Jazyková politika v USA: debata o úředním jazyku

• Název práce v češtině: Jazyková politika v USA: debata o úředním jazyku
• Název v anglickém jazyce: Language Policy in the U.S.: Debating Official Language
• Klíčová slova: USA, jazyková politika, English Only, úřední jazyk, angličtina
• Klíčová slova anglicky: U.S., language policy, English Only, official language, English
• Akademický rok vypsání: 2014/2015
• Typ práce: diplomová práce
• Jazyk práce: čeština
• Ústav: Katedra severoamerických studií (23-KAS)
• Vedoucí / školitel: Mgr. Jana Sehnálková, Ph.D.
• Řešitel: skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem
• Datum přihlášení: 02.02.2015
• Datum zadání: 02.02.2015
• Datum a čas obhajoby: 21.06.2016 00:00
• Místo konání obhajoby: IMS FSV Jinonice
• Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: 18.05.2016
• Datum proběhlé obhajoby: 21.06.2016
• Oponenti: PhDr. Jaroslav Zukerstein

Seznam odborné literatury

Odborná neperiodická literatura
Crawford, James, At War With Diversity: U. S. Language Policy in an Age of Anxiety (Clevedon [England]; Buffalo [N.Y.]: Multilingual Matters, 2000).
Hnízdo, Bořivoj, Role angličtiny v globalizujícím se světě (Praha: Metropolitní univerzita Praha, 2012).
Hornberger, Nancy H., „Frameworks and Models in Language Policy and Planning“ in Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, ed. Thomas Ricento (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 24–41.
Huntington, Samuel P., Kam kráčíš, Ameriko? Krize americké identity (Praha: Rybka, 2005).
Kymlicka, Will, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Potowski, Kim a Maria Carreira, „Spanish in the USA“ in Language Diversity in the USA, ed. Kim Potowski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 66–80.
Ricento, Thomas, „Language Policy: Theory and Practice - An Introduction“ in Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, ed. Thomas Ricento (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 10–23.
Ricento, Thomas, „Theoretical Perspectives in Language Policy: An Overview“ in Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, ed. Thomas Ricento (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 3–9.
Schmid, Carol L., „The Politics of English Only in the United States: Historical, Social and Legal Aspects“ in Language Ideologies: Critical Perspectives of the Official English Movement, ed. Roseann Dueñas Gonzáles a Ildikó Melis (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000), 62–86.
Schmidt, Sr., Ronald, Language Policy and Identity Politics in the United States (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000).
Schmidt, Sr., Ronald. „Language Policy and Political Theory“ in Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, ed. Thomas Ricento (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 96–110.
Tindall, George B. a David E. Shi, Dějiny USA (Praha: Lidové noviny, 1996).
Wiley, Terrence G., „Language Policy in the USA“ in Language Diversity in the USA, ed. Kim Potowski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 255–271.

