Témata prací (Výběr práce)Témata prací (Výběr práce)(verze: 384)
Detail práce
   Přihlásit přes CAS
Snahy o federální reformu americké policie během vlády Baracka Obamy a Donalda Trumpa
Název práce v češtině: Snahy o federální reformu americké policie během vlády Baracka Obamy a Donalda Trumpa
Název v anglickém jazyce: Federal Police Reform Efforts During the Barack Obama and Donald Trump Administrations
Klíčová slova: USA, policie, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, policejní reforma
Klíčová slova anglicky: USA, law enforcement, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, police reform
Akademický rok vypsání: 2019/2020
Typ práce: bakalářská práce
Jazyk práce: čeština
Ústav: Katedra severoamerických studií (23-KAS)
Vedoucí / školitel: Mgr. Viktorie Mertová
Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
Datum přihlášení: 05.07.2020
Datum zadání: 05.07.2020
Datum a čas obhajoby: 12.09.2022 00:00
Místo konání obhajoby: Pekařská 16
Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby:03.08.2022
Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 12.09.2022
Oponenti: Mgr. Jana Sehnálková, Ph.D.
 
 
 
Kontrola URKUND:
Seznam odborné literatury
President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, „Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing,“ (Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015).
Guiding Principles on Use of Force (Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 2016).
Executive Order 13684 - Establishment of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2014).
Executive Order 13688 - Federal Support for Local Law Enforcement Equipment Acquisition (2015).
Executive Order 13809 - Restoring State, Tribal, and Local Law Enforcement's Access to Life-Saving Equipment and Resources (2017).
Executive Order 13929 - Safe Policing for Safe Communities (2020).
Ministerstvo spravedlnosti USA, „President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Recommendations: From Print to Action.”
Poradní výbor pro Minnesotu, „Civil Rights and Policing Practices in Minnesota,“ (Minnesota, 2018).
Executive Order 13688 – Federal Support for Local Law Enforcement Equipment Acquisition, (2017).
Executive Order on Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices to Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety, (2022).
George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021, (2021).
Law Enforcement Equipment Working Group, „Recommendations Pursuant to Executive Order 13688“, (2015).
Trump, Donald. „Memorandum on Reviewing Funding to State and Local Government Recipients That Are Permitting Anarchy, Violence, and Destruction in American Cities,“ (2020).
COPS, „President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing: One-Year Progress Report“ (Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016).
Soudní výbor Sněmovny reprezentantů USA. “Broad, Growing Support for the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act.” Použito 17. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://judiciary.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3102.
“Americans' Trust in Scientists, Other Groups Declines.” Pew Research Center. Dostupné z: https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/02/15/americans-trust-in-scientists-other-groups-declines/.
“Americans’ Trust in Law Enforcement.” IPSOS.com. Dostupné z: https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/americans-trust-law-enforcement-desire-protect-law-and-order-rise.
“Overview of Police Use of Force.” National Institute of Justice. Dostupné z: https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/overview-police-use-force.
“Police Departments, Funding, Stats & Data.” USAFacts. Dostupné z: https://usafacts.org/articles/police-departments-explained/.
“Police Violence in the United States.” Bellingcat and Forensic Architecture. Dostupné z: https://blmprotests.forensic-architecture.org/.
“Protestors' Anger Justified Even If Actions May Not Be.” Monmouth University Polling Institute. Dostupné z: https://www.monmouth.edu/polling-institute/reports/monmouthpoll_US_060220/.
“Research on Body-Worn Cameras and Law Enforcement.” National Institute of Justice. Dostupné z: https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/research-body-worn-cameras-and-law-enforcement.
„Survey Of Officers On The Use And Care Of Body Armor,“ National Institute of Justice. Dostupné z: https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/survey-officers-use-and-care-body-armor.
Americans' Trust Declines.” Pew Research Center. Dostupné z: https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/02/15/americans-trust-in-scientists-other-groups-declines/.
