Private Military Companies and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Countries: A Case Study of Iraq
Název práce v češtině: | Soukromé vojenské společnosti a reforma bezpečnostního sektoru v post-konfliktních státech: Případová studie Iráku |
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Název v anglickém jazyce: | Private Military Companies and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Countries: A Case Study of Iraq |
Klíčová slova: | Soukromé vojenské společnosti, bezpečnostní sektor, reforma bezpečnostního sektoru, post-konfliktní rekonstrukce, privatizace bezpečnosti, Irák, USA. |
Klíčová slova anglicky: | Private military companies, security sector, security sector reform, post-conflict reconstruction, privatisation of security, Iraq, the United States. |
Akademický rok vypsání: | 2010/2011 |
Typ práce: | diplomová práce |
Jazyk práce: | angličtina |
Ústav: | Katedra mezinárodních vztahů (23-KMV) |
Vedoucí / školitel: | prof. Mgr. Oldřich Bureš, Ph.D., M.A. |
Řešitel: | skrytý - zadáno vedoucím/školitelem |
Datum přihlášení: | 28.03.2011 |
Datum zadání: | 19.05.2011 |
Datum a čas obhajoby: | 25.06.2012 00:00 |
Místo konání obhajoby: | IPS FSV UK, U Kříže 8, 158 00 Praha 5 - Jinonice |
Datum odevzdání elektronické podoby: | 17.05.2012 |
Datum proběhlé obhajoby: | 25.06.2012 |
Oponenti: | PhDr. JUDr. Tomáš Karásek, Ph.D. |
Zásady pro vypracování |
Definition of the topic:
The reliance of the U.S. on private military companies (PMCs) has highly increased since 1990 and the number of PMCs grew rapidly after the terrorist attacks in September 2001. In 2003, there were plans to intensify the use of private forces; one out of ten personnel deployed to Iraq was the employee of private military or security company. PMCs have been used for a wide range of tasks including the security sector reform in Iraq and other post-conflict countries. However, several dilemmas about the use of PMCs in this area have appeared. Among such dilemmas belong the lack of democratic and legal accountability, weak transparency and lack of the information about the performance of PMCs. The diploma thesis will discuss the limitations as well as benefits of the use of PMCs for the security-sector reform with the focus on Iraq. Grounds for the selection of the topic PMCs have become the challenge to the state’s monopoly over the legitimate use of force and they play multitask role during the conflicts as well as post-conflict reconstruction. Regardless of the critique and questions over the morality of their incidence, the amount of PMCs in the armed conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction has been increasing. Apart from other tasks, PMCs have been involved in the security-sector reform in Iraq, which raises several questions. Effective reform of security sector is one of the important preconditions for the country in transition such as Iraq to become stable, safe and democratic and therefore, it deserves a high attention. The use of military and security services provided by the private forces has had an increasing tendency and therefore, analysis of their incidence in the area of security sector reform is important especially for their future involvement in the post-conflict reconstruction. I have chosen the case study of Iraq because of the massive use of PMC services during Iraq war as well as in the post-conflict reconstruction. The aims of the paper: The objective of this paper is to examine the involvement of PMCs in the security-sector reform in Iraq. Second, I will analyse the limitations and benefits of the use of PMCs in the security-sector reform. Research question: What are the key shortcomings and benefits stemming from the use of PMCs services by the U.S. government for the security-sector reform in Iraq? Method of the thesis: The topic will be analysed as the unique case study because it is examined for its specific aspects. The aim of the thesis is not to test the theory but to deeply explore the use of the PMCs by U.S. in the area of security sector reform in Iraq in order to reveal the benefits and shortcomings and provide the recommendation for the improvement. The case of Iraq is specific for the large number of contractors involved and wide range of military and security tasks they perform. Moreover, through the deep analysis of Iraq experience the thesis will contribute to more general knowledge about the steps, which should be done in order to achieve the security sector reform leading to democratic and stable state. The analysis of the use of PMCs in different areas of security sector reform and the recommendations for improvement will eliminate the descriptive nature of the thesis. Many problems in the Iraq appeared that could be used as the lessons learned for the future cases of the use of PMCs services. Anticipated hypothesis: The assistance of private military companies contributed to the development of the security sector reform in Iraq and therefore, the benefits of their assistance prevail. |
Seznam odborné literatury |
Bibliography
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Předběžná náplň práce |
2. Outline of the thesis