Odborná periodická literatura
Allen Gershon, Sarah a Adrian D. Pantoja, „Patriotism and language Loyalties: Comparing Latino and Anglo Attitudes toward English-Only Legislation“, Ethnic and Racial Studies 34, č. 9 (2011): 1522–1542.
Barnwell, David, „The Status of Spanish in the United States“, Language, Culture and Curriculum 21, č. 3 (2008): 235–243.
Borden, Rebecca S., „The English Only Movement: Revisiting Cultural Hegemony“, Multicultural Perspectives 16, č. 4 (2014): 229–233.
Cargile, Ivy A. M., Jennifer L. Merolla a Adrian D Pantoja, „Assessing the Hispanic Threat Hypothesis: A Comparison of Anglo and Hispanic Attitudes Toward Democracy“ in Conference Papers - Western Political Science Association (Seattle, 2012), 1–31.
Citrin, Jack et al., „The ‚Official English´ Movement and the Symbolic Politics of Language in the United States“, The Western Political Quarterly 43, č. 3 (1990): 535–559.
Faingold, Eduardo D., „Official English in the Constitutions and Statutes of the Fifty States in the United States“, Language Problems & Language Planning 36, č. 2 (2012): 136–148.
Fishman, J. A., „‚English Only´: Its Ghosts, Myths and Dangers“, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1988, č. 74 (leden 1988): 125–140.
Kaganiec-Kamieńska, Anna, „November 2010: Oklahoma Becomes the Next State to Approve Official English Legislation“, Norteamérica 5, č. 2 (červenec - prosinec 2010): 185–98.
Kaplan, Robert B., „Multilingualism vs. Monolingualism: The View From the USA and Its Interaction With Language Issues Around the World“, Current Issues in Language Planning 16, č. 1–2 (2015): 149–162.
Kymlicka, Will a Alan Patten, „Language Rights and Political Theory“, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23, č. 1 (2003): 3–21.
Macedo, Donaldo a Lilia I. Bartolomé, „Multiculturalism Permitted in English Only“, International Multilingual Research Journal 8, č. 1 (2014): 24–37.
Marshall, David F., „The Question of an Official Language: Language Rights and the English Language Amendment“, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1986, č. 60 (leden 1986): 7–75.
McMullen, Catherine, „‘Official English’ Legislation and Its Effects on Limited English Proficient People“, American Library Association’s Documents to the People, Student Papers Edition 36, č. 4 (zima 2008): 15–19.
Pac, Teresa, „The English-Only Movement in the US and the World in the Twenty-First Century“, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 11, č. 1 (2012): 192–210.
Rumbaut, Ruben G., „The Crucible within: Ethnic Identities, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants“, The International Migration Review 28, č. 4 (zima 1994): 748–794.
Sinsheimer, Ann, „‚English Only´ and Our Struggle to Understand the Concept of Language“, Language and Communication 25, č. 1 (2005): 61–80.
Stultz, Newell, „Official Language Policies in Multilingual Societies: Evidence From the United States, South Africa and Canada“, Safundi 10, č. 1 (2009): 59–76.
Ugues, Jr., Antonio et al., „Two-Cultures? Latino and Asian Language Assimilation Along the U.S.-Mexico Border“, The California Journal of Politics & Policy 3, č. 1 (2011): 1–24.
Valdeón, Roberto A., „Languages in Contact, Cultures in Conflict: English and Spanish in the USA“, Language and Intercultural Communication 15, č. 3 (2015): 313–323.

Další odborné studie
Aleman, Steven R., Andorra Bruno a Charles V. Dale, „English as the Official Language of the United States: An Overview“, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, 1. dubna 1997, http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818777/m2/1/high_res_d/95-1054_1997Apr01.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Dale, Charles V. a Mark Gurevitz, „Legal Analysis of Proposals to Make English the Official Language of the United States Government“, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, 14. března 1997, http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc808737/m2/1/high_res_d/97-383_1997Mar14.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Feder, Jody, „English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress“, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, 25. ledna 2007, https://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Soifer, Don, „The Value of English Proficiency to the United States Economy“, Lexington Institute, duben 2009, http://lexingtoninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/value-english-proficiency.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Wilson, Jill H., „Investing in English Skills: The Limited English Proficient Workforce in U.S. Metropolitan Areas“, Brookings Institution, 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/09/english-skills/Srvy_EnglishSkills_Sep22.pdf?la=en (staženo 13. května 2016).