Delehanty, Casey, Jack Mewhirter, Ryan Welch, and Jason Wilks. “Militarization and Police Violence: The Case of the 1033 Program.” Research & Politics 4, čís. 2 (2017): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017712885
Edward Diener a Mark Wallbom. „Effects of self-awareness on antinormative behavior.“ Journal of Research in Personality čís. 10, 1976. 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(76)90088-x
Engel, Robin S., Nicholas Corsaro, Gabrielle T. Isaza, and Hannah D. McManus. “Assessing the Impact of De‐Escalation Training on Police Behavior: Reducing Police Use of Force in the Louisville, KY Metro Police Department.” Criminology & Public Policy 21, no. 2 (2022): 199–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12574.
Fine, Adam D., Kathleen E Padilla, and Julie Tapp. “Can Working Collaboratively with Police on Community Service Promote Positive Youth Development?” Police Practice and Research 22, čís. 7 (2021): 1739–1759. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2021.1959331
Forscher, Patrick S., Calvin K. Lai, Jordan R. Axt, Charles R. Ebersole, Michelle Herman, Patricia G. Devine, and Brian A. Nosek. “A Meta-Analysis of Procedures to Change Implicit Measures.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 117, čís. 3 (2019): 522–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000160. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000160
Hemenway, David, John Berrigan, Deborah Azraelová, Catherine Barberová, Matthew Miller. “Fatal Police Shootings of Civilians, by Rurality.” Preventive Medicine. Academic Press, Dostupné z: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743520300700?via%3Dihub.
Kraska, Peter B. “Militarization and Policing--Its Relevance to 21st Century Police.” Policing 1, čís. 4 (2007): 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pam065
Mollenkamp, Daniel Thomas. “What Does the Data Say about American Police Spending?” Investopedia, Dostupné z: https://www.investopedia.com/how-are-police-departments-funded-5115578.
Oberwittler, Dietrich, and Roché Sebastian, „Police-Citizen Relations across the World: Comparing Sources and Contexts of Trust and Legitimacy,“ (Londýn: Taylor and Francis, 2017).
Paull, John. “The Use of Lethal Force by Police in USA: Mortality Metrics of Race and Disintegration (2015-2019).” Journal of Social and Development Sciences 10, čís. 4 (2020): 30-35. https://doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i4(s).3045.
Peyton, Kyle, Michael Sierra-Arévalo, and David G. Rand. “A Field Experiment on Community Policing and Police Legitimacy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, čís. 40 (2019): 19894–19898. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910157116.
Police Executive Research Forum. “Cost and Benefits of Body-Worn Camera Deployments,” (2018).
Radil, Steven M., Raymond J. Dezzani, and Lanny D. McAden. “Geographies of U.S. Police Militarization and the Role of the 1033 Program.” The Professional Geographer 69, čís. 2 (2016): 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2016.1212666
Rich Williams, "Body-Worn Camera Laws Database". Národní konference státních zákonodárných sborů. Dostupné z: https://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/body-worn-cameras-interactive-graphic.aspx
Robinsonová, Laurie O. “Five Years after Ferguson: Reflecting on Police Reform and What’s Ahead,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 687, čís. 1 (2020): 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716219887372.
Stafford, Michelle “Influence of Police Officer Fear and Use-of-Force Outcomes“, (disertační práce, Walden University, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2019)
Statista Research Department. “Population by Race in the U.S. 2020.” Statista, červenec 2021.
Stephens, Darrell W. “Officer Involved Shootings: Executive Summary of Incident Characteristics.” Národní policejní institut. Dostupné z: https://www.policinginstitute.org/publication/officer-involved-shootings-incident-executive-summary/.
Stephens, Darrell W. “Officer Involved Shootings: Executive Summary of Incident Characteristics.” Dostupné z: https://www.policinginstitute.org/publication/officer-involved-shootings-incident-executive-summary/.
