbow to the 21st International Conference on Euro-Atlantic Security, Krakow, Poland. NATO, 04 Apr. 2014, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_108889.htm?selectedLocale=en, 22. 6. 2019 Vlăduţescu, Ştefan: Communicational types of propaganda. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Science, Vol. 33, SciPress Ltd. Switzerland 2014, pp. 41-49 WAISOVÁ, Šárka: Od národní bezpečnosti k mezinárodní bezpečnosti: Kodaňská škola na křižovatce strukturálního realismu, anglické školy a sociálního konstruktivismu. Mezinárodní vztahy 2004, roč. 39, čís. 3, str. 66-86 Williams, Michael C.: Modernity, identity and security: a comment on the „Copenhagen controversy“. Review of International Studies, No. 24 (1998), pp. 435–439 Wither, James K.: Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare. Connections QJ, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Spring 2016), pp. 73-87 |
Preliminary scope of work |
Diplomová práce „Geneze ruské propagandy jako vážné bezpečnostní hrozby 21. století z pohledu NATO a EU“ zkoumá fenomén současné ruské propagandy. Rusko propagandu běžně používá jako nástroj prosazování svých zájmů. Jeho současná propaganda je velmi důmyslná, agresivní a masivní. Především díky internetu a sociálním sítím se ruským on-line aktérům daří v krátkém časovém horizontu vyvolat informační chaos, ve kterém je obtížné se správně orientovat. Mezi aspekty dnešní ruské propagandy patří protiamerické a protievropské zaměření, napadání západních demokratických hodnot a kombinování pravdy se lží. Propaganda tak funguje jako účinná zbraň v informační válce, kterou Kreml iniciuje. Západ si alarmující charakter tohoto jevu uvědomuje a snaží se něj reagovat. Tato diplomová práce mapuje vývoj percepce současné ruské propagandy západními bezpečnostními organizacemi NATO a EU. Zároveň hledá moment, kdy ji tyto instituce začaly vnímat jako vážnou bezpečnostní hrozbu. Výzkum zahrnuje období od vzniku Ruské federace po současnost, a to na pozadí proměn vztahů Západ-Rusko. Umět propagandu a falešné zprávy odhalovat je v dnešním věku globální propagandy nezbytností. Upřesnění vývoje vnímání bezpečnostní problematiky tohoto druhu je příspěvkem k podpoře kritického myšlení, které je v boji s ruskou propagandou nenahraditelné. |
Preliminary scope of work in English |
The thesis entitled “Genesis of Russian propaganda as a serious security threat of the 21st century from the perspective of NATO and EU“ examines the phenomenon of contemporary Russian propaganda. Russia commonly uses propaganda as a tool of promoting its interests. Russian propaganda is very sophisticated, aggressive, and massive. Mainly due to the effective use of the internet and social networks, Russian online actors are able, in a short space of time, to successfully generate an information chaos, which is difficult to navigate in. Contemporary Russian propaganda has several key aspects, namely the anti-American and anti-European orientation, attacks on Western democratic values, and the mixing of truth with fiction. Thus, propaganda becomes an effective weapon in the information war that the Kremlin has initiated. The West is aware of these alarming issues and tries to respond. The thesis analyzes the development of the perception of the Kremlin propaganda by the Western international security organizations NATO and EU. At the same time, it attempts to identify the moment when Russian propaganda began to be perceived as a serious security threat. The research comprises the period between the formation of the Russian Federation and today, against the backdrop of changes in the relations between Russia and the West. The need to distinguish propaganda and false reports is a must in this age of global propaganda. Specifying the development of perception of such a security issue is a contribution to supporting critical thinking, which is irreplaceable in the fight against Russian propaganda. |