Introduction 1. Definitions and typology: In the beginning, I will point out the typologies of private force in international system. There are three main types: mercenaries, combat PMCs and security or non-combat PMCs. Secondly, I will outline various definitions of PMCs used by different authors. Finally, I will provide the overview of the main dilemmas of the use of PMCs when used for security reform. • Dilemmas of the use of PMCs: a. Moral objections: fighting for money without attachment to the conflict; b. Use of lethal force and weak accountability. Regulation is missing in areas of extraterritorial jurisdiction of states; c. Impact on the strategic balance of the conflict; d. International law regulates the use of force of states but not of PMCs; e. International law defines the mercenary, however obstacles to define the private contractors as mercenaries exist; f. Quality control issue. 3. Security sector reform: The second chapter will discuss various areas of security sector reform, which includes reform of army, police and paramilitary forces. Furthermore, the reform comprises of military, political and societal forces that control the means of violence. I will examine the forms of security sector reform on national and international level. In the second part of the chapter I will explore the advantages and limitations of PMCs assistance in security sector reforms. 3. Historical overview: In the second chapter, I will explore the use of private military contractors in the USA in the past. The use of mercenaries is mentioned already in the War for Independence in the years 1776-1783. I will, however, focus mainly on the development after the Cold War and the case of Iraq. 4. The case study: The role of the U.S. PMCs in Iraq with the focus on the security sector reform since 2003. The security sector reform in Iraq has from a large part been handled by PMCs. In 2004, contracts for $50 million and $48 million were signed with DynCorp International and Vinell and moreover, U.S. Congress approved $18,4 billion for security sector reform. Fourth chapter will focus on the performance of PMCs in Iraq in the area of security sector reform. I will discuss the limitation of their involvement such as the lack of legal accountability since the contractors providing the police training are not subject to the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act. Furthermore, I will examine also the potential benefits such as flexibility, high level of experience and ability to deploy in the short notice. Conclusion |
Předběžná náplň práce v anglickém jazyce |
2. Outline of the thesis
Introduction 1. Definitions and typology: In the beginning, I will point out the typologies of private force in international system. There are three main types: mercenaries, combat PMCs and security or non-combat PMCs. Secondly, I will outline various definitions of PMCs used by different authors. Finally, I will provide the overview of the main dilemmas of the use of PMCs when used for security reform. • Dilemmas of the use of PMCs: a. Moral objections: fighting for money without attachment to the conflict; b. Use of lethal force and weak accountability. Regulation is missing in areas of extraterritorial jurisdiction of states; c. Impact on the strategic balance of the conflict; d. International law regulates the use of force of states but not of PMCs; e. International law defines the mercenary, however obstacles to define the private contractors as mercenaries exist; f. Quality control issue. 3. Security sector reform: The second chapter will discuss various areas of security sector reform, which includes reform of army, police and paramilitary forces. Furthermore, the reform comprises of military, political and societal forces that control the means of violence. I will examine the forms of security sector reform on national and international level. In the second part of the chapter I will explore the advantages and limitations of PMCs assistance in security sector reforms. 3. Historical overview: In the second chapter, I will explore the use of private military contractors in the USA in the past. The use of mercenaries is mentioned already in the War for Independence in the years 1776-1783. I will, however, focus mainly on the development after the Cold War and the case of Iraq. 4. The case study: The role of the U.S. PMCs in Iraq with the focus on the security sector reform since 2003. The security sector reform in Iraq has from a large part been handled by PMCs. In 2004, contracts for $50 million and $48 million were signed with DynCorp International and Vinell and moreover, U.S. Congress approved $18,4 billion for security sector reform. Fourth chapter will focus on the performance of PMCs in Iraq in the area of security sector reform. I will discuss the limitation of their involvement such as the lack of legal accountability since the contractors providing the police training are not subject to the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act. Furthermore, I will examine also the potential benefits such as flexibility, high level of experience and ability to deploy in the short notice. Conclusion |