Walker, Samuel. “Not dead yet”: The national police crisis: A new conversation about policing, and the prospects for accountability-related police reform.“ University of Illinois Law Review čís. 5 (2018): 1777-1840, https://illinoislawrev.web.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Walker.pdf
Zimring, Franklin E. “Police Killings as a Problem of Governance.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 687, čís. 1 (2020): 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716219888627
“Broad, Growing Support for the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act.” Soudní výbor Sněmovny reprezentantů USA. Použito 17. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://judiciary.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3102.
“Dallas Shooting: Why Police Reform Is a Work in Progress.” Time. Použito 1. března 2021. Dostupné z: https://time.com/4398392/obama-police-reform-report-task-force-on-21st-century-policing/
“'Don't Be Too Nice': Trump Seems to Back Rougher Policing in Immigration Speech.” The Guardian. Použito 15. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/28/donald-trump-police-long-island-speech.
“Experts Stress That More Training Won't Eradicate Police Violence.” NBC News. Použito 30. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/experts-stress-more-training-won-t-eradicate-police-violence-n1264092.
“Federal Militarization of Law Enforcement Must End: News & Commentary.” American Civil Liberties Union. Použito 1. srpna. Dostupné z: https://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/federal-militarization-of-law-enforcement-must-end.
“How Effective Are Police Training Reforms? ‘We're Totally Fooling Ourselves," Expert Says.” CBS News. Použito 30. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/police-reform-training-george-floyd-death-effectiveness/.
“How to Establish Community Trust.” Police1. Použito 24. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.police1.com/community-policing/articles/how-to-establish-community-trust-1BZFZlmyujjaIP0v/.
“Hundreds of Ex-US Officials Urge Review of Barr's Role in Protest Crackdown.” The Guardian. Použito 19. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/10/william-barr-white-house-protest-crackdown.
“Launching the Police Data Initiative.” Správa národních archivů a záznamů. Použito 28. února 2021. Dostupné z: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/05/18/launching-police-data-initiative.
“National Use-of-Force Data Collection.” FBI, Použito 1. srpna 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ucr/use-of-force.
“New Technology in Law Enforcement.” PowerDMS. Použito 24. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.powerdms.com/policy-learning-center/new-technology-in-law-enforcement.
“Obama on Racial Issues during His Presidency through Lens of His New Memoir.” NPR.org. Použito 26. února 2021. Dostupné z: https://www.npr.org/2020/11/16/935475339/obama-on-racial-issues-during-his-presidency-through-lens-of-his-new-memoir.
“Opinion: We Must End 'Qualified Immunity' for Police.” The Guardian. Použito 16. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/apr/20/george-floyd-derek-chauvin-killer-mike-police.
“Overview and Reflections: The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.” Crime Bill. Použito 30. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://counciloncj.foleon.com/reports/crime-bill/overview-and-reflections/.
“Qualified Immunity.” Legal Information Institute. Použito 16. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/qualified_immunity.
“States Passed 243 Policing Bills - and Left Activists Wanting.” Politico. Použito 31. července. Dostupné z: https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/26/states-policing-bills-490850.
“Sweeping George Floyd Police Reform Bill Stalls as Talks Collapse.” The Guardian. Použito 17. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/22/us-police-reform-bill-congress-bipartisan-talks.
“The History of Policing in the United States.” EKU Online. Použito 23. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/police-studies/the-history-of-policing-in-the-united-states-part-1/.
“Trump Signs Executive Order Incentivizing Police Reforms.” Politico. Použito 12. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/16/trump-signs-police-reform-executive-order-322524.
“U.S. House Passes 'George Floyd' Police Reform Bill.” Reuters. Použito 17. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-passes-george-floyd-police-reform-bill-senate-prospects-unclear-2021-03-04/.
“US House Passes Most Ambitious Police Reform Effort in Decades.” The Guardian. Použito 16. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/mar/03/george-floyd-justice-in-policing-act-us-house-democrats.
“Warriors vs. Guardians: A Seismic Shift in Policing or Just Semantics?” Police1. Použito 30. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.police1.com/21st-century-policing-task-force/articles/warriors-vs-guardians-a-seismic-shift-in-policing-or-just-semantics-EXBkY2pEWCHi6Mni/.