Další periodika
„Federal Government Orders Bilingual Ballots in 25 States Ahead of Elections“, Fox News, 14. října 2011, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/10/14/federal-government-orders-bilingual-ballots-in-25-states-ahead-elections.html (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Professor Predicts ‚Hispanic Homeland“. Kingman Daily Miner, 21. ledna 2000.
Boyle, Matthew, „Exclusive: Donald Trump Fires Back at Jeb Bush“, Breitbart News, 2. září 2015, http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/09/02/exclusive-donald-trump-fires-back-at-jeb-bush-he-should-lead-by-speaking-english-while-in-the-united-states/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
Clemetson, Lynette, „Hispanics Now Largest Minority, Census Shows“, The New York Times, 22. ledna 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/22/us/hispanics-now-largest-minority-census-shows.html (staženo 13. května 2016).
Helton, John, „Romney, Santorum continue sparring over English in Puerto Rico - CNNPolitics.com“, CNN, 16. března 2012, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/16/politics/campaign-wrap/index.html (staženo 13. května 2016).
Hentoff, Nat, „Our Constitution: How Many of Us Know It?“, Cato Institute Politics, 19. května 2011, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/our-constitution-how-many-us-know-it (staženo 13. května 2016).
McWhorter, John, „Sarah Palin’s ‚speak American´ (Opinion)“, CNN, 13. září 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/06/opinions/mcwhorter-palin-speak-american/index.html (staženo 13. května 2016).
Mester, Ilan, „The Price Tag For Bilingualism“, The Huffington Post Canada, 16. ledna 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/01/16/bilingualism-canada-cost-french_n_1209205.html (staženo 13. května 2016).
Quesada, Todd Douglas, „Spanish Spoken Here: Eliminating Spanish-language Fiction Undermines the Validity of Public Libraries“, American Libraries, listopad 2007.
Ross, Janell a Abby Philipp, „Dolores Huerta says she was shouted down with ‘English-only’ chants from a Sanders crowd“, Washington Post, 20. února 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/02/20/dolores-huerta-says-she-was-shouted-down-with-english-only-chants-from-a-sanders-crowd/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
Stephens, Julia, „English Spoken Here: By Creating Bilingual Collections, Librarians Are Contributing to a Divided America“, American Libraries, listopad 2007.
Vandervoort, Robert., „Toward making English the official tongue“, The Washingtion Times, 27. října 2015, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/27/robert-vandervoort-toward-making-english-the-offic/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
Judikatura
Commonwealth vs. Olga Olivo, 1975 Mass. 62.
Lau vs. Nichols, 1974 U. S. 563.
Ruiz vs. Hull, 1998 P.2d 984.
Legislativa
„Alabama Constitution 1901“, dostupné z webu: Alabama Legislature, http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/constitution/1901/constitution1901_toc.htm (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Arizona Constitution 1988“, dostupné z webu: Arizona State Legislature, http://www.azleg.gov/Constitution.asp?Article=28 (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Constitution of the State of Florida“, dostupné z webu: Florida Senate, http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Constitution (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Constitution or Form of Government of the State of Louisiana, 1812“, dostupné z webu: Louisiana Digital Library, http://www.louisianadigitallibrary.org/cdm/ref/collection/lapur/id/15852 (staženo 13. května 2016).
Bill Emerson English Language Empowerment Act of 1996, H. R. 123 (1995), https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/123/text (staženo 13. května 2016).
Executive Order 13166 of August 16, 2000. Improving Access to Services for Persons With Limited English Proficiency. Federal Register 65, č. 159: 50121-50125.
Cost of Services and Translations Act, H. R. 3188 (2015), https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3188/text (staženo 13. května 2016).
English Language Unity Act, H. R. 997 (2015), https://www.congress.gov/114/bills/hr997/BILLS-114hr997ih.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Louisiana Constitution of 1974“, dostupné z webu: Louisiana State Senate, http://senate.legis.state.la.us/documents/constitution/constitution.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States establishing English as the official language of the United States, H. J. Res. 169 (1983), https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-joint-resolution/169 (staženo 13. května 2016).
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act, S. 744 (2013), https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/744/text (staženo 13. května 2016).
„State Model Bill Long“, dostupné z webu: U. S. English, http://www.us-english.org/userdata/file/pdf/State%20Model%20Bill%20Long.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
„State Model Bill Short“, dostupné z webu: U. S. English, http://www.us-english.org/userdata/file/pdf/State%20Model%20Bill%20Short.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).

