Climate refugees in international law
| Název práce v češtině: | Klimatičtí uprchlíci v mezinárodním právu |
|---|---|
| Název v anglickém jazyce: | Climate refugees in international law |
| Klíčová slova: | Climate Refugees, 1951 Convention, OAU Convention, Cartagena Declaration, International Organizations, Refugee Regime |
| Klíčová slova anglicky: | Climate Refugees, 1951 Convention, OAU Convention, Cartagena Declaration, International Organizations, Refugee Regime |
| Akademický rok vypsání: | 2016/2017 |
| Typ práce: | diplomová práce |
| Jazyk práce: | angličtina |
| Ústav: | Katedra mezinárodních vztahů (23-KMV) |
| Vedoucí / školitel: | JUDr. Milan Lipovský, Ph.D. |
| Řešitel: | skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem |
| Datum přihlášení: | 29.06.2017 |
| Datum zadání: | 29.06.2017 |
| Datum a čas obhajoby: | 18.06.2019 00:00 |
| Místo konání obhajoby: | Jinonice |
| Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: | 08.05.2019 |
| Datum proběhlé obhajoby: | 18.06.2019 |
| Oponenti: | JUDr. Mgr. Miroslav Pulgret, Ph.D. |
| Kontrola URKUND: | |
| Seznam odborné literatury |
| Journals
Allain, Jean, 2001, The Jus Cogens Nature of Non-Refoulement, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol.13, pp. 533-558, ISSN 095-8I 86. Arboleda, Eduardo, 1991, Refugee Definition in Africa and Latin America: The Lessons of Pragmatism, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 185-207. Arboleda, Eduardo, 1995, The Cartagena Declaration of 1984 and Its Similarities to the 1969 OAU Convention - A Comparative Perspective, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 7, no. Special Issue, p. 87-101. Arboleda, Eduardo; Hoy, Ian. 1993, The Convention Refugee Definition in the West: Disharmony of Interpretation and Application, International Journal of Refugee Law vol. 5, no. 1, p. 66-90. Awuku, Emmanuel Opoku, 1995, Refugee Movements in Africa and the OAU Convention on Refugees, Journal of African Law, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 79-86. Boano, Camillo, Morris, Tim, Zetter, Roger, 2008, Environmentally Displaced People Understanding the Linkages between Environmental Change, Livelihoods and Forced Migration, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford. Chetail, Vincent, 2014, Are Refugee Rights Human Rights? An Unorthodox Questioning of the Relations between Refugee Law and Human Rights Law. In Human Rights and Immigration, edited by Ruth Rubio-Marín. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford Scholarship Online. Available at: doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701170.003.000 [Accessed 23 July 2018]. Edwards, Alice, 2006, Refugee Status Determination in Africa, African Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 204-233. Fagen, Weiss Patricia, 2013, Receiving Haitian Migrants in the Context of 2010 Earthquake, Georgetown University. Available at: http://www.environmentalmigration.iom.int/receiving-haitian-migrants-context-2010-earthquake [Accessed 13 July 2018]. Fitzpatrick, Joan, 1996, Revitalizing the 1951 Refugee Convention, Harvard Human Rights Journal 9, p. 229-254. Goodwin-Gill, Guy S., 1988, Non-Refoulement and the New Asylum Seekers, Immigration and Nationality Law Review,1988, pp. 385 – 408. Goodwin-Gill, Guy S., 2014, The International Law of Refugee Protection, In The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, Oxford Handbooks Online. Available at: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199652433.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199652433-e-021. Kälin, Walter, 2010, Conceptualising climate-induced displacement, in Mc Adams, Jane, Climate Change and Displacement. pp. 81 – 103. Available at: http://www.legalanthology.ch/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Kalin-Conceptualising-Climate-Induced-Displacement1.pdf. Kälin, Walter, Schrepfer, Nina, 2012, Protecting People Crossing Borders in the Context of Climate Change Normative Gaps and Possible Approaches, Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Keane, David, 2004, The Environmental Causes and Consequences of Migration: A Search of Meaning of Environmental Refugees, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 209-224. Kiribati Climate Change, About Kiribati. Available at: http://www.climate.gov.ki/about-kiribati/ [Accessed 18 March 2019]. Kiribati Climate Change, Future Climate. Available at: http://www.climate.gov.ki/future-climate/ [Accessed 18 March 2019]. Mandal, Ruma, 2005, Protection Mechanisms Outside of the 1951 Convention (‘Complementary Protection’), Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, Geneva: UNHCR Department of Internal Protection. UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. Available at: <http://www.unhcr.org/435df0aa2.pdf> [Accessed 07 July 2018]. Mc Adam, Jane, 2010, Climate Change Displacement and International Law, Side Event to the High Commissioner’s dialogue On Protection Challenges. Myers, Norman, Kent, Jennifer, 1995, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena, Climate Institute, Washington DC. Ni, Xing-Yin, 2015, A Nation Going under: Legal Protection for Climate Change Refugees, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 38, no. 2, p. 329-[i]. Nyanduga, Bahame Tom Mukirya., 2004, Refugee Protection under the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, German Yearbook of International Law, vol. 47, pp. 85-104. Oloka-Onyango, Joe., 1991, Human Rights, the OAU Convention and the Refugee Crisis in Africa: Forty Years after Geneva, n. 3, International Journal of Refugee Law, pp. 453 – 460. Rankin, Micah Bond, 2005, Extending the Limits or Narrowing the Scope - Deconstructing the OAU Refugee Definition Thirty Years On, South African Journal on Human Rights, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 406-435. Renaud, Fabrice G., Bogardi, Janos, Dun, Olivia, Warners, Koko, 2011, A Decision Framework for Environmentally Induced Migration, International Migration, vol. 49, p. 6-29, ISSN 0020-7985. Rwelamira, Medard R.K.,1983, Some Reflection on the OAU Convention on Refugees: Some Pending Issues, Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 16, p. 155-178. Suhrke, Astri, 1993, Pressure Point: Environmental Degradation, Migration and Conflict, occasional paper prepared for the workshop on “Environmental Change, Population Displacement, and Acute Conflict,” Peace and Conflict Studies Program, University of Toronto and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts. UN NEWS, 2014, François Crépeau in Feature: Should International Refugee Law Accommodate Climate Change?. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/07/472372 [Accessed 19 March 2019]. Weiss, Kenneth R., 21015, The Making of a Climate Refugee, Foreign Policy. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/28/the-making-of-a-climate-refugee-kiribati-tarawa-teitiota/ [Accessed 07 August 2018]. Weissbrodt, David, 2008, Refugees. In: The Human Rights of Non-citizens, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford Scholarship Online. Available at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547821.001.0001/acprof-9780199547821-chapter-7 [Accessed 20 July 2018]. Books Hathaway, James C., 1991, The Law of Refugee Status, Toronto: Butterworths. Hathaway, James C., 2005, The Rights of Refugees under International Law, Cambridge University Press. Krasner, Stephen D., 1983, Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. In International Regimes, edited by S. D. Krasner. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. McAdam, Jane, 2014, Climate Change, Force Migration, and International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shaw, Malcom, N., 2008, International Law, 6th edition, Cambridge University Press. Stein, Arthur A., 2008, Neoliberal Institutionalism, The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rittberger, Volker, Bernard Zangl, 2012, International Organization: Polity, Politics and Policies, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Rittberger, Volker, Zangl, Bernhard, Kruck, Andreas, 2012, International Organization: Polity, Politics and Policies, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition. Treaties and Declarations African Union, 23 October 2009, African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), entered into force on 6 December 2012. Central America, Mexico and Panama, adopted by the Colloquium on the International Protection of Refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama, held at Cartagena, Colombia from 19-22 November 1984. Constitution of the International Refugee Organization,1946, entered into force 20 August 1948, 18 U.N.T.S p.3, Annex I, Part I, Section A. Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, UN Doc E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, 11 February 1998. International Symposium, 1996, Environmentally-Induced Population Displacement and Environmental Impacts Resulting from Mass Migrations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Organization for Migration & Refugee Policy Group. League of Nations, 12 May 1926, Arrangement Relating to the Issue of Identity Certificates to Russian and Armenian Refugees, League of Nations, Treaty Series Vol. LXXXIX, No. 2004. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3dd8b5802.html [Accessed 21 March 2018]. Ministerial Meeting of States Parties, 2001, Declaration of States Parties to the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugee. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/419c74d64.pdf [Accessed 25 July 2018]. Organization of African Unity (OAU), 25 May 1963, Charter of the Organization of African Unity. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36024.html [Accessed 17 July 2018]. Organization of African Unity (OAU), 10 September 1969, Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (“OAU Convention”), 1001 U.N.T.S. 45. Regional Refugee Instruments & Related, Mexico Declaration and Plan of Action to Strengthen International Protection of Refugees in Latin America, 16 November 2004. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/424bf6914.html [Accessed 12 July 2018]. Regional Refugee Instruments & Related, Brazil Declaration and Plan of Action, 3 December 2014. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5487065b4.html [Accessed 13 July 2018]. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2187 U.N.T.S p.3, entered into force on 1 July 2002. United Nations, 2011, The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/about-us/background/4ec262df9/1951-convention-relating-status-refugees-its-1967-protocol.html [Accessed 06 March 2018]. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, entered into force 21 March 1994, Article I (2). UN General Assembly, 14 December 1950, Draft Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, A/RES/429. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f08a27.html [Accessed 13 March 2018]. UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171. UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, p. 3. UN General Assembly, Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, 16 December 1966, A/RES/2198. UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III). Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html [Accessed 21 November 2018]. Treaty on International Penal Law, 1889, Adopted by the First South American Congress on Private International Law in Montevideo on 23 January 1889. Reports and Resolutions Annual Report of Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of 1981-82, OEA/Ser.L/V/11.57 Doc. 6, Rev. 1, 20 Sept 1982. El-Hinnawi, Essam, 1985, Environmental Refugees, Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. Environmental Migration Portal, Environmental Migration. Available at: http://www.environmentalmigration.iom.int/environmental-migration, [Accessed 27 July 2018]. General Assembly of the United Nations. Resolution 3314, 1974. A/RES/29/3314. Available at: http://www.un-documents.net/a29r3314.htm. Human Rights Watch, 2003, The Iraqi Government Assault on the Marsh Arabs, A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/mena/marsharabs1.pdf, [Accessed 14 August 2018]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Available at: http://www.un-documents.net/ipcc-ar4/syr.pdf. [Accessed 29 March 2019]. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2017, Global Report on Internal Displacement. Available at http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2017/. [Accessed 22 March 2018]. International Organization for Migration, 2004, Glossary on Migration, International Organization for Migration, ISSN 1813-2278. Myers, Norman, 2005, Environmental Refugees: An Emergent Security Issue, Section III- Environment and Migration, 13th Economic Forum. UK Asylum Policy Instructions, Considering the Protection (Asylum) Claim and Assessing Credibility (2015) 6.11 - 6.15. United Nations Development Programme, 2017, Government of Tuvalu Launches New Coastal Protection Project to bolster Resilience to Climate Change. Available at: https://www.adaptation-undp.org/government-tuvalu-launches-new-coastal-protection-project-bolster-resilience-climate-change [Accessed 25 March 2019]. United Nations High Commission for Refugees, 2011, Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 2011 HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV.3. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/3d58e13b4.pdf [Accessed 13 March 2018]. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Tuvalu. Available at: https://www.unocha.org/office-pacific-islands/tuvalu [Accessed 25 March 2019]. Case Law and Domestic Legislation Immigration Act 2009, New Zealand Legislation. Available at http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2009/0051/latest/DLM1440799.html [Accessed 27 March 2019]. Immigration and Protection Tribunal of New Zealand, New Zealand v. AF(Kiribati), 2013, [2013] NZIPT 800413. Immigration and Protection Tribunal New Zealand, 2014, New Zealand v. AC (Tuvalu), [2014] NZIPT 800517-520. Immigration and Protection Tribunal New Zealand, AD (Tuvalu) [2014] NZIPT 501370-371. In the High Court of New Zealand Auckland Registry, 2013 Ioane Teitiota v. The Chief Executive of the Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment, [2013] NZHC 3125. K. v. Refugee Status Appeals Authority [2005] NZAR 441 (2004). Refugee Review Tribunal of Australia 0907346 [2009] RRTA 1168 (10 December 2009). Available at: http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/RRTA/2009/1168.html. Supreme Court of New Zealand, Ioane Teitiota v. The Chief Executive of the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, SC 7/2015, [2015] NZS |
| Předběžná náplň práce |
| Displacements caused by climate-related events have been on the rise throughout the last decades. The effects of climate change in displacement of people is still a field in construction. The people displaced due to the environment were first denominated as “climate refugees” or “environmental refugees”. This thesis aims to examine the protection of the so-called “climate refugee” under international law. The main issue of the thesis relies on the fact that there is no general agreement on the refugee status of the “climate refugees”. The refugee regime has the 1951 Convention as its cornerstone, and as such, the analysis of the Convention is crucial to comprehend who can be a refugee. The 1951 Convention is not the only legal instrument in the refugee regime. There are other legal documents capable of guaranteeing protection for refugees. This thesis discusses two other relevant legal instruments dealing with refugee protection: the OAU Convention and the Cartagena Declaration. It analyzes the refugee definitions and the main features of these specific documents. The three documents will be used to establish what sort of protection the “climate refugees” are entitled to under international law. The thesis will use two judicial decisions to evaluate the hypothesis of “climate refugee” being considered as a refugee in these legal documents. It concludes that there is a gap in the legal protection of people displaced by environmental causes. This legal void might change with the influence of international institutions which can enhance the adaptation of the refugee regime to the new demands of society.
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| Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce |
| Displacements caused by climate-related events have been on the rise throughout the last decades. The effects of climate change in displacement of people is still a field in construction. The people displaced due to the environment were first denominated as “climate refugees” or “environmental refugees”. This thesis aims to examine the protection of the so-called “climate refugee” under international law. The main issue of the thesis relies on the fact that there is no general agreement on the refugee status of the “climate refugees”. The refugee regime has the 1951 Convention as its cornerstone, and as such, the analysis of the Convention is crucial to comprehend who can be a refugee. The 1951 Convention is not the only legal instrument in the refugee regime. There are other legal documents capable of guaranteeing protection for refugees. This thesis discusses two other relevant legal instruments dealing with refugee protection: the OAU Convention and the Cartagena Declaration. It analyzes the refugee definitions and the main features of these specific documents. The three documents will be used to establish what sort of protection the “climate refugees” are entitled to under international law. The thesis will use two judicial decisions to evaluate the hypothesis of “climate refugee” being considered as a refugee in these legal documents. It concludes that there is a gap in the legal protection of people displaced by environmental causes. This legal void might change with the influence of international institutions which can enhance the adaptation of the refugee regime to the new demands of society.
|