“What Role Might the Federal Government Play in Law Enforcement Reform?” United States Congress. Použito 24. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10572.
“What the Federal Government Can Do to Help Fix Policing in America.” Brennan Center for Justice. Použito 24. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/what-federal-government-can-do-help-fix-policing-america.
„Federal Militarization of Law Enforcement Must End“ Použito 1. srpna. Dostupné z: https://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/federal-militarization-of-law-enforcement-must-end
„With a New Safe Policing Executive Order, What Is the Role of the Police?” Homeless Voice. Použito 15. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://homelessvoice.org/with-a-new-safe-policing-executive-order-what-is-the-role-of-the-police/.
Allen, Jonathan, and Trevor Hunnicutt. “U.S. Protesters Call to 'Defund the Police.'” Reuters. Použito 17. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-minneapolis-police-defunding-explaine-idUSKBN23C2I9.
Bergengruen, Vera. “Inside the Long Effort to Create a Use-of-Force Database.” Time. Použito 1. sprna. Dostupné z: https://time.com/5861953/police-reform-use-of-force-database/.
Black Lives Matter. “Herstory.” Použito 26. února 2021. Dostupné z: https://blacklivesmatter.com/herstory.
Carrega, Christina. “FBI May Have to Shut down Federal Use-of-Force Database Due to Low Participation from Law Enforcement.” CNN. Použito 1. sprna. Dostupné z: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/09/politics/police-use-of-force-database/index.html.
Collins, Sean. “The House Has Passed the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act.” Vox. Použito 19. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.vox.com/2021/3/3/22295856/george-floyd-justice-in-policing-act-2021-passed-house.
Corley, Cheryl. “President Johnson's Crime Commission Report, 50 Years Later.” NPR. Použito 30. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.npr.org/2017/10/06/542487124/president-johnson-s-crime-commission-report-50-years-later.
Frank Luntz, příspěvek na Twitteru, 8. června 2020, 16:29. https://twitter.com/frankluntz/status/1270015144337141760?lang=en-GB
Hernandez, Sergio. “As Demand for Police Reform Grows, Military Equipment Program Faces New Scrutiny.” CNN. 17. červen 2017. Použito 15. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/17/politics/protests-police-reform-military-supplies-invs/index.html.
Hudson, David. “Building Trust Between Communities and Local Police.” Whitehouse.gov. Použito 17. dubna 2021. Dostupné z: http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/12/01/building-trust-between-communities-and-local-police.
Kanu, Hassan. “Major Police Reform Remains Elusive under Biden's Executive Order.” Reuters. Použito 22. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/major-police-reform-remains-elusive-under-bidens-executive-order-2022-06-08/.
Kanu, Hassan. “Who Funds Your Local Sheriff? Report Raises New Campaign Finance Questions.” Reuters. Použito 23. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/who-funds-your-local-sheriff-report-raises-new-campaign-finance-questions-2022-02-02/.
Kim Barker, Mike Baker, a Ali Watkins. “In City after City, Police Mishandled Black Lives Matter Protests.” The New York Times. Použito 19. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/20/us/protests-policing-george-floyd.html.
Lartey, Jamiles. “Biden Struck out on Police Reform. Is Trump's Remaining Policy Enough?” The Marshall Project. Použito 20. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.themarshallproject.org/2022/03/30/biden-struck-out-on-police-reform-is-trump-s-remaining-policy-enough.
Lepore, Jill. “The Invention of the Police.” The New Yorker. Použito 30. července 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/07/20/the-invention-of-the-police.
NAMI. Dopis určený Donaldu Trumpovi. “An Open Letter In Response To The President's Executive Order On Safe Policing For Safe Communities,” 17. července 2020. Použito 15. června 2022.
Pérez-peña, Richard, and Sheryl Gay Stolberg. “Police Unions Hail Trump's Easing of Scrutiny. Local Officials Worry.” The New York Times. Použito 1. srpna 2020. Dostupné z: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/us/trump-police-unions-obama-justice-department-doj.html.