Statistiky a oficiální dokumenty
„Americans Overwhelmingly Put English First - Rasmussen ReportsTM“, Rasmussen Reports, http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/august_2014/americans_overwhelmingly_put_english_first (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Annual Financial Report of the Government of Canada: Fiscal Year 2011-2012“, Canada Department of Finance, http://www.fin.gc.ca/afr-rfa/2012/afr-rfa-eng.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Budget of the United States Government: Fiscal Year 2002“, U.S. Government Printing Office, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BUDGET-2002-BUD/pdf/BUDGET-2002-BUD.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for United States, Regions and States: 1990“, U. S. Census Bureau, 1990, https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/census/cphl-133.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
„National Survey of Latinos“, Pew Hispanic Center, 2002, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2002/12/17/2002-national-survey-of-latinos/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Report To Congress. Assessment of the Total Benefits and Costs of Implementing Executive Order No. 13166: Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency“, Office of Management and Budget, duben 2002, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/inforeg/lepfinal3-14.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Ennis, Sharon R., Merarys Rios-Vargas, a Nora G. Albert. „The Hispanic Population: 2010". U. S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Briefs, květen 2011, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Grieco, Elizabeth M. et al., „The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010“, U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey Reports, květen 2012, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2012/acs/acs-19.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Humes, Karen R. Nicholas A. Jones, a Roberto R. Ramirez, „Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010“, U. S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Briefs, březen 2011, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2011/dec/c2010br-02.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Livingston, Gretchen a D’Vera Cohn, „U.S. Birth Rate Falls to a Record Low; Decline Is Greatest Among Immigrants“, Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, 29. listopad 2012, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/11/29/u-s-birth-rate-falls-to-a-record-low-decline-is-greatest-among-immigrants/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
Ryan, Camille, „Language Use in the United States: 2011". U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey Reports, srpen 2013. http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2013/acs/acs-22.pdf (staženo 13. května 2016).
Stepler, Renee a Anna Brown, „Statistical Portrait of Hispanics in the United States“, Pew Research Center’s Hispanic Trends Project, 19. duben 2016, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/04/19/statistical-portrait-of-hispanics-in-the-united-states-key-charts/ (staženo 13. května 2016).

Webové stránky
„Actions - H.R.123 - 104th Congress (1995-1996): Bill Emerson English Language Empowerment Act of 1996“, Congress.gov, https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/123/actions (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Active Hate Groups in the United States in 2014“, Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/active-hate-groups-united-states-2014 (staženo 13. května 2016).
Crawford, James, „OBITUARY: The Bilingual Ed Act, 1968 - 2002", Rethinking Schools Online, http://www.rethinkingschools.org/special_reports/bilingual/bil164.shtml (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Illiteracy Statistics – Statistic Brain“, Statistics Brain, http://www.statisticbrain.com/number-of-american-adults-who-cant-read/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
Lewelling, Vickie V., „English Plus“, Center for Applied Linguistics, https://web.archive.org/web/20080724024953/http://www.cal.org/resources/archive/digest/1992englishplus.html (staženo 13. května 2016)
„LULAC: English Plus Versus English Only“, League of United Latin American Citizens, http://lulac.org/advocacy/issues/english_vs_spansih/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
„NABE - Bilingual Education“, National Association for Bilingual Education, http://www.nabe.org/BilingualEducation (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Official English Laws – Virginia“, James Crawford’s Language Policy Web Site & Emporium, http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/va.htm (staženo 13. května 2016).
„proenglish » The 2016 Presidential Candidates on Official English“, ProEnglish – The Nation’s Leading English Language Advocates, https://proenglish.org/the-2016-presidential-candidates-on-official-english/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
„proenglish » The Board of Directors“, ProEnglish – The Nation’s Leading English Language Advocates, https://proenglish.org/the-board-of-directors/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
„proenglish » Why English“, ProEnglish – The Nation’s Leading English Language Advocates, https://proenglish.org/why-english/ (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Read about ‚Official or national languages´ on Constitute“, Constitute Project, https://www.constituteproject.org/search?lang=en&key=lang (staženo 13. května 2016).
„Resolution on English-Only Instructional Policies“, National Council of Teachers of English, http://www.ncte.org/positions/statements/englishonlypolicies (staženo 13. května 2016).
„U.S. English | Making English the Official Language | Model Legislation“, U. S. English, http://www.us-english.org/view/788 (staženo 13. května 2016).
„U.S. English | Making English the Official Language | U.S. English Advisory Board“, U. S. English, http://www.usenglish.org/view/309 (staženo 13. května 2016).
„U.S. English | Making English the Official Language | U.S English History“, U. S. English, http://www.usenglish.org/view/3 (staženo 13. května 2016).

Předběžná náplň práce

Práce se pokusí zjistit, proč angličtina není úředním jazykem Spojených států. Cílem je zmapovat debaty o jazykové politice od Americké revoluce, představit jejich aktéry a na základě navržených zákonů o úředním jazyce identifikovat důvody, proč toto opatření nikdy nevešlo v platnost.

Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce

The paper will attempt to clarify why English is not the official language of the U. S. The aim is to examine the language policy debates since the American Revolution, introduce the actors of the debates and identify causes why English was never made official, based on related bills.