Peters, Cameron. “Trump's Executive Order on Police Reform, Explained.” Vox. Použito 15. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.vox.com/2020/6/16/21292816/trump-police-reform-executive-order-explained.
Purnellová, Derecka. “Opinion: The George Floyd Act Wouldn't Have Saved George Floyd's Life.” The Guardian. Použito 19. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/04/the-george-floyd-act-wouldnt-have-saved-george-floyds-life-thats-says-it-all.
Qiuvá, Linda. “Trump Falsely Claims Obama 'Never Even Tried' to Address Police Misconduct.” The New York Times. Použito 19. dubna 2021. Dostupné z: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/us/politics/trump-obama-police-misconduct-fact-check.html.
Rebecca, K. K. “Here Are the 100 U.S. Cities Where Protesters Were Tear-Gassed.” The New York Times. Použito 21. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/16/us/george-floyd-protests-police-tear-gas.html.
Santhanam, Laura. “Two-Thirds of Black Americans Don't Trust the Police to Treat Them Equally. Most White Americans Do.” PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/two-thirds-of-black-americans-dont-trust-the-police-to-treat-them-equally-most-white-americans-do.
Tillett, Emily. “Sessions Announces End to Obama-Era Ban on Surplus Military Equipment for Police.” CBS News, 28. srpna 2017. Použito 8. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sessions-announces-end-to-obama-era-ban-on-surplus-military-equipment-for-police/.
Washington Post Editorial Staff „Opinion: Police Reform Is Not Enough.“ The Washington Post. Použito 20. června 2022. Dostupné z: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/interactive/2021/reimagine-safety/.

Předběžná náplň práce
Policejní práce je ve Spojených státech velmi kontroverzním tématem. Kritici tvrdí, že policisté pravidelně zneužívají své pravomoci a beztrestně tyranizují občany, zejména Afroameričany. Lidé opačného názoru se domnívají, že zprávy o policejní brutalitě jsou přehnané a že obvinění z rozšířeného rasismu v amerických policejních složkách jsou jednoduše neopodstatněná. Světu se po smrti neozbrojeného Afroameričana George Floyda v roce 2020 částečně ukázalo, jak reálná policejní brutalita v Americe opravdu je – a jak moc toto téma hýbe americkou společností. Během nepokojů byl prezident Donald Trump často srovnáván se svým předchůdcem Barackem Obamou, který čelil podobné situaci v roce 2014 a . v důsledku toho vydal několik rozsáhlých policejních reforem. Trump byl ve vypjaté situaci nakonec rovněž nucen přistoupit k policejní reformě. Ve stejnou dobu připravovali demokratičtí senátoři komplexnější a legislativně silnější návrh policejního zákona. Tato práce se zabývá těmito federálními pokusy o reformu americké policie. Jeho cílem je analyzovat všechny federální policejní reformy, k nimž došlo během funkčních období těchto dvou prezidentů. Sekundárním cílem této práce je prostřednictvím této analýzy vyobrazit rozdíly v přístupech obou prezidentů.
Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce
Policing is a highly controversial topic in the United States, with critics claiming that police officer regularly abuse their power and mistreat citizens, especially African Americans, with impunity. People of the opposite opinion believe that reports of police brutality are exaggerated and that accusations of widespread racism in the American police force are simply unfounded. The death of an unarmed African American man George Floyd in 2020 has partially revealed to the world how real police brutality in America really is – as well as how much this issue resonates in American society. During the riots, President Donald Trump was often compared to his predecessor Barack Obama, who faced a similar situation in 2014. and issued several comprehensive police reforms as a result. Trump was also forced to proceed with police reform in the tense situation. At the same time, Democratic lawmakers were drafting a more comprehensive and legislatively stronger police bill. This paper examines these federal attempts to reform American policing. Its goal is to analyze all of the federal police reforms that have occurred during the terms of these two presidents. The secondary aim of this thesis is to illustrate the differences in the approaches of the two presidents through this analysis.
 
Univerzita Karlova | Informační systém UK